高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 攻關(guān)篇 專(zhuān)題四 說(shuō)明文課件.ppt

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專(zhuān)題四 說(shuō)明文,【文體攻略】 說(shuō)明文一般采用簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言,按一定的方法介紹事物的類(lèi)別、性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)、構(gòu)造、成因、關(guān)系或事物的運(yùn)動(dòng)變化、發(fā)展的過(guò)程及其規(guī)律。 常見(jiàn)的說(shuō)明文有自我介紹、人物介紹(傳記)、地方介紹、習(xí)俗介紹、節(jié)日介紹、方法(步驟)介紹,產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、科普小品、讀書(shū)報(bào)告、新聞報(bào)道等。 說(shuō)明文類(lèi)完形填空通常有以下命題特點(diǎn): 1.開(kāi)頭點(diǎn)題 在說(shuō)明文類(lèi)完形填空題中,作者一般在文章的首句直接提出說(shuō)明的對(duì)象,這是掌握說(shuō)明細(xì)節(jié)的前提。,2.結(jié)構(gòu)清晰 說(shuō)明文一般按一定的順序展開(kāi)。理清文章的說(shuō)明順序,對(duì)于正確把握文意和上下文的邏輯關(guān)系以及選擇正確答案具有重要意義。 3.文體特點(diǎn) 說(shuō)明文往往采用比較正式的文體,表述準(zhǔn)確嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),生詞術(shù)語(yǔ)較多,句子較長(zhǎng),結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。 4.條理清楚 說(shuō)明文十分講究條理性,一般采取時(shí)間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序或認(rèn)知順序等來(lái)說(shuō)明事物或事理。 解答這類(lèi)題目要遵循下列原則: 1.明白說(shuō)明對(duì)象 文章的首句一般就明確了說(shuō)明對(duì)象。對(duì)文章要進(jìn)行粗讀或略讀,對(duì)文章的大意要先有一個(gè)大體的了解。,2.弄清楚說(shuō)明的順序,利用好標(biāo)志語(yǔ) 把握了說(shuō)明順序,就能準(zhǔn)確把握文章的脈絡(luò),加強(qiáng)對(duì)整篇文章的理解。語(yǔ)篇與語(yǔ)篇之間往往有表明其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的詞語(yǔ),這些詞語(yǔ)被稱(chēng)為“語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ)”。如表示結(jié)構(gòu)層次的語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ)firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally等;表示因果關(guān)系的thus,therefore,so等;表示改變?cè)掝}的by the way等;表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的besides,what’s more等;表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的before,so far,yet,meanwhile,later等;表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but,while,on the other hand等。做題時(shí)如果能充分利用這些語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ),就可以迅速理清文章的脈絡(luò),弄清上下文的關(guān)系。 3.把握文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu),理清事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié) 把握語(yǔ)篇特征對(duì)理解文意與答題極為有利。說(shuō)明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表達(dá)清楚的、邏輯比較嚴(yán)密的短文。在閱讀這類(lèi)文章時(shí),我們一定要仔細(xì)研讀文章的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾,從主題句著手,找出支持句,然后尋找文章的結(jié)論。這時(shí),我們還要特別注意,不要被表面的一些細(xì)節(jié)所迷惑,我們?cè)诶斫饧?xì)節(jié)的基礎(chǔ)上,還要斟酌文字的內(nèi)涵意義,從而對(duì)文章進(jìn)行深層次的理解。,4.注重上下文語(yǔ)境 應(yīng)逐句精讀短文,逐題分析選項(xiàng),對(duì)特定的語(yǔ)境做深入的理解,克服“思維定式”,根據(jù)全文大意和詞不離句、句不離文的原則逐項(xiàng)填空。