英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文美國黑人在歷史上角色的演變研究

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1、 原創(chuàng)性聲明 本人呈交的論文，是在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下，獨(dú)立進(jìn)行研究工作所取得的成果，所有數(shù)據(jù)、圖片資料真實(shí)可靠。盡我所知，除文中已經(jīng)注明引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文的研究成果不包含他人享有著作權(quán)的內(nèi)容。對(duì)本論文所涉及的研究工作做出貢獻(xiàn)的其他個(gè)人和集體，均已在文中以明確的方式標(biāo)明。本學(xué)位論文的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)歸屬于培養(yǎng)單位。 本人簽名： 日期：二〇一一年五月九日 摘 要 所謂美國黑人，是歷史上被歐洲殖民者劫運(yùn)到美國的非洲黑人奴隸的后裔，

2、又稱非洲裔美國人。屬尼格羅人種。其中2／3為黑白混血種人。通用英語。美國黑人在歷史上起過重要作用，他們積極參加美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，屢立戰(zhàn)功。對(duì)發(fā)展美國的經(jīng)濟(jì)文化也作出了很大貢獻(xiàn)，他們一直是美國農(nóng)業(yè)的主要力量；在鋼鐵工業(yè)中黑人工人約占1／3，在汽車工業(yè)中約占半數(shù)；在音樂、文藝、體育方面，黑人的成就更為顯著。 本文主要從稱謂，政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)，黑人英語，以及文化等方面來研究美國黑人在歷史上角色的演變，充分考察了美國歷史文化，選取在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域最有代表的美國黑人以及對(duì)美國黑人地位演變有著巨大推動(dòng)作用的人物，從正面和側(cè)面來證明如下結(jié)論：美國黑人從奴隸到總統(tǒng)這漫長(zhǎng)的歷史中，在實(shí)現(xiàn)族種平等擺脫奴隸制度的艱

3、難過程中，付出了血與淚的代價(jià)；美國黑人角色的演變和地位的提高標(biāo)志著美國民主制度的逐步完善。 推而廣之，一個(gè)種族，一類群體要想在其所屬的領(lǐng)域占有一席之地，有所建樹，是要從各個(gè)方面來提升自己并拼搏的，即中國古語所說的文武雙全；反之，要看一個(gè)種族，一類群體是否在其所屬的領(lǐng)域地位和角色有所提升，是要從各個(gè)方面考察的。總之，道路是曲折的，可是，前途卻是光明的。 關(guān)鍵詞: 奴隸制度 美國黑人 角色演變 ABSTRACT African-Americans are persons from America who are members of a race

4、of people who have dark skin, originally from Africa. They were transported to the United States by European colonizers and called African, Negro, Colored, and Black in history. The original role of the African Americans in American society is African slaves. Though they lived in poor accommodations

5、 and lacked adequate food, they made a very positive contribution to American society in history.（Pollard, 2004） This study is mainly concerns on the evolution of African-Americans’ role-play in American society from the following aspects: appellation, politics, economy, Black English, literature,

6、etc; this study is through great information about American history and culture, conspicuous representatives from respective field to analyzing African-Americans’ evolutionary roles in detail directly or indirectly. From this paper, some conclusions can be drawn. In the process of slipping slavery,

7、 fulfilling racial equality, improving American democratic system, African-Americans play a significant role in American society. They deserve a higher status in American society after all that life-long hard work with terrible cost of the revolution in death and suffering. Through analyzing that,

8、get a deeper conclusion that it need all-round promotion in improving the role of some group of weak race or minority in society though bleeding and difficult it may be. We should respect them. Their experiences prove that process is winding, and future is promising. Key word: Slavery African Ame

9、rican Evolutionary Role 目 錄 1. 引言 1 1.1 美國黑人的定義 2 1.2 美國黑人的原始角色及概況 2 1.3 制約美國黑人發(fā)展的因素 3 2從稱謂變化看美國黑人的角色演變 4 2.1 非洲人 4 2.2 有色人 4 2.3 尼格羅 5 2.4 黑人 5 2.5 非洲裔美國人 6 3從政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)角度看美國黑人角色演變 8 3.1 亞伯拉罕林肯的《解放黑人奴隸宣言》 8 3.2 馬丁路德金的《我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想》 12 3.3 芭芭拉喬丹的正義之聲 14 3.4 貝拉克奧巴馬的“是的，我

10、們可以” 16 3.5 美國黑人對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)所做出的貢獻(xiàn) 20 4從黑人英語看美國黑人角色演變 21 4.1 黑人英語概述 21 4.2 黑人英語的起源 21 4.3 黑人英語的地位 24 5從文化角度看美國黑人角色演變 25 5.1 音樂 25 5.2 體育 27 5.3 文學(xué) 27 結(jié)論 29 致謝 30 參考文獻(xiàn) 30 CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 1.1 The Definition of African Americans 2 1.2 The Original Role of African Americans 2 1.

