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專 業(yè) 機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡 產(chǎn)品型號(hào) 零（部）件圖號(hào) 共 1 頁 產(chǎn)品名稱 零（部）件名稱 連桿蓋 第 1 頁 材料牌號(hào) QT450-10 毛坯種類 鑄件 毛坯外形尺寸 每毛坯件數(shù) 1 每臺(tái)件數(shù) 1 備 注 工序 號(hào) 工序 名稱 工 序 內(nèi) 容 車 間 工 段 設(shè) 備 工 藝 裝 備 工 時(shí) 準(zhǔn)終 單件 01 備料 鑄造 02 熱處理 進(jìn)行人工時(shí)效處理 03 銑削 粗銑、半精銑43右端面 機(jī)加 X51 端面銑刀和專用夾具 04 銑削 粗銑、半精銑43左端面 機(jī)加 X51 端面銑刀和專用夾具 05 鏜削 粗鏜、半精鏜?81孔（基準(zhǔn)A） 機(jī)加 T68 鏜刀和專用夾具 06 鉆削 鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸?20孔、擴(kuò)1.1 ?21槽并倒角C0.5 機(jī)加 Z525 麻花鉆、擴(kuò)孔鉆、鉸刀和專用夾具 07 銑削 銑接口處，保證尺寸23 機(jī)加 X51 端面銑刀和專用夾具 08 銑削 粗銑、半精銑、精銑2-M12-6H端面并保證尺寸8.5、94 機(jī)加 X62 雙面刃銑刀和專用夾具 09 鉆削 鉆、攻2-M12-6H螺紋 機(jī)加 Z525 麻花鉆、絲錐和專用夾具 10 精銑、半精銑、精銑R76寬15槽 機(jī)加 X62 三面刃銑刀和專用夾具 11 銑R25寬8槽 機(jī)加 X62 三面刃銑刀和專用夾具 12 質(zhì)檢 檢驗(yàn)到圖紙要求并入庫 描 圖 描 校 底圖號(hào) 編制日期 審核日期 會(huì)簽日期 班 級(jí) 姓 名 裝訂號(hào) 標(biāo)記 處數(shù) 更改文件號(hào) 簽字 日期 標(biāo)記 處數(shù) 更改文件號(hào) 簽字 日期 66 1.外文翻譯 機(jī)械加工零件的工藝及夾具設(shè)計(jì) 摘 要：本文對(duì)機(jī)械加工零件的結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝進(jìn)行了分析，確定了機(jī)械加工工藝路線，夾具在機(jī)械加工中所占的地位和重要性，以及夾具設(shè)計(jì)。隨著科學(xué)的日益發(fā)展進(jìn)步和國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的調(diào)整,工程機(jī)械行業(yè)已成為沒有政策壁壘的完全競爭行業(yè) 關(guān)鍵詞：技術(shù)背景/發(fā)展趨勢/工序/定位方案 1 機(jī)械加工歷史背景及其意義 機(jī)械制造業(yè)是一個(gè)古老而永遠(yuǎn)充滿生命力的行業(yè)。隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的發(fā)展，對(duì)機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的要求越來越高，機(jī)械制造工藝也在日新月異地發(fā)展。自新中國成立以來，我國的制造技術(shù)與制造業(yè)得到了長足發(fā)展，一個(gè)具有相當(dāng)規(guī)模和一定技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)的機(jī)械工業(yè)體系基本形成。改革開放二十多年來，我國制造業(yè)充分利用國內(nèi)國外兩方面的技術(shù)資源，有計(jì)劃地推進(jìn)企業(yè)的技術(shù)改造，引導(dǎo)企業(yè)走依靠科技進(jìn)步的道路，使制造技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和水平及經(jīng)濟(jì)效益發(fā)生了顯著變化，為推動(dòng)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展做出了很大的貢獻(xiàn)。盡管我國制造業(yè)的綜合技術(shù)水平有了大幅度提高，但與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，仍存在階段性差距。進(jìn)入二十一世紀(jì)，我國發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)仍然是制造業(yè)，特別是在我國加入世貿(mào)組織后，世界的制造中心就從發(fā)達(dá)國家遷移到了亞洲，我國有廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力和廣大的消費(fèi)市場，因此，我國工業(yè)要想發(fā)展，就需要有相應(yīng)的技術(shù)和設(shè)備來支持。 機(jī)械工業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的裝備工業(yè)；是科學(xué)技術(shù)物化的基礎(chǔ)；是高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的載體；是國防建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)；是實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長的重要支柱；也是為提高人民生活質(zhì)量、提供消費(fèi)類機(jī)電產(chǎn)品的供應(yīng)工業(yè)。它對(duì)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的質(zhì)量和效益、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和優(yōu)化具有極其重要的作用。 2 機(jī)械行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢 隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，各種機(jī)械逐漸運(yùn)用到各個(gè)行業(yè)中，不管是在農(nóng)用、軍用、工用等方面，離開了機(jī)械的操作就談不上效率，因此，從某中角度上來說，一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、社會(huì)地位，和機(jī)械行業(yè)的發(fā)展是密不可分的。各工業(yè)化國家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的歷程表明，沒有強(qiáng)大的裝備制造業(yè)，就不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的工業(yè)化、現(xiàn)代化和信息化[3]。目前裝備制造業(yè)發(fā)展滯后是制約我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)的重要因素，加大結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整力度，推進(jìn)機(jī)械工業(yè)持續(xù)、健康、穩(wěn)定發(fā)展，對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)增長方式，提高國民經(jīng)濟(jì)整體素質(zhì)，增強(qiáng)我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的國際競爭力，保障國防安全等都具有重要而深遠(yuǎn)的意義。 3 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程制訂 3.1 機(jī)械加工工藝過程的定義 機(jī)械加工工藝過程是指用機(jī)械加工方法改變毛坯的形狀，尺寸，相對(duì)位置和性質(zhì)等，使其成為成品或半成品的全過程。機(jī)械加工工藝過程直接決定零件及產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和性能，對(duì)產(chǎn)品的成本、生產(chǎn)周期都有較大的影響，是整個(gè)工藝過程的重要組成部分。 3.2 機(jī)械加工工藝過程的組成 組成機(jī)械加工工藝過程的基本單元是工序。工序又是由安裝、工位、工步及走刀組成的。 ⑴ 工序是指一個(gè)或一組工人，在一個(gè)工作地對(duì)同一個(gè)或同時(shí)對(duì)幾個(gè)工件所連續(xù)完成的那一部分工藝過程。工序是制定勞動(dòng)定額、配備工人及機(jī)床設(shè)備、安排作業(yè)計(jì)劃和進(jìn)行質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)的基本單元。 ⑵ 安裝是工件經(jīng)一次裝夾后所完成的那一部分工序。 ⑶ 當(dāng)應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)位（或移位）加工的機(jī)床（或夾具）進(jìn)行加工時(shí)，在一次裝夾中，工件（或刀具）相對(duì)于機(jī)床要經(jīng)過幾個(gè)位置依次進(jìn)行加工，在每一個(gè)工作位置上所完成的那一部分工序，稱為工位。采用多工位加工可以減少裝夾的次數(shù)，減少裝夾誤差，提高生產(chǎn)率。 ⑷ 工步是加工表面在切削刀具和切削用量（僅指主軸轉(zhuǎn)速和進(jìn)給量）都不變的情況下所完成的那一部分工藝過程。 ⑸ 在一個(gè)工步中，如果要切掉的金屬層很厚，可分幾次切削，每切削一次就稱為一次走刀。 3.3 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的定義 規(guī)定產(chǎn)品或零部件制造過程和操作方法等的工藝文件，稱為工藝規(guī)程，它是企業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的指導(dǎo)性技術(shù)文件。 3.4 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的作用及內(nèi)容 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程是生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備工作的主要依據(jù)。根據(jù)它來組織原材料和毛坯的供應(yīng)，進(jìn)行機(jī)床調(diào)整，專用工藝裝備的設(shè)計(jì)與制造，編制生產(chǎn)作業(yè)計(jì)劃，調(diào)配勞動(dòng)力，以及進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)成本核算等。 機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程也是組織生產(chǎn)、進(jìn)行計(jì)劃調(diào)度的依據(jù)。有了它就可以制定生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)度計(jì)劃和相應(yīng)的調(diào)度計(jì)劃，并能做到各工序科學(xué)地銜接，使生產(chǎn)均衡、順利，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)和低消耗。 機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片和機(jī)械加工工序卡片，是兩個(gè)主要的工藝文件。機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片，是說明零件加工工藝過程的工藝文件。在單件、小批量生產(chǎn)中，以機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)，過程卡的各個(gè)項(xiàng)目編制較為詳細(xì)。機(jī)械加工工序卡片是為每個(gè)工序詳細(xì)制定的，用于直接指導(dǎo)工人進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，多用于大批量生產(chǎn)的零件和成批生產(chǎn)中的重要零件。 3.5 制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的原則及步驟 在一定的生產(chǎn)條件下，以最少的勞動(dòng)消耗和最低的費(fèi)用，按計(jì)劃加工出符合圖紙要求的零件，是制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的基本原則。 制訂機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的步驟如下： ①根據(jù)零件的生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)決定生產(chǎn)類型； ②分析零件加工的工藝性； ③選擇毛坯的種類和制造方法； ④擬訂工藝過程； ⑤工序設(shè)計(jì)； ⑥編制工藝文件。 4 夾具設(shè)計(jì) 4.1 夾具設(shè)計(jì)的意義 在機(jī)械行業(yè)中，如何去保證工件的高精度、加工的成本等實(shí)質(zhì)性問題，一直是從事于機(jī)械行業(yè)人員研究的問題，其中在設(shè)計(jì)夾具的時(shí)候就要考慮以上問題，高效的夾具是工件高精度的保證，如何讓夾具更高效、更經(jīng)濟(jì)，這是行業(yè)人急需要解決的。 隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，科技的不斷提高，各種高科技技術(shù)逐漸滲透到各個(gè)行業(yè)，如何利用這些高科技為人類服務(wù)，如何充分利用這些高科技在機(jī)械行業(yè)中，這還需要機(jī)械行業(yè)人員不斷的努力，開拓創(chuàng)新。 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，和社會(huì)市場需要，夾具的設(shè)計(jì)在逐步的超向柔性制造系統(tǒng)方向發(fā)展。迄今為止,夾具仍是機(jī)電產(chǎn)品制造中必不可缺的四大工具之一,刀具本身已高度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,用戶只需要按品種、規(guī)格選用采購。而模具和夾具則和產(chǎn)品息息相關(guān),產(chǎn)品一有變化就需重新制作,通常是屬于專用性質(zhì)的工具,模具已發(fā)展成為獨(dú)立的行業(yè);夾具在國內(nèi)外也正在逐漸形成一個(gè)依附于機(jī)床業(yè)或獨(dú)立的小行業(yè)。 組合夾具不僅具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、模塊化、組合化等當(dāng)代先進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)思想,又符合節(jié)約資源的原則,更適合綠色制造的環(huán)境保護(hù)原理。所以是今后夾具技術(shù)的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向單位 。 機(jī)床夾具通常是指裝夾工件用的裝置:至于裝夾各種刀具用的裝置,則一般稱為“輔助工具”。輔助工具有時(shí)也廣義地包括在機(jī)床夾具的范圍內(nèi)。按照機(jī)床夾具的應(yīng)用范圍,一般可分為通用夾具,專用夾具和可調(diào)整式夾具等。 通用夾具是在普通機(jī)床上一般都附有通用夾具,如車床上的卡盤,銑床上的回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái),分度頭,頂尖座等。它們都一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化了,具有一定的通用性,可以用來安裝一定形狀尺寸范圍內(nèi)的各種工件而不需要進(jìn)行特殊的調(diào)整。但是,在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中,通用夾具常常不能夠滿足各種零件加工的需要;或者因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)率低而必須把通用夾具進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)母倪M(jìn);或者由于工件的形狀,加工的要求等的不同須專門設(shè)計(jì)制造一種專用夾具,以解決生產(chǎn)實(shí)際的需要。 用夾具是為了適應(yīng)某一工件的某一工序加工的要求而專門設(shè)計(jì)制造的,其功用主要有下列幾個(gè)方面:1.保證工件被加工表面主要包括加工工件所需要的機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間和裝卸工件等所需要的輔助時(shí)間兩部分。2.采用專用夾具后,安裝工件和轉(zhuǎn)換工位的工作都可以大為簡化,不再需要畫線和找正,縮短了工序的輔助時(shí)間并且節(jié)省了畫線這個(gè)工序,從而提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率.在生產(chǎn)中由于采用了多工件平行加工的夾具,使同時(shí)加工的幾個(gè)工件的機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間將與加工一個(gè)工件的機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間相同。采用回轉(zhuǎn)式多工位連續(xù)加工夾具,可以在進(jìn)行切削加工某個(gè)工件的同時(shí),進(jìn)行其它工件的裝卸工作,從而使輔助時(shí)間與機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間相重合?？傊?