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1、Chapter 4 Narrative 敘述,Narrative,This chapter attempts to : Define the basic terms used to analyze narratives---Narrative, Story, and Plot. Describe nine basic story types. Describe the commonly used the Classic Three-Act Linear Structure (經典三幕式直線結構). Describe the varieties of subplot.,Narrative,Nar
2、rative refers to the way that a story is told. It is principally concerned with the way that events are organized in time and space the way in which the scriptwriter and director take the raw elements of a story and arrange them in the most attractive and interesting way.,Narrative,Narrative, story,
3、 and plot are the basic terms used when analyzing the narrative structure of a film. Although they are sometimes used interchangeably, they also have more precise meanings that can help us to draw some useful distinctions. David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas in Film Art---An Introduction電影藝術入門define t
4、hem as follows:,Narrative,Narrative A chain of events in cause-effect relationships(因果關系) occurring in time and space. Story All the events that we see and hear, plus all those that we infer or assume to have occurred, arranged in their presumed causal relations, chronological order, duration, frequ
5、ency, and spatial locations. Plot All the events that are directly presented to us, including their causal relations, chronological order, duration, frequency, and spatial locations. The key distinction is that between story and plot: Story is the viewers imaginary construction of all the events i
6、n the narratives---whether presented to us or not---while plot is the films actual presentation of certain events in the narrative.,The Basic Stories,Writers have argued that there are a limited number of stories that form the basis for ALL fictional narratives. These stories have been named Achille
7、s (阿喀琉斯), Candide (憨第德), Cinderella (灰姑娘), Circe (喀爾刻), Faust (浮士德), Orpheus (俄爾普斯), Romeo and Juliet (羅密歐與朱麗葉), Tristan (特里斯坦), and the Wandering Jew (流浪的猶太人). They can occur alone or in combination.,Achilles 阿喀琉斯,The “Achilles” story is the story of the seemingly invulnerable (不會受傷的，無懈可擊的) hero wi
8、th a fatal flaw. Classical tragedy is usually a variant of the Achilles story. (Example: Superman超人),Candide 憨第德/天真漢,The story of the innocent abroad, the naively optimistic hero who triumphs contrary to all expectations. (Examples: Forrest Gump阿甘正傳, Mr. Bean憨豆先生),,,Cinderella 灰姑娘,The story of the “
9、dream comes true”: Goodness and virtue are despised at the beginning but recognized at last. The protagonist of the Cinderella story usually begins in a lowly position but, through his good nature, convinces all doubters (懷疑者) and is rewarded. (Example: Pretty woman漂亮女人),Circe 喀爾刻,The “Chase” story
10、in which an innocent victim is pursed by the villain, until the villain is defeated by the potential victim. Often this story takes the form of the temptress (誘惑男人的女性) ensnaring (誘捕) the love-stuck (被愛情沖昏了頭的) male; it has often been vividly described as “the spider and the fly”. It is the basis of h
11、orror films, thrillers, and film noir. (Examples: the Alien films異形系列),Faust 浮士德,The story of an individual who sells his soul to the devil, enjoys a brief period of power and prosperity, but eventually is called upon to repay the debt. The Faust story can also take the form of the dark secret that
12、can never be completely suppressed, or the personal history that cannot be evaded. (Example: Wall Street華爾街),Orpheus 俄爾普斯,The story of the gift that is taken away. The gift could be something personal, a loved one, an ability of some kind, everything valuable in life, or even life itself. The story
13、can focus on the tragedy of the loss itself or the search that follows the loss. (Example: Born on the Fourth of July 出生于七月四日),Romeo and Juliet,The classic “star-crossed lovers (命運不佳的情侶)” story in which a major obstacles stands in the way of true love. (Examples: Ghost 人鬼情未了),Tristan 特里斯坦,The love t
14、riangle: A man loves a woman, but one of them is already involved with someone (or something else). The “third party” in the relationship is usually a person, but it may be something more abstract (e.g. a cause, a mission, a destiny). (Example: Tristan Act II would occupy the next half; and Act III
15、would occupy the final quarter. Each act has a different function. For a typical two-hour Hollywood film (i.e. 120mins), the act division would be as follows:,The Classic Three-Act Linear Structure,The Classic Three-Act Linear Structure,,ACT I The Set-Up,The function of Act I is to “set-up” the film
16、: to provide information about the main characters, the setting(布景), the tone氣氛), problems, conflicts, the love interest, and the timescale of the film. Central to the set-up is the presentation of the hero/protagonist. Act I will also give enough information to allow the audience to know the genre
17、to which the film belongs, and thus to know roughly what to expect of it. In Act I we also expect to find a hook, a key line, an incident, and a turning point.,ACT I The Set-Up,The Hook The hook is the intriguing episode that grabs the attention and sparks the curiosity of the viewer. It could take
