2019-2020年中考英語復(fù)習(xí)講義 第11章 被動語態(tài).doc

2019-2020年中考英語復(fù)習(xí)講義 第11章 被動語態(tài) 語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式.表示主講與謂講之間的關(guān)系。英講有曲種講態(tài):主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)則表示主語是謂語動作的承受者。對于被動語態(tài)的考查，多集中在被動講態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)及時態(tài)，以及被動語態(tài)的判斷、動詞過去分詞的正確拼寫方面。在學(xué)習(xí)過程中，.要注意揣摩句子的含義，掌握動詞過去分詞的不規(guī)則變化。內(nèi)容導(dǎo)視知識點1被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成知識點2被動語態(tài)的用法知識點3主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)知識點4主動形式表示被動意義知識點5不能使用被動語態(tài)的情況知識詳單知識點1被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成1. 被動語態(tài)的句型句型構(gòu)成例句肯定句主語+be十過去分詞(十by. )English is spoken everywhere.到處有人說英語。否定句主語+be+not+過去分詞(+by.)English isnt spoken by people here.這里的人不說英語。一般疑問句Be+主語+過去分詞(+by. .)?-Was Tom asked to e early?湯姆被要求早點來嗎?-Yes，he was.是的，他被要求了。/No, he wasnt.不，他沒有。特殊疑問句特殊疑問詞+be+主語+過去分詞(+by.)?Why was this bridge destroyed by the government?政府為什么要拆毀這座橋?2.被動語態(tài)的各種時態(tài)形式時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般現(xiàn)在時主語+ am/is/are十過去分詞+其他History is made by the people歷史是人們創(chuàng)造的。These books are designed for children.這些書是為孩子們設(shè)計的。一般過去時主語+was/were+過去分詞+其他The letter was written in English這封信是用英語寫的。The cars were made in Shanghai.這些車是上海生產(chǎn)的。一般將來時主語+will be+過去分詞+其他Your job will be kept open for your return.你的工作將保留到你回來。When will the work be finished?這項工作什么時候完成?現(xiàn)在進行時主語+am/is/am+being+過去分詞+其他A new railway is being built.一條新鐵路正在修建。Because my car is being repaired , I have to go to work by taxi.因為我的車正在修理，所以l我不得不坐出租車去上班。過去進行時主語+was/were+being+過去分詞+其他The hall was being built last year. Im not sure if it is pleted.這個個大廳去年正在修建，我不清楚選擇完成了沒有。The road was being widened when I passed by the village.當(dāng)我經(jīng)過那個村莊時，道路正在加寬。現(xiàn)在完成時主語+have/has been+過去分詞+其他He has been sent to work in Shanghai.他已經(jīng)被派往上海工作了。Has the sports meeting been put off until next Friday?運動會已經(jīng)推遲到下周五了嗎?過去完成時主語+had been+過去分詞+其他The room had been broken into before we came.我們來之前已經(jīng)有人強行進過這間屋。A new hotel had been built when I got there.我到那兒時，一座新旅館已經(jīng)建好了。情態(tài)動詞主語+情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞+其他Her temperature should be taken twice a day.她的體溫應(yīng)該一天量兩次。，If heated，water can be turned into vapour.如果受熱，水會變成蒸氣。知識點2被動語態(tài)的用法用法例句不知道或者不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者How is this word pronounced?這個單詞怎么發(fā)音?The book was published in xx.這本書是xx年出版的。強調(diào)動作的承受者School will be opened in our village.我們村將開辦一所新的希望學(xué)校當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者是泛指時He is suspected of robbing the bank.有人懷疑他搶劫銀行。表示委婉或禮貌，避免提及動作執(zhí)行者I have been told many times not to make noises有人多次告訴我不要吵鬧。句法修飾的需要The lecture will be made by Joe, who is a young musician from Italy.喬要做這個報告他是意大利的一位年輕的音樂家。有些動詞習(xí)慣上常用被動語態(tài)He was born in this city.他出生在這個城市。It is reported that he is a professor from New Zealand. 據(jù)報道，他是來自新西蘭的一位教授。知識點3主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)說明例句含有單個賓語的主動句，即“主語+謂語動詞十賓語”:把主動句的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，并依據(jù)上表(被動語態(tài)的各種時態(tài)形式)把謂語改為被動形式;如果需要說明動作的發(fā)出者，則需加上“by.+主動句的主語(人稱代詞用賓格)”。The famous professor gave two lectures in English(那位著名的教授用英語作了兩次報告。)Two lectures were given (by the famous professor)in EnglishThey often ask some question after class。(他們經(jīng)常在課后問一些問題。)Some questions are often asked(by them)after class.含有雙賓語的主動句，即“主語+間接賓語+直接賓語”:當(dāng)直接賓語是名詞或代詞時，可把間接賓語和直接賓語中的任意一個變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，而另一個保持不動。但是，當(dāng)直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z時，間接賓語前應(yīng)加上介詞to或for。The doctor gave me some good advice on the pronunciation(老師給我提了一些關(guān)于發(fā)音方面的好建議。)1 was given some good advice on the pronunciation.Some good advice was given to me on the pronunciation.含有復(fù)合賓語的主動句，即“主語+賓語+賓語補足語”:把主動句的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，賓補保持不動(成為主語補足語，簡稱主補)。We call him Li Hua.(我們叫他李華。)He is called Li Hua.They painted the room white.(他們把房間粉刷成白色。)The room was Painted white.