2019-2020年中考英語復習講義 第13章 非謂語動詞.doc

2019-2020年中考英語復習講義 第13章 非謂語動詞 非謂語動詞是指不能作謂語的動詞形式，即不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分間和過去分詞。非謂語動詞是歷年中考考查的重點之一，因為它們結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，功能繁多，也是學生難以掌握的語法點?？疾橹攸c主要有動詞不定式與動名詞作賓語的固定拼配，現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作形容詞的區(qū)別，動詞不定式的各種用法。學習過程中要多做練習，夯實基礎(chǔ)。內(nèi)容導視知識點1動詞不定式知識點2動名詞知識點3現(xiàn)在非常知識點4過去分詞知識詳單知識點1動詞不定式不定式由“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，其否定形式是“not to+動詞原形”。不定式可以帶賓語狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。1.不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般式主動:to doShe was invited by the school to speak to the new students.她受到學校的邀請為新生講話。The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.明天要開的會議很重要。被動:to be done進行時主動:to be doingHe pretended to be reading a book when Icame in.當我進來時，他假裝在看書。完成時主動:to have doneWe seem to have met somewhere.我們仿佛在哪兒見過。This book is reported to have been translated into German.據(jù)報道，這本書已經(jīng)被譯成德語。被動:to have been done【知識拓展】不定式的完成時表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，“to have done”表示主動、完成，而“to have been done”表示被動，完成。完成進行時主動:to have been doing(表示動作在謂語動作發(fā)生之前一直在進行)John is said to have been working in that puter pany since then.據(jù)說約翰自從那時以來一直在那家電腦公司工作。【知識拓展】不定式的否定形式:在不定式符號to前加否定詞not。例如:Try not to eat between meals.兩餐之間盡量別吃東西。He pretended not to have heard about it.他假裝沒聽說過這件事。2.不定式的句法功能成分說明例句主語動詞不定式作主語時，常用it作形式主語，而把不定式放在后面To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.( =It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.)在十分鐘內(nèi)完成這項工作很難。 Its+adj+ of + sb. + to do sth.(?？筛臑閟b.+be+adj+ to do sth. ")其中的形容詞主要是描述人的性格和品質(zhì)方面的，如brave勇敢的;clever聰明的。Crazy瘋狂的;cruel殘忍的，foolish愚蠢的，kind好心的，友善的等等。例如:Its extremely kind of you to e and meet me. ( = You are extremely kind to e and meet me.)您來接我.真是太好了。 It"s +adj+ for + sb. + to do sth.其中的形容詞用于描述不定式動作，如dangerous危險的;difficult困難的;easy容易的;hard困難的;important重要的;impossible不可能的;等等。例如:Its dangerous for you to drive sofast.你開車這么快是危險的。表語多數(shù)情況下，不定式作表語，可轉(zhuǎn)換為作主語Her job is to clean the hall.(=To clean the hall is her job.)她的工作就是打掃大廳。賓語只能作某些動詞的賓語，一般不作介詞的賓語Tom cant afford to buy a car at present.湯姆目前買不起汽車。He likes to play football.他喜歡踢足球?！局R拓展】常接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞，afford提供，買得起;agree同意;ask請求;decide決定，下決心 ; expect期望，預料;fail失致，未能做到;help幫助;hope希望;intend打算，想要;manage設(shè)法;offer提出，提供;promise允諾，許諾;refuse拒絕;plan計劃;wish希望賓語補足語在make, let, see, hear, watch等使役、感官動詞后，不定式省略toI saw him cross the road.我看到他穿過街道。She asked me not to speak Chinese in an English class.她讓我在英語課上不要講漢語?！局R拓展】常接動詞不定式作賓補的動詞:advise建議;allow允許;ask要求，叫:expect期望;forbid禁止;force強迫;get使得;hate僧恨，厭惡; help幫助;intend打算，想要;invite邀請;order命令;permit允許;promise允諾，許諾;prefer寧愿; remind提n ; request要求，請求;tell告訴，吩咐;urge力勸，催促;want想要;warn譽告;wish希望定語不定式作定語一般放在被修飾詞的后面He is looking for a room to live in.他在尋找一間居住的房子。On the farm everyone has lots of work to do.在農(nóng)場，每個人都有很多活要干。j【知識拓展】，.1.不定式作后置定語，與被修飾的詞是動賓關(guān)系，如果動詞為不及物動詞，后面須加上相應的介詞;如果不定式修飾time, place, way等，可以省略介詞。例如:There is nothing to worry about.沒有什么可擔心的。He has no place to live.他沒有住的地方。2.不定式修飾不定代詞something, anything等時，放在它們的后面，如果不定代詞也被形容詞修飾，詞序是“不定代詞+形容詞+不定式”。例如:I had something cold to drink.我有冷飲可以喝。狀語表目的He worked day and night to earn money.為了掙錢，他日夜工作。表結(jié)果He arrived late to find the train gone.他來晚了，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)火車開走了。表原因They were very sad to hear the news聽到這個消息他們非常傷心?！局R拓展】1.如果不定式(賓語)后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語(不定式)后里，放在賓語補足語后面。例如: Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.馬克思認為研究俄國的形勢很重要。2.不定式在介詞but后面時，如果介詞but之前有行為動詞do的某種形式，那么介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則就要帶to，例如:I have no choice but to stay here. 我別無選擇只能待在這兒。I have nothing to do but stay here.我什么都做不了.只能待在這兒。3不定式作動詞tell, show, understand, explain, teach , learn, advise, discuss等的賓語時，不定式前面常帶疑問詞，即:疑問詞 ( how, when, where, what, who). . + to do。例如:He told us how to learn English.他告訴我們?nèi)绾螌W英語。4.不定式符號to的保留問題:有時為了避免重復，可以用to來代替前面的不定式，這種情況常出現(xiàn)在下列動詞后:expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try以及be glad/happy, would like/love等后面。例如:I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to。我沒去過香港，但我想去。知識點2動名詞 既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能，由“動詞原形+ ing”構(gòu)成。1.動名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般式主動:doingThey are interested in collecting stamps.他們對集郵感興趣。被動:being doneHe came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。完成式主動:having done(表示主動、完成)We remembered having seen the film.我們記得看過這部電影。被動:having been done(表示被動、完成)He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州?！局R拓展】1.動名詞的否定形式:在動名詞之前加上否定詞not(如“having done”的否定式為“not having done" )。例如:He regrets not following my advice.他后悔沒聽從我的建議。2.動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu):當動名詞有自己的邏輯主語時，可構(gòu)成動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。作主語時，使用“物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+動名詞”;作賓語時，使用“物主代詞(或人稱代詞賓格/名詞所有格/名詞的普通格)+動名詞”。例如:He suggested our/us trying it once again.他建議我們再試一次。2.動名詞的句法功能成分說明例句主語謂語動詞用單數(shù)Reading aloud is very helpful.朗讀是很有好處的。表語多數(shù)情況下，動名詞作表語可轉(zhuǎn)化成作主語His job is teaching English.(=Teaching English is his job.)他的工作是教英語。賓語作動詞或介詞的賓語，表示一般的習慣、抽象行為或經(jīng)常性的動作They havent finished building the dam.他們還沒有建好大壩。We are thinking of making a new plan.我們正考慮制訂新計劃。定語只表示它所修飾的詞的用途、所屬關(guān)系等，置于修飾語之前He cant walk without a walking stick他沒有拐杖不能走路?！局R拓展】1.當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。例如:