隨著專用夾具的采用和進(jìn)一步改善,可以有效地縮短工序時(shí)間,滿足生產(chǎn)不斷發(fā)展的需要。3.采用專用夾具還能擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的工藝范圍。例如在普通車床上附加鏜模夾具后,便可以代替鏜床工作;裝上專用夾具后可以車削成型表面等,以充分發(fā)揮通用機(jī)床的作用。4.減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,保障安全生產(chǎn)。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)需要,采用一些氣動(dòng),液壓或其它機(jī)械化,自動(dòng)化程度較高的專用夾具,對(duì)于減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,保障生產(chǎn)安全和產(chǎn)品的穩(wěn)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)都有很大作用。加工大型工件時(shí),例如加工車床床身上,下兩面上的螺孔,需要把床身工件翻轉(zhuǎn)幾次進(jìn)行加工,勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大而且不安全。采用電動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)式鉆床家具后,就能夠達(dá)到提高生產(chǎn)效率,減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,保障生產(chǎn)安全的目的。 4.2 夾具的發(fā)展趨勢 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是人類社會(huì)發(fā)展和科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的產(chǎn)物，從英國莫里斯的“工藝美術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)”，到德國的包豪斯設(shè)計(jì)革命以及美國的廣泛傳播與推廣，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)過了醞釀，探索，形成，發(fā)展百余年的歷史滄桑。時(shí)至今日，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已成為一門獨(dú)立的專業(yè)學(xué)科，并且有一套完整的研究體系。 1980年國際工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)協(xié)會(huì)理事會(huì)（ICSID）給工業(yè)作了明確定義：“就批量生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品而言，憑借訓(xùn)練，技術(shù)知識(shí)，經(jīng)驗(yàn)及視覺感受，而預(yù)示材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、構(gòu)造、形態(tài)、色彩、表面加工，裝飾以新的品質(zhì)和規(guī)格，叫做工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的具體情況，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)在上述工業(yè)產(chǎn)品全部側(cè)面或其中幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行工作，而且需要工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師對(duì)包裝、宣傳、展示，市場開發(fā)等問題的解決付出自己的技術(shù)知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及視覺評(píng)價(jià)能力時(shí)，這也屬于工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的范疇”。 材料、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，一方面，技術(shù)制約著設(shè)計(jì)；另一方面，技術(shù)也推動(dòng)著設(shè)計(jì)。從設(shè)計(jì)美學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)看，技術(shù)不僅僅是物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)還具有其本身的“功能”作用，只要善于應(yīng)用材料的特性，予以相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和適當(dāng)?shù)募庸すに?，就能夠?chuàng)造出實(shí)用，美觀，經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)品，即在產(chǎn)品中發(fā)揮技術(shù)潛在的“功能”。 任何設(shè)計(jì)都是時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，它的不同的面貌，不同的特征反映著不同歷史時(shí)期的科學(xué)技術(shù)水平。技術(shù)是產(chǎn)品形態(tài)發(fā)展的先導(dǎo)，新材料，新工藝的出現(xiàn)，必然給產(chǎn)品帶來新的結(jié)構(gòu)，新的形態(tài)和新的造型風(fēng)格。材料，加工工藝，結(jié)構(gòu)，產(chǎn)品形象有機(jī)地聯(lián)系在一起的，某個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的變革，便會(huì)引起整個(gè)機(jī)體的變化。 現(xiàn)在，機(jī)械加工工藝及夾具隨著制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展也突飛猛進(jìn)。機(jī)械加工工藝以各個(gè)工廠的具體情況不同，其加工的規(guī)程也有很大的不同。突破已往的死模式。使其隨著情況的不同具有更加合理的工藝過程。也使產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量大大提高。制定加工工藝雖可按情況合理制定，但也要滿足其基本要求：在保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的前提下，盡可能提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和降低加工成本。并在充分利用本工廠現(xiàn)有生產(chǎn)條件的基礎(chǔ)上，盡可能采用國內(nèi)、外先進(jìn)工藝技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。還應(yīng)保證操作者良好的勞動(dòng)條件。但我國現(xiàn)階段還是主要依賴工藝人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來編制工藝，多半不規(guī)定工步和切削用量，工時(shí)定額也憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)來確定，十分粗略，缺乏科學(xué)依據(jù)，難以進(jìn)行合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)核算 國際生產(chǎn)研究協(xié)會(huì)的統(tǒng)計(jì)表明，目前中、小批多品種生產(chǎn)的工件品種已占工件種類總數(shù)的85％左右?，F(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)要求企業(yè)所制造的產(chǎn)品品種經(jīng)常更新?lián)Q代，以適應(yīng)市場的需求與競爭。然而，一般企業(yè)都仍習(xí)慣于大量采用傳統(tǒng)的專用夾具，一般在具有中等生產(chǎn)能力的工廠里，約擁有數(shù)千甚至近萬套專用夾具；另一方面，在多品種生產(chǎn)的企業(yè)中，每隔3～4年就要更新50～80％左右專用夾具，而夾具的實(shí)際磨損量僅為10～20％左右。