簡明語言學教程音系學

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1、會計學1簡明語言學教程簡明語言學教程 音系學音系學Teaching Objectiven nCritical Thinkingn nPresent and Solve Present and Solve ProblemsProblemsn nUnderstand Macroscopicallyn nSound systemSound systemn nUnderstand Microscopically第1頁/共29頁Question Time!第2頁/共29頁Puzzling Question!Interesting Question!Serious question!All Questio

2、ns Are WelcomeAmazing Question!第3頁/共29頁2.3 Phonology第4頁/共29頁Think about:n nProduce“p”in“peak”and“speak”!n nFind out the differences.n nDoes it influence the meaning if we pronounce“speak”in the way of producing“peak”concerning“p”?Namely,is sphi:k different from spi:k?第5頁/共29頁語音SpeechSound語音系統(tǒng)Sound s

3、ystem語音學語音學語音的發(fā)生、傳遞、感知不涉及到意義基本單位：音素（或者可以區(qū)別可以區(qū)別意義意義、或者不可區(qū)別意義）音位學音位學有區(qū)別意義的語音的組合規(guī)律涉及到意義基本單位：音位 音段單位：音位 組合規(guī)律 超音段音位學2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics2.3.1 Phonology and phoneticsSemantically relevant speech soundsSound patterns vary from language to language.All languagesLanguage-specific第6頁/共29頁2.3.2 Phone,

4、phoneme,and allophone2.3.2 Phone,phoneme,and allophonePhone(音素）音素）:a phonetic unit or segment.They are speech sounds produced and heard during linguistic communication.e.g.pit,spit;feel,leaf ph,p;,l-phonetic unit-not distinctive of meaning-physical as heard and produced-marked with phoneme:the minim

5、um phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units.-phonological unit-distinctive of meaning-abstract,not physical;it is presented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context,such as/p/.-marked with/e.g./l/can be realized as dark ,and clear lRules to determine differ

6、ent phonemes:the substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning,e.g.pig/big第7頁/共29頁 Allophones(Allophones(音位變體音位變體音位變體音位變體)n npp=,p,ph h are two different are two different phonesphones and are variants of and are variants of the the phonemephoneme/p/.Such variants of a phoneme ar

7、e /p/.Such variants of a phoneme are called called allophonesallophones of the same phoneme.of the same phoneme.n n成為同一個成為同一個phoneme phoneme 的的allophones allophones 的條件的條件n nPhonetic similarityPhonetic similarityn nThey are in They are in complementary distributioncomplementary distribution,namely t

8、hey namely they never occur in the same context.For example,p occurs never occur in the same context.For example,p occurs after s,while pafter s,while ph h occurs in other places.occurs in other places.2.3.2 Phone,phoneme,and allophone2.3.2 Phone,phoneme,and allophone第8頁/共29頁2.2.3.3 Minimal Pairs(最小

9、對立體最小對立體)，phonemic contrast（音位對立）音位對立）Minimal pair is a basic procedure in establishing the phonemic inventory of a language or a test for phonemes.Two expressions(words or morphemes)can be called a minimal pair if and only if(1)they have different meanings,(2)and they are identical in every way exc

10、ept for only one sound segment,(3)which occurs in the same place in the string.A typical case is the pair mail vs nail.The two sound strings meil neil are identical in every way except for the segments m and n,which occur at the initial place and make two word completely different in meaning.(參考語言與語

11、言學辭典：306；胡壯麟)如何做一個概念陳述？第9頁/共29頁判斷下列是否是最小對立體判斷下列是否是最小對立體 tip&lip?mail&aild?foot&feet?tip/tip/,lip/lip/-There is a phonemic distinction between them.No,the different sound segments do not occur in the same place of the string.Yes,they are minimal pair.u&i:are the only different sound segmentsHappening

12、 in a the same place of the string,and for their different two words Are distinguished in meaning.第10頁/共29頁A minimal pair:A minimal pair:如：如：beanbean and and deandean 這一小對確立了這一小對確立了/b/b/和和/d/d/這兩個音位這兩個音位Minimal set:Minimal set:如：如：bean,dean,mean,leanbean,dean,mean,lean.這一組詞的語音串上只有一個這一組詞的語音串上只有一個這一組詞

