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1、2 Sound system:Phonetics feel, leaf ph , p ; , l -- phonetic unit -- not distinctive of meaning -- physical as heard and produced -- marked with phoneme: the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units. -- phonological unit -- distinctive of meaning -- abstract, not phys
2、ical; it is presented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context, such as /p/. -- marked with / / e.g. /l/ can be realized as dark , and clear l Rules to determine different phonemes: the substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning, e.g. pig/big,Allophones (音
3、位變體),p=, ph are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. 成為同一個phoneme 的allophones 的條件 Phonetic similarity They are in complementary distribution, namely they never occur in the same context. For example, p occurs
4、after s, while ph occurs in other places.,2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone,2.3.3 Minimal Pairs (最小對立體)，phonemic contrast （音位對立）,Minimal pair is a basic procedure in establishing the phonemic inventory of a language or a test for phonemes . Two expressions (words or morphemes) can be called a min
5、imal pair if and only if (1) they have different meanings, (2) and they are identical in every way except for only one sound segment, (3) which occurs in the same place in the string . A typical case is the pair mail vs nail. The two sound strings meil neil are identical in every way except for the
6、segments m and n, which occur at the initial place and make two word completely different in meaning. . (參考語言與語言學辭典：306；胡壯麟),如何做一個概念陳述？,判斷下列是否是最小對立體,tip sin and sink, at and map You can find that a is _________by the sounds before or after it.,assimilated,2.3.4 Some rules of phonology,Rule 2: assimi
7、lation rule Assimilation may result in nasalization (e.g. tan, can), dentalization (e.g. tenth, ninth), velarization (e.g. sink, mink), devoicing (e.g. has to), etc. Thus there exist nasalization rule, dentalization rule, velarization rule, devoicing rule, etc. e.g.tenth, ninth; sink, mink; has a
8、book, has to,2.3.4 Some rules of phonology,Rule 2: assimilation rule 如： nasalization rule -nasal +nasal/ A vowel is nasalized when it is followed by a nasal consonant. e.g tan,,2.3.4 Some rules of phonology,Rule 3: deletion rule(省略規(guī)則) A sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically re
9、presented.,Compare the pronunciations of the two groups. Can you find any rule? (1) signature, designation, paradigmatic (2) sign, design, paradigm In the second group, /g/ is _______.,deleted,2.3.5 Suprasegmental Features (超音段特征),Distinctive features can also be found over phonemic segments, this i
10、s what we will consider SUPRASEGMENTAL FATURES. They are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments The principal suprasegmantal features are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.,,2.3.5.1 Syllable 2.3.5.2 Stress 2.4.5.3 Tone 2.4.5.4 Intonation,2.3.5.1 Shape/structure
11、of syllable,e.g. bed, dead, fed, head, led, red, said, wed, thread, wed A syllable is divided into onset, rhyme and/or coda. A syllable must have a nucleus or peak, which is often the task of a vowel. Syllables are represented by symbols like CVC. A syllable has no coda is known as open syllable whi
12、le a syllable with coda is known as closed syllable. In English only tense vowels (long vowels and diphthongs) can occur in open syllables.,Some syllables have an onset and no coda.,k i: t,2.3.5.2 Stress,Types: word stress, sentence stress. Function: distinguish lexical meaning converse d
13、istinguishment (p27) Compound distinguishment (p27-28) (including ing form) Emphasize sth in a sentence apart from part-of-speech stress convention (p29),2.3.5.3 Tone,Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. They function to distinguish mea
14、nings, such as Chinese level (陰平)，the second rise (陽平)，the third fall-rise (上聲), and the fourth fall (去聲), in 媽，麻，馬，罵. English is not a tone language.,2.3.5.3 Three major types of English intonation: a. falling tone: straight-forward, matter-of-fact Thats not the book he wants. b. rising tone: a que
15、stion Thats not the book he wants. c. fall-rise tone: implied message Thats not the book he wants.,,,,,,,,,語音 Speech Sound 語音系統(tǒng) Sound system,語音學 語音的 發(fā)生、傳遞、感知 不涉及到意義 基本單位：音素 （或者可以區(qū)別意義、或者不可區(qū)別意義）,音位學 有區(qū)別意義的語音的 組合規(guī)律 涉及到意義 基本單位：音位,,音段單位：音位,組合規(guī)律,,超音段音位學,2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics,Semantically relevant speech sounds,Sound patterns vary from language to language.,All languages,Language-specific,
《簡明語言學教程》課件第二章音系學.ppt