18、the form of a confrontation between strongly contrasting characters; it could present ordinary people doing extraordinary things (or vice versa), or it could pose a question. The Key Line The key line poses the question that the film as a whole will explore, The key line points out the theme of the
19、film. Inciting Incident The Inciting Incident is scene that presents the protagonist with a problem that disturbs the normality and predictability of life. Before the inciting incident, the protagonist has been living life as normal;,ACT I The Set-Up,after the inciting incident, the protagonist will
20、 be driven by a new motivation to pursue a new goal. The protagonist may not take immediate action on account of the inciting incident, but will nevertheless begin a process of reflection that will lead eventually to action. Turning point 1 The role of the turning point is to catapult(猛力推出) the stor
21、y in a new direction by setting up some kind of crisis for the protagonist to negotiate. The turning point differs from the inciting incident in that it is associated with some decisive actions taken by the protagonist that dramatically raises the stakes(冒更大的風險) and increases the danger level.,ACT I
22、I: Development,The function of ACT II as a whole to show the development of the main characters and plot through conflict and confrontation. The protagonist will advance towards the goal suggested by his actions at the end of Act I. However, the end of Act II will typically show the protagonist enco
23、untering a major set back that will only be overcome in Act III. The Point of No Turning The point of no return usually occurs halfway through the film, and is the scene in which the protagonist becomes truly committed to the goal that he has been pursuing. The role of the point of no return is : t
24、o force the protagonist to reassess his goal, to consider giving up, to decide to continue, and then to pursue the goal in a still more committed and single-minded way.,ACT II: Development,The Turning Point 2 Tuning Point 2, like Turning Point1, catapults the story in anew direction by setting up so
25、me kind of crisis for the protagonist to negotiate. The difference between the two is that Turning Point 2 is a major setback in which the protagonist is defeated. Turning Point2 is also called the moment of truth(真相時刻) because the protagonist realizes that the action taken since at Turning Point1 w
26、as misguided, weak, unprincipled and ultimately wrong. Yet the protagonist is strengthened in the process, because through recognition of his error he gains a clearer idea of what remains to be done.,ACT III: Resolution and Denouement結局和尾聲,The function of Act III is to provide a strong climax that r
27、esolves the problem first encountered by the protagonist in Act I. The protagonist is shown to have undergone a transformation since Act II: He now has a much higher level of self-knowledge(自我認識), and a much clearer idea of what needs to be done, and so is prepared for this final climax. Remaining q
28、uestions are answered and loose ends are tied up in this act.,ACT III: Resolution and Denouement,Climax The climax is the moment at which the protagonist faces his greatest challenge and either defeats his opponents or is defeated. In one sense, however, the protagonist always wins: He can win outri
29、ght: or he can be defeated and yet still win because he has learnt something important. Resolution The resolution is the brief period after the climax when the protagonist evaluates what has happened and envisions(想象,預想) a new future. Loose ends, uncertainties, and subplots are concluded in this par
30、t. Often films will try to create a sense of circularity(環(huán)狀,循環(huán)) and completion by repeating a motif(動機, 主旨) from the beginning.,Subplots,Most Hollywood films have one or more subplots. Subplots are additional stories (secondary plots) that are linked to the main plot and have an influence upon it; S
31、ubplots often display the theme more openly than the main plot---allowing for elaboration upon it--- and thus tell us what the film is really about in a larger sense. Distinguishing between the main plot and subplots can cause some confusion. As a rule of thumb(單憑經驗而言), subplots are any parts of the
32、 story that are not directly concerned with the protagonists pursuit of his goal. For example, in most romantic films the love affair is part of the main plot, because the goal of the protagonist is the loved one. However, in action films or science fiction the love affairs is usually one of the sub
33、plots because the protagonist will have a goal of another kind.,Subplots,The relationship between the main plot and the subplots can take any one of four forms. Complementary(互補): The ideas of the subplot reflect (repeat and/ or develop) the ideas of the main plot. Contradictory(矛盾): The ideas of th
34、e subplot go against the ideas of the main plot. Setup(鋪墊): The subplot works as a “hook” to interest the audience and draw them indirectly into the main plot. Complicating(復雜化):The subplot complicates the main plot by creating additional problems for the protagonist in his pursuit of his primary (main-plot) goal.,
英語電影賞析ppt .ppt