11、3 The Main Factors that shape African Americans 3 2 The Evolution in Appellation 4 2.1 African 4 2.2 Colored 4 2.3 Negro 5 2.4 Black 5 2.5 African American 6 3 The Evolution of Aframericans’ Roles in Politics and Economy 8 3.1 Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation 8 3.2 Martin L

12、uther King and I Have a Dream 12 3.3 Barbara Jordan and Her Voice for Justice 14 3.4 Barack Obama and Yes We Can 17 3.5 African American’s Contribution to Economy 20 4 Black English 22 4.1 Introduction of Black English 22 4.2 The Historical Origins of Black English 22 4.3 The Role of Black En

13、glish 25 5 The Evolution of Aframericans’ Roles in Culture 26 5.1 Music 26 5.2 Sports 28 5.3 Literature 28 Conclusion 30 Acknowledgements 31 Bibliography 32 1 1. Introduction The Main Factors that shape African Americans was their cultural differences from the European Americ

14、ans excluded them from equal participation in American society through formal and informal barriers and their historical circumstances.(Robertson,1986) So the original role of African-American was very low. They were not allowed to marry, be educated or work independently. Since they were not allowe

15、d to practice their cultural activities or speak their native languages, they lost their African culture and language completely. They worked long days, did not have much of a family life, and were lynched for violation of the rules set by their owners. They lived in poor accommodations and lacked a

16、dequate food.（Pollard, 2004） Slavery was outlawed in 1780 in the northern states. At the end of the US Civil War (1865), slavery was abolished everywhere in the United States. Legal segregation slowly ended, beginning with President Truman’s directive (1948) to en segregation in the US military and

17、 the US Supreme Court decision (1954) in the case of Brown vs. the Broad of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King, Jr. finally desegregated the South in the 1960’s. The Civil Rights Act (1964-1965) integrated minorities, women and other disadvantaged people

18、 into the work force. In spite of these laws and Affirmative Action which gives preferential treatment to women and minorities, discrimination in employment and housing still exists. By the 1990’s more educational and employment opportunities for African Americans and other minorities became availab

19、le. However, because Affirmative Action has been controversial since its inception, it has been challenged and eliminated in some states.（Almes，2004） A large segment of the Black African-American population was trapped in ghettoes, areas in a city where minority groups lived, often because of press

20、ure from the majority group. Unemployment, poverty, infant mortality, and a lower status in society were common in ghettoes. As members of an underclass since the days of slavery, only a limited number of educated Blacks enjoyed the moderate economic gains between the 1970’s and 1990’s. This paper

21、will first concern on the background of the African Americans, and then make an analysis the changing of the roles from several aspects, such as politics, economy, and appellation, language, etc. Then listing the changing roles during the long process, at last gives a conclusion of the evolution of

22、African Americans’ roles from analysis and comparison. The African-American is a particular group in America. Racial discrimination is a particular phenomenon in American society. Slavery is a particular system in American history. It deserves study. This paper gives the specific details that Afri

23、can American’s role-play in America from five aspects, such as appellation, politics, economy, Black English, literature. Maybe there are something that not so thoughtful or accurate. Please give your previous suggestions. 1.1 The Definition of African Americans What is the meaning of African-Amer

24、ican? Macroscopically speaking, African-American is a person from America who is a member of a race of people who have dark skin, originally from Africa. Microcosmically speaking, African-Americans are also called Afro-Americans or Afromericans, which were transported unlawfully to the United States

25、 by the European colonizers in history. 1.2 The Original Role of African Americans Beginning in 1619 Africans were imported to the United States as slaves to work on the cotton, tobacco and plantations. Gradually, a racist ideology developed. African slaves were called Negro and stereotyped as sub

26、human, innately irresponsible, stupid, lazy and promiscuous. They were not allowed to marry, be educated or work independently. Since they were not allowed to practice their cultural activities or speak their native languages, they lost their African culture and language completely. They worked long

27、 days, did not have much of a family life, and were lynched for violation of the rules set by their owners. They lived in poor accommodations and lacked adequate food. A large segment of the Black African-American population was trapped in ghettoes, areas in a city where minority groups lived, ofte