13、的語音串上只有一個這一組詞的語音串上只有一個音素不同，且發(fā)生在同一位置上，是他們區(qū)別了意義。音素不同，且發(fā)生在同一位置上，是他們區(qū)別了意義。音素不同，且發(fā)生在同一位置上，是他們區(qū)別了意義。音素不同，且發(fā)生在同一位置上，是他們區(qū)別了意義。這一組單詞，使得這一組單詞，使得這一組單詞，使得這一組單詞，使得/b,d,m,lb,d,m,l/這些音素得以區(qū)別開來。這些音素得以區(qū)別開來。這些音素得以區(qū)別開來。這些音素得以區(qū)別開來。再如：再如：Each vowel represents a phonemeEach vowel represents a phoneme，which can be which ca

14、n be determined either by minimal pairs or minimal set.determined either by minimal pairs or minimal set.要區(qū)/b/和/p/好像不一定要bill 和pill.Bay 和pay 也可以呀？對！區(qū)別音位或確定音位的還可以是最小對比組！minimal sets 第11頁/共29頁請你結合語音學的知識思考：請你結合語音學的知識思考：是什么決定了/p/和/b/可以區(qū)別了bill 和pill 的意義？第12頁/共29頁n因為p和b 的_是不同的！n具體而言：p_,而b _ articulation第13

15、頁/共29頁可見，這兩個音位對應的語音發(fā)音具有區(qū)別性的特征（distinctive feature）。語言與語言學辭典:Distinctive Feature is a（1）Class of phonetically defined（2）components of phonemes（3）that function to distinguish meaning(134).第14頁/共29頁PresentationPresentation of distinctive of distinctive featuresfeaturesn nDistinctive features are presen

16、ted in Distinctive features are presented in binary opposition.binary opposition.The features can be shown either present+or absent-.ne.g.n+nasal,-nasal.ns in seal-voiced,nz in zeal+voicednb in bet +oral or-nasal,nn in net+nasal第15頁/共29頁2.3.4 Some rules of phonologyRule 1 sequential rules(序列規(guī)則):the

17、rules governing the combination of sounds in a particular languageObserve the following arrangement!Can you find any rules?like,love,look,right,rough,root/l/and/r/must be followed by _.spring,street,screw,splendid,squeal,studentIf three consonants should cluster together,the combination should obey

18、the following three rules:The first phoneme must be _.The second phoneme must be _.The third phoneme must be _.a vowel./s/p,t/or/k/l,r,w/or/j/第16頁/共29頁2.3.4 Some phonological rulesRule 2:Rule 2:assimilation rule assimilation rule(同化規(guī)則同化規(guī)則)The pronunciation of a phone may be assimilated to another by

19、 The pronunciation of a phone may be assimilated to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the copying a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones more similar.two phones more similar.Regressive assimilation:the following sound influencing the proceeding so

20、und Progressive assimilation:the proceeding sound influencing the following sound,Assimilation can occur across syllable or word boundaries e.g.sunglass,five past Pronounce the following words to feel the differences of the same sound in the different phonological environments!c ca ap and cp and ca

21、an;sin;sin n and si and sin nk,k,a at and t and mma ap pYou can find that You can find that a a is is _by the _by the sounds before or after it.sounds before or after it.assimilated第17頁/共29頁2.3.4 Some rules of phonologyRule 2:assimilation rule Assimilation may result in nasalization(e.g.tAssimilatio

22、n may result in nasalization(e.g.ta an,cn,ca an),n),dentalization(e.g.tedentalization(e.g.ten nth,nith,nin nth),velarization(e.g.sith),velarization(e.g.sin nk,k,mimin nk),devoicing(e.g.hak),devoicing(e.g.has s to),etc.Thus there exist to),etc.Thus there exist nasalization nasalization rule,rule,dent