,【典例示范】,(2015重慶卷,B) Imagine the first days in a new time zone.Slow to respond to the 28 ,your body clock is confused.You’re sleepy all day,but when it’s time for bed,you can hardly fall asleep.Obviously you’re 29 jet lag(時(shí)差反應(yīng)). Travelers have traditionally fought this 30 with sleeping pills or alcohol.There are actually healthier ways that can work just as 31 . For example,the moment you get on the airplane,start 32 your biological clock to the destination’s time.If it’s daytime in your destination,try to stay 33 .Walking around the cabin(客艙) can be of help.When it’s nighttime,try to sleep.In that case,eat before the flight, 34 an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping.These tips will help you start a new 35 of sleep and wakefulness.,28.A.flight B.change C.demand D.climate 29.A.suffering from B.working on C.looking into D.leading to 30.A.danger B.problem C.waste D.fear 31.A.briefly B.slowly C.suddenly D.effectively 32.A.checking B.sending C.adjusting D.stopping 33.A.awake B.alone C.hungry D.calm 34.A.though B.so C.while D.or 35.A.understanding B.cycle C.research D.trend,【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】本文為說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了克服時(shí)差反應(yīng)的健康有效的方法。 28.B 來(lái)到新時(shí)區(qū)的頭幾天,對(duì)這種變化反應(yīng)很遲鈍,生物鐘混亂。flight“飛行”;change“變化”;demand“要求”;climate“氣候”。 29.A 上文中提到,一整天都昏昏欲睡,該睡覺(jué)時(shí)卻又無(wú)法入睡,這正是在遭受時(shí)差反應(yīng)之苦。suffer from“遭受……的痛苦”;work on“致力于”;look into“向里看,調(diào)查”;lead to“通向,導(dǎo)致”。 30.B 時(shí)差反應(yīng)是一個(gè)問(wèn)題,故選B項(xiàng)。danger“危險(xiǎn)”;waste“浪費(fèi)”;fear“害怕,擔(dān)憂(yōu)”均不符合語(yǔ)境。 31.D 句意:事實(shí)上有一些更加健康的方法,它們同樣奏效。briefly“簡(jiǎn)潔地”;slowly“慢慢地”;suddenly“突然地”;effectively“有效地”。,32.C 一上飛機(jī)就開(kāi)始按照目的地的時(shí)間調(diào)整生物鐘,adjust符合句意。check“檢查”; send“發(fā)送”;stop“停止”。 33.A 由前面的daytime提示可知,白天應(yīng)該醒著。下文“When it’s nighttime,try to sleep.”也是提示。alone“獨(dú)自的”;hungry“饑餓的”;calm“平靜的”。 34.D 句意:那樣的話(huà),在登機(jī)前就餐,否則胃空蕩蕩的,你會(huì)無(wú)法入睡。祈使句和后文為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故用or。 35.B 前文中的這些提示會(huì)幫助你開(kāi)啟新一輪的睡眠和清醒模式。故B項(xiàng)正確。 【文章結(jié)構(gòu)】,A,B,A Body language is the quiet,secret and most powerful language of all!It speaks 1 than words.According to specialists,our bodies send out more 2 than we realize.,1.A.straighter B.louder C.harder D.further 解析:speak指說(shuō)話(huà)的方式,根據(jù)第一句判斷此處說(shuō)明身勢(shì)語(yǔ)的作用之大,所以應(yīng)選B項(xiàng),表示“身勢(shì)語(yǔ)比語(yǔ)言更響亮,身勢(shì)語(yǔ)勝于言辭”。 答案:B 2.A.sounds B.invitations C.feelings D.messages 解析:send out “發(fā)出,放出”,身勢(shì)語(yǔ)發(fā)出的不是“聲音”、“邀請(qǐng)”或“感情”,而是“信息”,所以選用messages。 答案:D,,,,,A,B,In fact,non-verbal communication(非言語(yǔ)交際) takes up about 50% of what we really 3 .And body language is particularly 4 when we attempt to communicate across cultures(文化).,3.A.hope B.receive C.discover D.mean 解析:hope “希望”;receive “收到”;discover “發(fā)現(xiàn)”;mean意指,表示“……的意思”。根據(jù)文意判斷應(yīng)選D項(xiàng),此處句意為“非言語(yǔ)交際實(shí)際上占了我們表達(dá)的意思的50%”。 答案:D 4.A.immediate B.misleading C.important D.difficult 解析:根據(jù)連詞And可知該句繼續(xù)說(shuō)明身勢(shì)語(yǔ)的作用,所以應(yīng)選C項(xiàng),此處句意為“當(dāng)我們?cè)噲D進(jìn)行跨文化交際的時(shí)候,身勢(shì)語(yǔ)尤為重要”。 