2016高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 閱讀理解（十一月）練習(xí)（5）
閱讀理解（5）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)The Importance of Independent Thinking)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to ? follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. One the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.? ? ?1.The best title for this passage is [A] The Age of Reason ? ?? ?? ?? The need for Independent Thinking[C] The Value of Reason ? ?? ?? ? [D] Stirring People’s Minds2.According to the author, it is always advisable to [A] have opinions which cannot be refuted.adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination.[C] be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,[D] suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches.3.According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find[A] acceptance of truth ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? controversy over principles ?[C] inordinate enthusiasm ? ?? ?? ?? [D] ? a dread of heterodox speculation 4.According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as[A] enslaved by tradition ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? less than fully rational[C] determinded on controversy ? ?? ? [D] ? having a closed mind5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements[A] A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection,[C] The ?refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one’s own teachers.[D] excessive controversy prevents clear thinking,Vocabulary1. ?stature ? ?? ?? ?? ?? 高度，境界，狀況2. ?heterodox ? ?? ?? ?? 不合乎公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，異端的，異教的3. ?tacit ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? 心照不宣4. ?refute ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?反駁5. ?adversary ? ?? ?? ?? ?對(duì)立面，對(duì)手，敵人6. ?plausible ? ?? ?? ?? ?善于花言巧語的/辭令的，似乎有理的/有可能的7. ?doctrine ? ?? ?? ?? ? 教義，學(xué)說8. ?profess ? ?? ?? ?? ?? 表示，明言，承認(rèn)，自稱，信奉難句譯注1. ? ? ?True gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, then by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.[參考譯文] ?真理甚至從一個(gè)經(jīng)過恰當(dāng)研究和準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行獨(dú)立思考的人的錯(cuò)誤中獲得更多的東西，而從那些只是因?yàn)椴挥杷伎紖s持有正確的觀點(diǎn)中獲得的少（一種經(jīng)過恰當(dāng)?shù)难芯亢蜏?zhǔn)備進(jìn)行獨(dú)立思考的人犯的錯(cuò)誤，另一種人是不予思考的卻持有正確的觀點(diǎn)，真理從前者錯(cuò)誤中獲得的東西比從后者的正確觀點(diǎn)中獲得的要多）。
2. ? mental slavery ? ? 思想禁錮，精神受奴役狀態(tài)3. ? ? ? Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to ? ? kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析] ?這是一句以Never否定詞開頭的倒裝句，正常的句序應(yīng)把never放在句中，形成：the mind of people was never stirred up from its foundations [參考譯文] ?當(dāng)辯論比開重大課題，重大到足以燃起/激起人們激/熱情的課題時(shí)，那么一個(gè)民族的思想絕不會(huì)從天賦的情感和原始的基礎(chǔ)上升華，甚至使最普通智力的人上升到優(yōu)點(diǎn)莊嚴(yán)的思想家水平上。
4. ? ? ?The rational position for her would be suspension of judgement, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination.[參考譯文] ?對(duì)她來說理智的立場(chǎng)是停止判斷，而且除非她滿足于這一點(diǎn)，否則，她不是為權(quán)威人物的觀點(diǎn)所左右，后者就像世界上蕓蕓眾生一樣，倒向她感覺最傾向的一邊5. ? ? ?That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into teal contact with her own mind.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析] ?do justice to 公平對(duì)待，適當(dāng)處理 Bring……into contact with 使和……接觸／聯(lián)系[參考譯文] ? 這不是對(duì)正確觀點(diǎn)評(píng)價(jià)的方法，也不能使自己的思想真正接觸到論點(diǎn)的實(shí)質(zhì)。
6. ? ? ?She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析] ? most plausible and persuasive form 很善于辭令和有說服力形式 possess oneself of ?獲得，據(jù)有，把……占為己有 them=arguments else 否則的話7. ? ? ?Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.[結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)析] ? ?throw oneself into…position ? 設(shè)身處地，使自己處于……位置／地點(diǎn)。