特別是近年來，數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心、成組技術(shù)、柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）等新加工技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，對(duì)機(jī)床夾具提出了如下新的要求： 1）能迅速而方便地裝備新產(chǎn)品的投產(chǎn)，以縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備周期，降低生產(chǎn)成本； 2）能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件； 3）能適用于精密加工的高精度機(jī)床夾具； 4）能適用于各種現(xiàn)代化制造技術(shù)的新型機(jī)床夾具； 5）采用以液壓站等為動(dòng)力源的高效夾緊裝置，以進(jìn)一步減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率； 6）提高機(jī)床夾具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度。 現(xiàn)代機(jī)床夾具的發(fā)展趨勢主要表現(xiàn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、高效化、精密化和柔性化等四個(gè)方面。 利用更好的夾具，可以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，提高加工精度，減少廢品，可以擴(kuò)大機(jī)床的工藝范圍，改善操作的勞動(dòng)條件。因此，夾具是機(jī)械制造中的一項(xiàng)重要的工藝裝備。一個(gè)好的夾具是加工出合格產(chǎn)品的首要條件，為了讓夾具有更好的發(fā)展，夾具行業(yè)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研協(xié)作的力度，加快用高新技術(shù)改造和提升夾具技術(shù)水平的步伐，創(chuàng)建夾具專業(yè)技術(shù)網(wǎng)站，充分利用現(xiàn)代信息和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，與時(shí)俱進(jìn)地創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展夾具技術(shù)。主動(dòng)與國外夾具廠商聯(lián)系，爭取合資與合作，引進(jìn)技術(shù)，這是改造和發(fā)展我國夾具行業(yè)較為行之有效的途徑。 參考文獻(xiàn) 1：裘愉，組合機(jī)床，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1995. 2：金振華.組合機(jī)床及其調(diào)整與使用.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1990. 3：沈延山.生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)與組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì).大連：大連理工大學(xué)出版社，1989. 4：上海市大專院校機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)協(xié)作組編著.機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué).福建科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，1996. 5：王華坤，范元?jiǎng)?機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ).北京：兵器工業(yè)出版社，2000. 6：馮辛安.機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1998. 7：陳日曜.機(jī)械原理.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1992. 8：方子良.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ).上海：上海交通大學(xué)出版社，2004. 9：劉秋生，李忠文.液壓傳動(dòng)與控制.北京：宇航出版社，1994. 10：陳于萍，周兆元.互換性與測量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2005. 11：東北重型機(jī)械學(xué)院等.機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊.上海：上?？萍技夹g(shù)出版社，1979. 12：《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊》聯(lián)合編寫組.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1987. 13：王先逵.機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)（上下冊）.北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，1989. 14：崇凱.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì)指南. 15：黃如林，汪群.金屬加工工藝及工裝設(shè)計(jì). 16：魯屏宇.工程圖學(xué). 17：馮辛安.機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì). 18：Gell Maurice Materials Science and Engineering，1995，A204：246—251 19：X. Chen, J.W. Hutchinson, M.Y. He, A.G. Evans, Acta Mater. 51 (2003) 2017. Mechanical Parts Processing Technology and Fixture Design Pick to : the machining parts of the structure and process analysis, identified the machine- finishing craft route, fixture in the mechanical processing of the status and importance, as well as the fixture design. With the increasingly development of scientific progress and the adjustment of national industry policy, project machinery industry already became no policy barriers of perfectly competitive industry Key words: technical background / development / process / positioning scheme 1 Mechanical Processing Historical Background and Its Significance Machinery manufacturing industry is an old and eternal industry full of vitality. With the development of modern industry, the mechanical product of the increasingly high demand, machinery manufacturing technology are developing rapidly. Since the founding of new China, our countrys manufacturing technology and manufacturing industry to obtain the considerable development, a considerable size and technical basis of mechanical industry system is formed basically. Years of reform and opening up, Chinas manufacturing industry to make full use of domestic and foreign two aspects of technological resources, there are plans to promote the technical transformation of enterprises, guide enterprises to take the road to rely on progress of science and technology, manufacturing technology, product quality and level and the economic benefit produced marked change, in order to promote the development of the national economy has made great contribution. Although our country manufacturing