答案:C,,,,,A,B,Indeed,what is called body language is so 5 a part of us that it’s actually often unnoticed.And misunderstandings occur as a result of it. 6 ,,5.A.well B.far C.much D.long 解析:該句仍然說(shuō)明身勢(shì)語(yǔ)的重要性,所以選用much強(qiáng)調(diào)程度,此處句意為“身勢(shì)語(yǔ)是我們生活中很重要的一部分”。 答案:C 6.A.For example B.Thus C.However D.In short 解析:下文舉例說(shuō)明身勢(shì)語(yǔ)造成的誤解,所以選A項(xiàng)。 答案:A,,,,,A,B,different societies treat the 7 between people differently.Northern Europeans usually do not like having 8 contact(接觸) even with friends,,7.A.trade B.distance C.connections D.greetings 解析:下文講述了北歐人與拉美人交談時(shí)身體保持的距離,所以選B項(xiàng)。 答案:B 8.A.eye B.verbal C.bodily D.telephone 解析:根據(jù)下文可知北歐人通常不喜歡身體接觸,所以選C項(xiàng)。 答案:C,,,,,A,B,and certainly not with 9 .People from Latin American countries, 10 ,touch each other quite a lot.Therefore,,9.A.strangers B.relatives C.neighbours D.enemies 解析:此處選用strangers與前面的friends對(duì)應(yīng)。 答案:A 10.A.in other words B.on the other hand C.in a similar way D.by all means 解析:拉美人則是另一種情況,所以選B項(xiàng),表示“另一方面”。 答案:B,,,,,A,B,it’s possible that in 11 ,it may look like a Latino is 12 a Norwegian all over the room.The Latino,trying to express friendship,,11.A.trouble B.conversation C.silence D.experiment 解析:下面描述的是北歐人和拉美人交談的情況,所以選B項(xiàng)。 答案:B 12.A.disturbing B.helping C.guiding D.following 解析:由于拉美人習(xí)慣身體接觸,而北歐人卻不習(xí)慣,所以交談中不斷躲閃著,看起來(lái)就像拉美人在追逐北歐人一樣,因此選用following。 答案:D,,,,,A,B,will keep moving 13 .The Norwegian,very probably seeing this as pushiness,will keep 14 —which the Latino will in return regard as 15 .,13.A.closer B.faster C.in D.away 解析:拉美人想要通過(guò)身體接觸表示友誼,必然會(huì)不斷地向?qū)Ψ娇拷?所以選用closer。 答案:A 14.A.stepping forward B.going on C.backing away D.coming out 解析:拉美人想要靠近,北歐人則想要躲開(kāi),所以選C項(xiàng)表示“向后倒退”。 答案:C 15.A.weakness B.carelessness C.friendliness D.coldness 解析:北歐人的躲閃必然使拉美人誤以為“冷漠”或“不禮貌”,所以選D項(xiàng)。 答案:D,,,,,,,A,B,Clearly,a great deal is going on when people 16 .And only a part of it is in the words themselves.And when parties are from 17 cultures,,16.A.talk B.travel C.laugh D.think 解析:根據(jù)上文北歐人與拉美人交談的例子以及下文的words themselves判斷,此處應(yīng)選用talk。 答案:A 17.A.different B.European C.Latino D.rich 解析:此處句意為“當(dāng)對(duì)方是來(lái)自不同的文化(背景)的時(shí)候”,所以選A項(xiàng)。 答案:A,,,,,A,B,there’s a strong possibility of 18 .But whatever the situation,the best 19 is to obey the Golden Rule:treat others as you would like to be 20 . 【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】肢體語(yǔ)言在日常交際中非常重要,但是在不同文化背景下人們對(duì)它卻有著不同的理解,因此有時(shí)也會(huì)引起誤解。,A,B,18.A.curiosity B.excitement C.misunderstanding D.nervousness 解析:文化背景不同,更有可能產(chǎn)生“誤解”,所以選C項(xiàng)。 答案:C 19.A.chance B.time C.result D.advice 解析:下文的黃金法則顯然是一種“建議”,所以選用advice。 答案:D 20.A.noticed B.treated C.respected D.pleased 解析:根據(jù)前面的treat判斷此處應(yīng)用其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式,所以選B項(xiàng),此處句意為“按照你想要被對(duì)待的方式對(duì)待別人;己所不欲,勿施于人”。 