【易錯警示】感官動詞和使役動詞后接動詞原形作賓補，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，需要在動詞原形前加上省略的不定式符號to，即“be seen/heard/found/observed/noticed/made to do sth?！?。例如:They saw her enter the meeting room just now.(剛才他們看見她進入了會議室。)She was seen to enter the meeting room just now含有動詞短語(作謂語)的主動句:謂語為及物動詞短語的主動句方可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。They take good care of these children.(他們把這些孩子照顧得非常好。)These children are taken good care of.We should make full use of the good chance.(我們應(yīng)該充分利用這次好機會。)The good chance should be made full use of.【易錯警示】動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時，把它們看作一個整體變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)，其后的介詞和副詞不可丟掉。知識點4主動形式表示被動意義情況例句說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征的動詞，用主動形式表達被動意義，如:lock，open，read，sell，teach，wash，write等.:;.The cloth washes well. 這種布料很容易洗.A freshly baked cake doesnt cut easilv.剛烤好的蛋糕不容易切。表示感官的連系動詞，用主動形式表達被動意義，如:smell，feel，taste，look，sound等This piece of music sounds good.這段音樂聽起來不錯。Mooncakes taste delicious.月餅嘗起來很美味。某些動詞后用動名詞的主動形式表達被動意義，如:need，want，require，worth等The bike needs repairing. 這輛自行車需要修理。Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了?！局R拓展】常見的被動形式表主動意義的詞組:be seated坐著，就座; be hidden躲藏;be lost迷路;be drunk喝醉;be dressed穿著知識點5不能使用被動語態(tài)的情況情況例句不及物動詞和系動詞無被動語態(tài)A fire broke out last night.昨晚發(fā)生了火災(zāi)。某些表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞或及物動詞短語也不能用被動語態(tài)This coat doesnt fit me.這件外套不適合我。The hall can contain two hundred people。這個大廳可以容納200人。反身代詞或相互代詞作賓語的句子不能用被動語態(tài)We have helped each other for over two years.我們相互幫助有兩年多了。賓語是不定式或動名詞的句子不可用被動語態(tài)Most people want to have their own house，.許多人想要有自己的房子。當(dāng)謂語動詞和賓語構(gòu)成一個不可分割的整體時，即固定短語，句子不可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)It took him a long time to make up his mind.他用了很久才下定決心。Whos going to take his place after he leaves?他走了誰來頂替他?【知識拓展】這樣的短語常用的有:do ones best盡力，盡最大努力; make a face做鬼臉; lose heart失去信心，喪失勇氣 -.考點突破考點1考查及物動詞的被動語態(tài)1.(北京中考)A new hospital _ in my town next year. A .builds B. built C. is built D. will be built 【解析】選D。主語hospital與謂語動詞build之間是動賓關(guān)系，故用被動語態(tài)，next year說明要用一般將來 時。故選D。2.(矜南中考)The Spring Festival_ in January or February. A .celebrate B. was celebrated C. celebrated D. celebrated 【解析】選D。主語The Spring Festival與celebrate之間是動賓關(guān)系，故用被動語態(tài)，春節(jié)在一月或二月過 是常態(tài)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時。3.(安順中考)一Wow! You have a ticket to the Expo! 一It_ by my uncleHe 15 working in ShanghaiA. has bought B. had bought Cis bought Dwas bought【解析】it與buy之間是動賓關(guān)系，故用被動語態(tài)，票已經(jīng)買過了應(yīng)該用一般過去時。故選D。4.(巴中中考)English_ widely all over the world.A. speaks B. is spoken C. are spoken 【解析】選B。English是單數(shù)形式，且句子為被動語態(tài)，謂語應(yīng)用is spoken?？键c2 考查情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)5.(滬州中考)The dictionary may _ for three weeks.A.keep B. be kept C. borrow D. be borrowed 【解析】選B for three weeks 表示一段時間，要用延續(xù)性動詞，排除C、D；dictionary與keep之間是動賓關(guān)系，用被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，may 是情態(tài)動詞，系動詞要用be。故選擇B6、(咸寧中考)-Food safety is very important.-So some rules _ to stop people from polluting food.A. must make B. must be made C. must made D. be made【解析】選B、rules和make.之間是動賓關(guān)系，故用被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu).排除A、C；D項be動詞原形有誤，應(yīng)該為are，排除D； must是情態(tài)動詞.后面的系動詞耍用be，B項正確。7(衡陽中考)Teenagers _ allowed to drive.A. Shouldnt be B. should be not C. not should be【解析】選A。情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的否定形式為:情態(tài)動詞+not+be+動詞的過去分詞。故選A?？键c3 考查及物動詞短語的被動語態(tài)8.(鄂州中考)The meeting _ because of the smog in Northern China last week.A. put out B. was put out C. put off D. was put off【解析】選D。由句意可知，會議被推遲了，要用被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。排除A、C; Put out意為“撲滅，熄滅，與句意不符，故選D。9.(哈爾濱中考)On June 11th，xx，Shenzhou-10 carrying three astronauts _ into space from the space center in Jiuquan. All the Chinese people are proud of its successful launch.Asent up B. are sent up C. was sent up【解析】選c。由on June llth，xx可知該句為一般過去時，排除B項;主語Shenzhou-10與謂語動詞存在被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)，故選C。