寫作方法與文章大意這是一篇由一般到具體，重要采用正反對(duì)比，推理的寫作方法的文章，邏輯性強(qiáng)，正反論證，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜冗長，分兩段給出內(nèi)容，第一段重點(diǎn)在：偉大的思想家的首要責(zé)任是奠定遵循自己智力所得出的結(jié)論由此引起思想家和思想活躍的人民同時(shí)代環(huán)境的關(guān)系只有思想后月的時(shí)期，才有偉大的思想家和活躍的人民，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢杂懻撝卮笾黝}，而在思想禁錮時(shí)期，只能產(chǎn)生個(gè)別偉大思想家第二段具體的論證了獨(dú)立思考涉及兩方面，既如自己一方種種，也得知對(duì)手的一方種種（內(nèi)容，推理，論點(diǎn)），才能真正獲得真理答案詳解１. ? ? ?B 獨(dú)立思考的必要性見難句譯注１這里說明進(jìn)行獨(dú)立思考的人即使犯錯(cuò)誤，真理也能從中獲得東西，而那些懶于思考人，即使持有正確的觀點(diǎn)，真理也難以獲得東西第一段還點(diǎn)明思想禁錮時(shí)期，即不能進(jìn)行獨(dú)立思考時(shí)期，難以討論重大議題，產(chǎn)生不了活躍的人民，絕不會(huì)出現(xiàn)像輝煌的文藝復(fù)興那種時(shí)期（見第二題注）第二段也是圍繞獨(dú)立思考而寫，只是從具體點(diǎn)著眼：人只知自己，不知對(duì)方無法獲得真理，只有獨(dú)立思考兩方，才能不為權(quán)威所左右，不會(huì)跟著自己感覺走，最終知道自己的真正主張A. 理性時(shí)代 C. 駁斥的價(jià)值 D. ?激發(fā)人民的思想。
２. ? ? ?C 熟悉有利于自己不同意／反對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的論點(diǎn)這是作者在第二段講述的重要論點(diǎn)他認(rèn)為一個(gè)人只知自己一方，推理極好，無人能反駁，卻不知對(duì)方的推理，也不能夠予以反駁的話，他就無權(quán)選擇兩方的任一論點(diǎn)，其理智位置是停止判斷否則她就會(huì)（像世界上蕓蕓眾生那樣）不是為權(quán)威所“引導(dǎo)”，就是跟著感覺（的傾向）走其二，作者提出：光聽自己的老師講述對(duì)立面的論點(diǎn)，以及他們所提出的反駁論點(diǎn)只是不夠的，必須傾聽那些人（他們真正相信對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)）的論點(diǎn)，并為此積極熱情，竭盡全力辯護(hù)，才能使自己的思想和獨(dú)立論點(diǎn)接觸，公正的作出公正的判斷A. 具有不能駁斥的觀點(diǎn) B. 采取個(gè)人感覺最傾向的觀點(diǎn) D. 停止有利于教條主義研究的異端思考３. ? ? ?B 辯論原則問題答案在第一段：在思想禁錮的氣氛中，過去，現(xiàn)在可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生個(gè)別的思想家，但絕不會(huì)有思想活躍的人民，在那里有一種心照不宣的慣律：原則決不能討論——認(rèn)為占據(jù)人類心靈的最重大問題的討論應(yīng)封閉，我們不能期望看到一般高級(jí)的思想活動(dòng)這種思想活動(dòng)曾使歷史上某些時(shí)期光輝燦爛而文藝復(fù)興就是思想活動(dòng)的頂峰時(shí)期，必然會(huì)討論原則問題，所以選B A. ? ? ?接受真理，周經(jīng)過討論才能接受真理。
C. 過度的熱情 ?D. 害怕異端思考４. ? ? ?C. 在辯論上，堅(jiān)定不移這是一道推斷題，一般講：持有未經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)的正統(tǒng)信仰的人不會(huì)獨(dú)立思考，更不會(huì)懷疑他所信仰的東西A. ? ? ?為傳統(tǒng)所奴役 B. 不怎么理智 D. 頭腦閉塞這種人必然受傳統(tǒng)思想控制，不理智更不愿接受外界新鮮事物５. ? ? ?B. 在思想方面取得成就的時(shí)期就是進(jìn)行非正統(tǒng)反思的時(shí)期見３題注釋A. ?一個(gè)真正的思想家不犯錯(cuò)誤 C. 一個(gè)人的老師最能提供所接受思想觀點(diǎn)的反駁 D. 過度的辯論會(huì)制止清晰的思考閱讀下列短文, 從給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng) (A、B、C和D) 中, 選出最佳選項(xiàng)2013·合肥市二模，D)It is a tall tale that terrifies most young children. Swallow a piece of chewing gum and it will remain in your body for seven years before it is digested. An even worse tale is that swallowed gum can wrap itself around your heart.But what does happen if you should accidentally eat a stick of gum? Chewing gum is made out of gum base, sweeteners, coloring and flavoring. The gum base is pretty indigestible—it is a mixture of different ingredients (成分) that our body can't absorb.Most of the time, your stomach really cannot break down the gum the way it would break down other foods. However, your digestive system has another way to deal with things you swallow. After all, we eat lots of things that we are unable to fully digest. They keep moving along until they make it all the way through the gut (腸子) and come out at the other end one or two days later.The saliva (唾液) in our mouths will make an attempt at digesting chewing gum as soon as we put it in our mouths. It might get through the shell but many of gum's base ingredients are indigestible. It's then down to our stomach muscles—which contract and relax, much like the way an earthworm moves—to slowly force the things that we swallow through our systems.Swallowing a huge piece of gum or swallowing many small pieces of gum in a short time can cause a blockage within the digestive system, most often in children, who have a thinner digestive tube than adults—but this is extremely rare.文章大意：本文為一篇科普類說明文。
誤食口香糖是不是像大人嚇小孩子那樣可怕呢？本文對(duì)此進(jìn)行了分析8．Children might feel terrified after swallowing chewing gum mainly because ________.A．they believe the tall tales about chewing gumB．chewing gum will stay in their body for yearsC．their heart will be wrapped by chewing gumD．chewing gum is indigestible for children答案：A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題根據(jù)文章第一段第一句“It is a tall tale that terrifies most young children.”以及對(duì)第二、三句話的理解可知，答案A符合文義B、C兩項(xiàng)只是分別說明了tall tale的內(nèi)容，故排除9．What happens to the food that can't be fully broken down?A．It remains in our digestive system forever.B．It will be eventually moved out of our body.C．It will fight against the power of the gut.D．It will stick to the gut for one or two days.答案：B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