答案:B,,,,,,,A,B,B Everybody knows how to learn.Learning is a natural thing.It begins the 1 we are born.Our first teachers are our families. At home we learn to talk and to 2 and feed ourselves.,1.A.month B.minuteC.time D.day 解析:根據(jù)上文中的Learning is a natural thing可知,學(xué)習(xí)是一件自然的事情,從我們出生那一刻就開(kāi)始了。此處用the minute“一……就……”引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。故B項(xiàng)正確。 答案:B 2.A.wear B.put on C.have on D.dress 解析:根據(jù)此空后的and feed ourselves可知此處表示在家里,我們學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)話(huà)、穿衣和吃飯。dress oneself意為“穿衣,打扮”,為固定短語(yǔ),符合語(yǔ)境。故D項(xiàng)正確。 答案:D,,,,,A,B,We learn these and other skills by 3 .Then we go to school.A teacher tells us 4 to learn and how to learn.Many teachers teach us,,3.A.asking B.listeningC.following D.drilling 解析:ask“問(wèn)”;listen“聽(tīng)”;follow“跟隨;仿效”;drill“鉆孔;訓(xùn)練”。根據(jù)句意可知,此處表示我們通過(guò)仿效來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)交談、穿衣、吃飯和其他的一些技巧,故C項(xiàng)正確,指跟著別人學(xué)習(xí)。 答案:C 4.A.what B.when C.that D.who 解析:根據(jù)此空后的to learn and how to learn可知,老師應(yīng)該是告訴我們學(xué)什么、如何學(xué),故此處用what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。 答案:A,,,,,A,B,and we pass many tests and exams.Then people say we are 5 . Are we really educated?Let’s 6 the real meaning of learning.Knowing facts,5.A.controlled B.educated C.suffered D.passed 解析:control“控制”;educate“教育”;suffer“遭受,遭遇”;pass“穿過(guò),通過(guò)”。根據(jù)下面一段中首句Are we really educated?也可知答案。故B項(xiàng)正確。 答案:B 6.A.pick up B.turn away C.set out D.think about 解析:pick up“撿起;獲得;學(xué)會(huì)”;turn away“走開(kāi);拒絕”;set out“動(dòng)身,出發(fā);開(kāi)始”;think about“考慮”。根據(jù)此空前的一句提出了疑問(wèn),因此此處表示讓我們考慮學(xué)習(xí)的真正含義,故D項(xiàng)正確。 答案:D,,,,,A,B,doesn’t 7 being able to solve problems.Solving problems requires creativity,not just a good 8 .,7.A.mean B.sayC.suggest D.show 解析:mean“意味著”;say“說(shuō)”;suggest“建議;表明”;show“顯示,指示;說(shuō)明”。根據(jù)句意可知,此處表示知道事實(shí)并不意味著能夠解決問(wèn)題,mean doing sth.意為“意味著做某事”,為固定結(jié)構(gòu)。故A項(xiàng)正確。 答案:A 8.A.word B.thing C.memory D.condition 解析:根據(jù)上句中的Knowing facts doesn’t being able to solve problems.Solving problems requires creativity,not just a good 可知此處表示解決問(wèn)題需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造力,并不僅僅是好的記憶力,故C項(xiàng)memory“記憶力”符合題意。 答案:C,,,,,A,B,Some people who don’t know many 9 can also be good at solving problems. Henry Ford is a good 10 .,9.A.people B.facts C.techniques D.ways 解析:根據(jù)上文中的Knowing facts doesn’t being able to solve problems可知此處表示一些人雖不知道很多事實(shí)但也擅長(zhǎng)解決問(wèn)題,故B項(xiàng)正確。 答案:B 10.A.learner B.teacher C.example D.driver 解析:此處是以Henry Ford為例來(lái)說(shuō)明前一段中的Some people who don’t know many can also be good at solving problems,因此C項(xiàng)正確。 