industry comprehensive technical level has been greatly improved, but compared with developed country, still have level sex difference. Enter the twenty-first Century, the economic development of our country s leading industry still is the manufacturing industry, especially after our country joins WTO, the worlds manufacturing center is developed from migration to Asia, China has cheap labor and the general consumer market, accordingly, industry of our country wants to develop, need to have appropriate technology and equipment support. Machinery industry is the equipment industry of national economy; it is content of science and technology of foundation; is new and high technology industrialization; is the basis of national defense building; is to achieve rapid economic growth of the important pillar; is to improve peoples living quality, provide consumer electrical products supply industry. It runs to national economy, the quality and efficiency of industrial structure adjustment and optimization is a very important role. 2 The Status of Machinery Industry and Development Trend With the development of society, all kinds of machinery and gradually applied to the various industry, whether in the agricultural, military, industrial, mechanical operation, leaving no efficiency, therefore, in some sense, the strength of a countrys economy, social status, and the development of machinery industry is close separable. The industrialized countries economic development course indicated that, without a strong equipment manufacturing industry, is impossible to achieve national economy industrialization, modernization and information 3 . At present, the equipment manufacturing industry development lag is restricting Chinas economic development and industrial upgrading of the important factors, increase structural adjustment strength, promote mechanical industry lasts, healthy, steady development, to change the mode of economic growth, improve quality of national economy whole, enhance the international competitiveness of the economy, security and national defense security has important and far-reaching meaning of. 3 Of Machining Process Planning 3.1 Machining Process Definition The machining process is the use of mechanical processing method of change in rough shape, size, the relative position and the nature, make its become finished or semi-finished products of the whole process. Machining process directly determines the parts and the quality and performance of products, product cost, production period has great influence, is an important part of the whole process. 3.2 Mechanical Processes The composition of mechanical machining process of the basic unit is a process. Process and is formed by mounting, station, working steps and take the knife. The process is a group of workers, in a work of the same or simultaneously on several workpieces are completed for that part of the process. Process is the formulation of labor quota, with workers and machine tool equipment, arranging operation plan and quality testing of the basic unit. The installation is a workpiece by a fixture after the completion of the procedures. The application of switch ( or displacement) when processing machine tool ( or fixture ) processing, in a fixture, the workpiece ( or cutter ) relative to the machine tool passes through several locations in order processing, in each position is done on that part of the process, called station. The multi-station processing can reduce the times of clamping, reduce the mounting error, improve productivity. The step is processing the surface in the cutting tool and the cutting parameters ( only refers to the spindle speed and feed rate ) are the same circumstances completed part of the process. 3.3 Machining Process Definition Products or components manufacturing process and operation methods of the process, called process, it is the enterprise in the production of technical guidance document. 