根據(jù)文章第三段最后兩句“After all, we eat lots of things that we are unable to fully digest. They keep moving... come out at the other end one or two days later.”可知，答案B符合文義10．The word It (in the 4th paragraph) refers to ________.A．The attempt B．The salvia C．The shell D．The gum base答案：B 指代判斷題根據(jù)對(duì)文章第四段前兩句的理解可知，此處的It是指第四段第一句中的The saliva(唾液)，故答案B符合文義11．What would be the best title for text?A．How does our digestive system work?B．Can chewing gum be swallowed by kids?C．Does swallowing chewing gum matter?D．Why swallowing chewing gum frightens kids?答案：C 標(biāo)題概括題。
文章第一段由一個(gè)使小孩子害怕的說法導(dǎo)入話題，下文是對(duì)口香糖進(jìn)入肚子后會(huì)怎樣的一個(gè)科學(xué)解釋，由此可推知，選項(xiàng)C“誤食口香糖要緊嗎”最適合作為文章標(biāo)題閱讀下列短文, 從給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng) (A、B、C和D) 中, 選出最佳選項(xiàng)2013·合肥市二模，E)Telling fewer lies benefits people physically and mentally. Anita Kelly, study author and professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame, employed 110 adults for her study. She divided them into two groups and asked one group to stop lying for 10 weeks. Lies included big ones and tiny ones—any false statements—but participants were still allowed to leave out the truth, keep secrets and avoid questions they didn't want to answer, etc. The other group wasn't given any special instructions about lying.It turns out that both groups reduced their lying, but those who were specifically told to tell the truth improved their health more. “We found that the participants could purposefully and dramatically reduce their everyday lies, and that in turn was associated with significantly improved health，” said Kelly.When participants in the no lie group told three fewer white lies than they did in other weeks, they experienced, on average, fewer mental health complaints and physical complaints. They were less likely to feel tense or sad and also experienced fewer sore throats and headaches. They also reported that personal relationships improved. Additionally, participants found themselves honest about their daily accomplishments, and they stopped making up excuses for being late or failing to complete a task, for example.“It's certainly a worthy goal to have people be more honest and interact with others in a more honest way，” says psychologist Robert Feldman. “That would be beneficial, I'm a little doubtful whether it makes us all healthier, but it may make us healthier in a psychological way.”文章大意：本文是一篇科研報(bào)告。
研究了撒謊和健康之間的關(guān)系12．Which of the following is true according to the text?A．People who tell lies are healthier than those who don't.B．Being honest can help cure sore throats and headaches.C．Not all the participants were required to tell the truth.D．Participants involved are asked not to keep secrets.答案：C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第一句“The other group wasn't given any special instructions about lying.”可知，有一組的實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象沒有被要求講實(shí)情，故答案C符合文義13．The participants of the two groups ________.A．told as many lies as before B．were almost equally healthyC．tended to lie less about their activities D．experienced tenser personal relationships答案：C 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。
根據(jù)第二段的第一句“It turns out that both groups reduced their lying...”可知，答案C符合文義14．From Robert Feldman, we can learn that ________.A．white lies might make people have more complaintsB．honesty is likely to help people become mentally healthierC．people should not be honest with others but with themselvesD．telling the truth can make people physically and mentally healthy答案：B 推理判斷題根據(jù)文章最后一句“... but it may make us healthier in a psychological way”可推知，答案B“誠實(shí)會(huì)讓人們?cè)诰裆细】怠狈衔牧x15．The text is mainly about ________.A．the connection of honesty and healthB．research on physical and mental healthC．a(chǎn)dvice about being an honest personD．effects of honesty on personal relationships答案：A 主旨大意題。
根據(jù)文章第一句“Telling fewer lies benefits people physically and mentally.”的開篇點(diǎn)題可知，本文主要講的是誠實(shí)和健康之間的關(guān)系，故答案A符合文義。