28、n because of pressure from the majority group. Unemployment, poverty, infant mortality, and a lower status in society were common in ghettoes. As members of an underclass since the days of slavery, only a limited number of educated Blacks enjoyed the moderate economic gains between the 1970’s and 19

29、90’s. In the United States, race is a very important issue. Race guides the behavior, education, opportunities and resources of Americans. Dominant Euro-Americans have traditionally held political and economic power. Since many Euro-Americans consider the United States as their country, psychologic

30、ally they do not seem to accept minority Americans who constitute the other 20% of the population. By the end of the twentieth century the American racial/ethnic population was approximately: Table 2.1 the American racial/ethnic population Race 1980 1990 (projected)2000 Euro-Americans 194,71

31、3,000 208,710,000 225,532,000 Black 26,683,000 30,4486,000 35,454,000 Native American 1,420,000 2,065,000 2,402,000 The Declaration of Independence proclaimed that all men are created equal and have rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Tomas Jefferson, who wrote the Dec

32、laration of Independence, owned slaves. Others who signed the document also had slaves and held negative attitudes toward a large number of Black African-Americans formerly called Negroes. As a matter of fact, many of the leaders in the colonies who fought for American independence owned slaves. Thi

33、s was true in the Northern colonies as well as the Southern ones. One example is the famous American diplomat, inventor and businessman Benjamin Franklin. He owned slaves for thirty years and sold them at his general store. But his ideas about slavery changed during his long life. Benjamin Franklin

34、started the first schools to teach blacks and later argued for their freedom. (Pollard, 2004) 1.3 The Main Factors that shape African Americans According to Jan Robertson, two factors have shaped the conditions of non-Europeans in the United States. First, their cultural differences from the Euro

35、pean Americans excluded them from equal participation in American society through formal and informal barriers. Second, historical circumstances prevented their participation as equal partners in the society. This meant that Black Africans who were imported as slaves were not usually treated as equa

36、ls by their owners or employers. 2 The Evolution in Appellation There was an English saying that sticks and stones may break my bones, but words can never hurt me. It is always utilized self-console that one doesn’t have to worry about negative things about spoken language. However, as

37、a matter of fact, most people would rather lose money than be slandered. That’s what people attach importance to nowadays. Due to the phenomena and ideas, the old saying gets several variants. Such as, sticks and stones may break my bones, and names can also hurt me; Sticks and stones may break my b

38、ones, and words can also hurt me, etc. That’s the voice against unequal spoken language. African Americans go through a long and bloody way in order to win a satisfying name in society. Along the way, their names have been changed several times. (Du, 2005) 2.1 African In 1554, an Englishman name

39、d William Towerson took five Africans to England, where they were taught English and fostered to be translators of slavery trade so that they could be put to good use of serving for the Western African colonies. In 1557, three of the five Africans returned to Gold Coast of Africa. It symbolizes the

40、beginning of their use of English. And they were called Africans by English from then on. The appellation of African was used to unitarily call all kinds of Africans. But Europeans in America titled “free” or “slave” respectively according to the nature and type of Africans. For those who were unid

41、entified, the Europeans in America titled them Nigger or Negro. During the two to three centuries, Africans were considered as comparative single status. Africans were either “free” or “slave”. So African’s not only a name of Africans in Africa but also a title of Africans in America. 2.2 Colored

42、In 19th century, “Colored” became the appellation of African American. People cannot clearly distinguish the native place in semantics from the appellation of African, especially after the founding of the United States. The slavery trade became less and less, while the African Americans became more

43、and more after multiplying for generations. The appellation of African would confuse people easily. At the beginning, “Colored” referred to several free Africans. Then people considered it as all the African in America. Though the “Colored” showed racial discrimination, the leading persons in the S

44、lavery Abolishing Movement used “Colored” in their speeches or articles. So other people tacitly approved it. In 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People” showed that “Colored” was the formal appellation of the Africans in America. 2.3 Negro The appellation of Negro ori

45、ginated in the end of 19th century. The American Negro Academy founded in 1897 and the National Business League founded in 1900 both regarded Negro as the unified appellation of the Africans in America. At the beginning of 20th century, people changed the appellation of the Africans in America from

46、 “Colored” into “Negro”. Because “Colored” in America dedicated their valiant spirit and bleeding sacrifice to fighting against fascists. It suddenly struck American politicians that “Colored” should be treated equally. Though the ideal dream was not fulfilled, American official abolished the old ap

47、pellation and adopted “Negro” instead in order to establish and safeguard the dignity of African Americans. On March 7, 1930, the New York Times said that “Negro” should be written with a capital “N” and its the formal appellation of Africans in America. 2.4 Black As time went on, newspapers and p