3.4 Machining Process Planning Function and Content Machining process is ready for production work mainly on the basis of. According to its raw material and semifinished product supply, machine tool adjustment, special process equipment design and manufacturing, production scheduling, allocation of labor force, and the production cost accounting. The machining process planning and organization of production, planning and scheduling based on. It can make production schedule and the corresponding scheduling, and can be connected to the scientific process, production is balanced, smooth, to realize high quality, high yield and low consumption. Machining process card and machining process card, are the two main process documents. Machining process card, is illustrated parts machining process technology files. In a single, small batch production, to machining process card guiding production, process card various projects in the preparation of more detailed. Machining process card for each process detailed formulation, used to direct workers, used for mass production parts and mass production of the important parts in the. 3.5 Making The Machining Process Planning Principles and Steps Under certain production conditions, with minimal consumption of labor and the lowest cost, according to plans processing parts that meet requirements of the drawings, is to develop the basic principle of machining process. Formulation of machining process steps are as follows: The under parts of the production program decision production type; The analysis of parts processing technology; The choice of blank type and manufacturing method; The technological process; The process design; The process documentation. 4 Fixture Design 4.1 Fixture Design Sense In the machinery industry, how to guarantee the high precision of workpiece, the costs of processing and other substantive issues, has been engaged in the mechanical industry research questions, which in the design of fixture when we should consider the problems above, efficient fixture is the workpiece precision guarantee, how to make the fixture more efficient, more economical, the industry is the urgent need to resolve. With the development of society, the continuous improvement of technology, various high- tech technology gradually infiltrated into all sectors, how to use these high-tech to serve mankind, how to make full use of the technology in mechanical industry, it also requires machinery industry staff continued efforts, innovation. With the development of science and technology, and social needs of the market, the fixture design in progressive super to the flexible manufacturing system development. To date, the fixture is mechanical and electrical products manufacturing in the four indispensable tools, tool itself is already highly standardized, the user only needs to press varieties, specifications selection and procurement. While the mold and fixture and related products products, there is a need to make changes, usually belong to the special properties of the tool, mould has become an independent industry; fixture at home and abroad is also gradually form a dependent or independent small industry of machine tool industry. Combined clamp not only has the standardization, modularization, modular and other contemporary advanced design ideas, and in line with resource conservation principle, more suitable for green manufacturing environment protection principle. So the next fixture technology is an important direction of development unit. Machine tool fixture is usually refers to the use of clamping workpiece clamping device: for the device with various tools, also known as tool. The auxiliary tool is sometimes generalized to include in the range of machine tool fixture. According to the application range of machine tool fixture, generally can be divided into general jig, fixture and adjustable fixture. Universal jig is on general machine tools are generally accompanied by a common fixture, such as a lathe chuck, milling machine rotary table, dividing head, top seat. They have a standardized, with certain universality, can be used to install certain shape and size within the range of the workpiece without the need for special adjustment. However, in actual production, a universal fixture often can not meet the needs of various parts processing; or because of low productivity and must have the universal fixture for proper improvement; or because the shape of the