答案:C,,,,,A,B,He left school at the age of 15.Later,when his company could not build cars 11 enough,he solved the problem.He 12 of the assembly line.,11.A.new B.fast C.beautiful D.cheap 解析:根據(jù)下文中的.he solved the problem.He of the assembly line可知Henry利用裝配線(xiàn)解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)題,說(shuō)明他的公司面臨的問(wèn)題是不能快速生產(chǎn)汽車(chē),故B項(xiàng)fast正確。 答案:B 12.A.complained B.heard C.talked D.thought 解析:complain“抱怨”;hear“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”;talk“談?wù)摗?think“想,認(rèn)為”。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示他想到了流水線(xiàn)生產(chǎn)。think of “想起,考慮”,為固定結(jié)構(gòu)。故D項(xiàng)正確。 答案:D,,,,,A,B,Today the answer seems 13 .Yet,just think of many university graduates who 14 solve any problems.,13.A.ordinary B.strange C.simple D.special 解析:ordinary“普通的,平凡的”;strange“奇怪的”;simple“簡(jiǎn)單的,容易的”;special“特別的,專(zhuān)門(mén)的”。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示在今天看來(lái)這個(gè)答案似乎很簡(jiǎn)單,故C項(xiàng)正確。 答案:C 14.A.never B.almostC.can D.ever 解析:句意:今天,這個(gè)答案似乎很簡(jiǎn)單。然而,很多大學(xué)畢業(yè)生并不能解決任何問(wèn)題。根據(jù)yet的提示可知,前后表示轉(zhuǎn)折,故A項(xiàng)正確。 答案:A,,,,,A,B,What does a good teacher do?Does he 15 students facts to remember?Well,yes,we must sometimes remember facts.But a good teacher 16 how to find answers.,15.A.make B.understand C.master D.give 解析:根據(jù)句意可知此處指:一個(gè)好的老師會(huì)讓學(xué)生們背事實(shí)嗎?give sb.sth.“給某人某物”,符合句意。 答案:D 16.A.knows B.shows C.orders D.encourages 解析:know“知道”;show“顯示,展示”;order “命令”;encourage“鼓勵(lì)”。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示:但是一個(gè)好老師會(huì)向?qū)W生們展示如何找到答案。故B項(xiàng)正確。 答案:B,,,,,A,B,He brings us to the stream of knowledge so we can think for ourselves.When we are 17 ,we know where to go. True learning combines intake with output.We take information 18 our brains.,17.A.thirsty B.tired C.bored D.free 解析:thirsty“口渴的”;tired“勞累的”;bored“無(wú)聊的”;free“免費(fèi)的;自由的”。根據(jù)上句中的He brings us to the stream of knowledge可知,作者將“知識(shí)”比作“溪流”,所以此處表示:當(dāng)我們口渴的時(shí)候,我們知道去哪里,故A項(xiàng)正確。 答案:A 18.A.of B.for C.about D.into 解析:根據(jù)句意可知此處表示:我們把信息輸入大腦,take sth.into“把……帶到……里”,符合句意。 答案:D,,,,,A,B,Then we use it.Think of a 19 ;it stores a lot of information,but it can’t think.It only obeys commands.A person who only remembers facts hasn’t really learned.Learning takes 20 only when a person can use what he knows. 【語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀】什么才是真正的學(xué)習(xí)?文章對(duì)此進(jìn)行了說(shuō)明,并非學(xué)會(huì)知識(shí)就是真正意義上的學(xué)習(xí)。學(xué)習(xí)的真正意義在于解決問(wèn)題。懂得知識(shí),如果不會(huì)運(yùn)用那也無(wú)濟(jì)于事。,A,B,19.A.radio B.computer C.record D.machine 解析:根據(jù)下文中的it stores a lot of information,but it can’t think.It only obeys commands可知,此處應(yīng)該指電腦,故B項(xiàng)正確。 答案:B 20.A.measures B.notes C.place D.time 解析:take measures“采取措施”;take notes“做筆記”;take place“發(fā)生”;take time“花時(shí)間”。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示:只有一個(gè)人能夠運(yùn)用他所學(xué)的知識(shí)的時(shí)候,才是真正的學(xué)習(xí),故C項(xiàng)正確。 答案:C,,,,,