48、ublishing houses accepted the argument that the Negro group of words had indefensible racial overtones. A new name should be substituted for the slavery-imposed name. In 1966, an American Negro leader Stokeley Carmichael issued a call for Black power. Under the influence of the Black power, many Afr

49、ican Americans started to recognize their equal right. They unlocked coloracracy and said to themselves “I’m black, and I’m proud” instead of “If you are white, you are all right; if you are brown, stick around; if you are black, git back”. There’s an essay and a great person that showed the origin

50、ation of the appellation of Black. “Seems to me that the institutions that function in this country are clearly racist, and that theyre built upon racism. And the question, then, is how can black people inside of this country move? And then how can white people who say they’re not a part of those

51、institutions begin to move? And how then do we begin to clear away the obstacles that we have in this society, that make us live like human beings? How can we begin to build institutions that will allow people to relate with each other as human beings? This country has never done that, especially ar

52、ound the country of white or black.” “Now we want to take that to its logical extension, so that we could understand, then, what its relevancy would be in terms of new civil rights bills. I maintain that every civil rights bill in this country was passed for white people, not for black people. For

53、example, I am black. I know that. I also know that while I am black I am a human being, and therefore I have the right to go into any public place. White people didnt know that. Every time I tried to go into a place they stopped me. So some boys had to write a bill to tell that white man, "He’s a hu

54、man being; don’t stop him." That bill was for that white man, not for me. I knew it all the time. I knew it all the time.” “And were never going to get caught up in questions about power. This country knows what power is. It knows it very well. And it knows what Black Power is cause it deprived bla

55、ck people of it for 400 years. So it knows what Black Power is. That the question of, Why do black people -- Why do white people in this country associate Black Power with violence? And the question is because of their own inability to deal with "blackness." If we had said "Negro power" nobody would

56、 get scared. Everybody would support it. Or if we said power for colored people, everybody would be for that, but it is the word "black" -- it is the word "black" that bothers people in this country, and that’s their problem, not mine.” Since then, Black had become more and more popular both in Ame

57、rican society and life. Such as, Black History Week, Black Culture, Black Experience, etc. 2.5 African American In 1977, Smitherman suggested that Black should be replaced by African American in her works about African American language study. Her suggestion didn’t come true until 1989. The celebr

58、ated scholar, Doctor Manning Marable published an article called African-American or Black? The Politic of Culture Identify in the periodical of Black Issues in Higher Education in April, 1989. After that the voice of changing name appeared in society. Doctor Dorothy Height played an important role

59、 in changing title of Black, as well as Jesse Jackson’s eloquent speech. The appellation of African American became more and more famous in newspapers, periodicals, TV shows, etc. in 1990, MOTOWN (a TV show) made a programme for the appellation of African America. Now, especially in the south of Ame

60、rica, people almost don’t use Black but African American. African Americans went through a long and bloody way in order to win a satisfying name in society. Along the way, their names have been changed several times. That’s all for the appellation of African American’s titles. Every title shows tha

61、t their social roles became more and more significant in America. It shows that sticks and stones may break my bones, and words can also hurt me. 3 The Evolution of Aframericans’ Roles in Politics and Economy There are four representatives played importa

62、nt roles in the evolution of African Americans’ roles in Politics. They are Abraham Lincoln who fighted for the freedom and equal rights of African slaves, Martin Luther King，and Barbara Jordan，Barack Obama. This chapter will represent the experience of them in the process of slipping slavery, fulfi

63、lling racial equality, improving American democratic system. In addition, a little information of African Americans’ positive contribution to the overall American economy will be given. 3.1 Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation Abraham Lincoln is the only president in American histor

64、y to lead a nation divided by civil war. At the heart of the issues that divided the South from the North was slavery. Southern states withdrew from the Union because they saw a threat to their way of life. Their agricultural economy depended on the labor of slaves originally brought from Africa.

65、The states thought the federal government would free the slaves. South Carolina was the first to leave. It did so shortly after Lincolns election in November of eighteen sixty. Six other states followed by the time he took office in March of eighteen sixty-one. In his inaugural speech, Lincoln beg

66、ged southern states not to leave the Union. Abraham Lincoln did not receive a majority of the popular vote in the eighteen sixty election. But he won enough electoral votes to become president. Lincoln fought to keep the Union together. He led a civil war in which more than six hundred thousand Americans were killed. And, in leading that war, he took the first steps that would destroy the institution of slavery. At the beginning of the Civil War, Lincoln’s main goal was the preser