workpiece, the processing requirements to be different specialized design and manufacture of a special jig, in order to solve the actual production needs. Jig is adapted to a workpiece in a processing requirements and the design and manufacturing expertise, its function mainly has the following several aspects: 1 ensure that the surface of the workpiece being processed mainly includes processing workpieces need maneuvering time of loading and unloading workpieces need the auxiliary time of two part. 2 using a dedicated fixture, workpiece installation and conversion work work can be greatly simplified, no longer need to draw the line and to find it, to shorten the working procedure non-cutting time and save line drawing this process, thereby improving the labor productivity. In production due to the adoption of multiple parallel processing workpiece fixture, enabling the simultaneous processing several parts of the motor will time and processing time of the same motor. The rotary multi-station continuous processing fixture, can be used for machining a workpiece at the same time, other workpiece loading and unloading, thereby enabling the auxiliary time and motor time coincides. In short, with the special fixture using and further improvement, can effectively shorten the process time, production to meet the evolving needs of. 3 using a dedicated fixture can expand the scope of machine tool technology. For example in lathe boring jig attached, can replace boring work; special fixture can be installed after turning the molding surface, so as to give full play to the role of general machine tools. 4, reduce the labor intensity, and ensuring safety production. According to the demand of production, using pneumatic, hydraulic or other mechanical changes, a higher degree of automation of the special fixture, to reduce the labor intensity of workers, protection of production safety and the stability of product quality and high yield of a great role. Processing large workpieces, such as the lathe bed, the lower surfaces of the screw holes on the bed, need to flip several times for processing workpieces, high labor intensity and safety. The use of electric rotary drill furniture, can improve production efficiency, reduce labor intensity, ensure safety in production. 4.2 Fixture of The Development Trend Industrial design is the development of human society and the progress of science and technology of the product, from Maurices the arts and Crafts Movement, to the German Bauhaus design revolution and the United States of America wide dissemination and promotion, industrial design after brewing, exploration, formation, development history of more than 100 years of vicissitudes. Today, industrial design has become an independent subject, and a complete set of research system. In 1980 the International Council of societies of industrial design ( ICSID ) to the industry as a clearly defined: production of industrial products, by training, technical knowledge, experience and visual experience, and indicates the material, structure, morphology, structure, color, surface processing, decoration to the new quality and specification, called industrial design. According to the specific circumstances of the time, industrial designer in the industry products are all side or a few aspects of the work, but also the need for industrial designers of packaging, publicity, display, market development and other issues to resolve pay their own technical knowledge and experience and ability of the visual evaluation, which also belongs to the scope of industrial design. Material, structure, technology is the product design material and technical basis, on one hand, technology restrict the design; on the other hand, technology is also promoting design. From the point of view of design aesthetics, technology is not only the material basis but also has its own function action, as long as good application properties of the materials, to the corresponding structure and suitable processing technology, can create a practical, aesthetic, economic products, namely in the product technology potential function. Any design are the product of the times, its different features, different