23、alizationdentalization rule,rule,velarizationvelarization rule,rule,devoicingdevoicing rule,etc.rule,etc.e.g.te e.g.ten nth,nith,nin nth;sith;sin nk,mik,min nk;hak;has s a book,ha a book,has s to to 第18頁/共29頁2.3.4 Some rules of phonologyRule 2:Rule 2:assimilation rule assimilation rule 如：如：nasalizat

24、ion nasalization rule rule -nasal +nasal/-nasal +nasal/A vowel is nasalized when it is followed by a A vowel is nasalized when it is followed by a nasal consonant.e.g t nasal consonant.e.g ta an n 第19頁/共29頁2.3.4 Some rules of phonology2.3.4 Some rules of phonologyRule 3:deletion rule(省略規(guī)則)A sound is

25、 to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.Compare the pronunciations of the two groups.Can you find any rule?(1)signature,designation,paradigmatic(2)sign,design,paradigmIn the second group,/g/is _.deleted第20頁/共29頁2.2.3.5 Suprasegmental Features(超音段特征超音段特征)nDistinctive features can a

26、lso be found over phonemic segments,this is what we will consider SUPRASEGMENTAL FATURES.They are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segmentsnThe principal suprasegmantal features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.第21頁/共29頁 2.3.5.1 Syllable 2.3.5.2 Stress 2.4.5.3 Tone

27、2.4.5.4 Intonation 第22頁/共29頁2.3.5.1 Shape/structure of syllablee.g.e.g.b be ed d,d deaead d,f fe ed d,h heaead d,l le ed d,r re ed d,s saiaid d,w we ed d,thrthreaead d,w we ed d A syllable is divided intoA syllable is divided into onsetonset,rhymerhyme and/orand/or codacoda.A syllable must have a nu

28、cleus or peak,which is A syllable must have a nucleus or peak,which is often the task of a vowel.Syllables are often the task of a vowel.Syllables are represented by symbols like CVC.represented by symbols like CVC.A syllable has no coda is known asA syllable has no coda is known as open syllableope

29、n syllable while a syllable with coda is known aswhile a syllable with coda is known as closed closed syllablesyllable.In English only tense vowels(long In English only tense vowels(long vowels and diphthongs)can occur in open vowels and diphthongs)can occur in open syllables.syllables.第23頁/共29頁Some

30、 syllables have an onset and no coda.k i:t第24頁/共29頁2.3.5.2 Stressn nTypes:word stress,sentence stress.n nFunction:n ndistinguish lexical meaningdistinguish lexical meaningn nconverse distinguishment(p27)converse distinguishment(p27)n nCompound distinguishment(p27-28)(including Compound distinguishme

31、nt(p27-28)(including ing form)ing form)n nEmphasize sth in a sentence apart from part-Emphasize sth in a sentence apart from part-of-speech stress convention(p29)of-speech stress convention(p29)第25頁/共29頁2.3.5.3 Tonen nTones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of

32、 the vocal cords.They function to distinguish meanings,such as Chinese level(陰平)，the second rise(陽平)，the third fall-rise(上聲),and the fourth fall(去聲),in 媽，麻，馬，罵.n nEnglish is not a tone language.第26頁/共29頁2.3.5.3 Three major types of English intonation:na.falling tone:straight-forward,matter-of-factnT

33、hats not the book he wants.nb.rising tone:a questionnThats not the book he wants.nc.fall-rise tone:implied messagenThats not the book he wants.第27頁/共29頁語音SpeechSound語音系統(tǒng)Sound system語音學語音學語音的發(fā)生、傳遞、感知不涉及到意義基本單位：音素（或者可以區(qū)別可以區(qū)別意義意義、或者不可區(qū)別意義）音位學音位學有區(qū)別意義的語音的組合規(guī)律涉及到意義基本單位：音位 音段單位：音位 組合規(guī)律 超音段音位學2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics2.3.1 Phonology and phoneticsSemantically relevant speech soundsSound patterns vary from language to language.All languagesLanguage-specific第28頁/共29頁