features reflect the different historical periods of level of science and technology. Technology is the product of the morphological development of the pilot, new material, new technology products, is bound to bring new structure, new forms and new style. Materials, processing technology, structure, product image organic ground is contacted together, a part of the change, it will cause the whole body changes. Now, the machining process and fixture with the development of manufacturing technology also make a spurt of progress. Machining process to the various factories in different circumstances, its processing procedures are very different. Break through the past death mode. Make it with different cases has more reasonable technological process. So that product quality greatly improved. Develop processing technology can be rational, but also to meet the basic requirements: guarantee product quality under the premise, as far as possible to improve labor productivity and reduce the processing cost. And to make full use of the existing factory production conditions, as far as possible, using domestic and foreign advanced technology and experience. Should also ensure that the good working conditions. But our country present stage still rely mainly on technology personnel experience to prepare process, often does not require step and cutting amount, man-hour quota is to be determined by experience, very rough, the lack of scientific basis, difficult to carry out reasonable economic accounting International Journal of production Research Association statistics show that, at present, small batch production of many varieties of workpiece varieties accounted for about 85% of the total number of the kind of workpiece. Modern manufacturing requirements of enterprises manufacturing products constantly upgrading, to meet the needs of the market and competition. However, the general enterprises are still accustomed to the traditional special fixture, generally in the medium having a production capacity of the plant, some have thousands or even nearly 10000 sets of special fixture; on the other hand, in the production of many varieties of the company, every 3 to 4 years to update 50 80% special jig, fixture actual wear only 10 20% or so. Especially in recent years, CNC machine tools, machining center, group technology, flexible manufacturing system ( FMS ), a new processing technology of machine tool fixture, proposed the following new requirements: 1) can rapidly and conveniently and equipment of new products put into production, so as to shorten the production cycle, reduce the production cost; 2) capable of clamping a group with similar characteristics of the workpiece; 3) can be applied to precision machining of high precision machine tool fixture; 4) can be applied to all the modern manufacturing technology of new machine tool fixture; 5) adopts the hydraulic station for power efficient clamping device, in order to further reduce the labor intensity and improve labor productivity; 6) improve the standardization degree of machine tool fixture. The development trend of modern machine tool fixture mainly for standardization, efficiency, precision and flexibility in four aspects. Use better fixture, can improve labor productivity, improve processing accuracy, reduce waste, machine tool technology can expand the scope, improve the operation of labor conditions. Therefore, the fixture machinery manufacturing is an important process equipment. A good fixture is the processing of qualified products of the first condition, in order to allow the clamp has the better development, fixture industry should strengthen the production, learning and research, collaborative efforts, accelerate the use of high technology to transform and upgrade the level of technology to create the pace of jig, fixture professional technology website, make full use of modern information and network technology, and when in keeping with the innovation and development of fixture technology. Active and foreign fixture manufacturer, for joint venture and cooperation, the introduction of technology, it is the reform and development of our country industry is more effective ways of fixture.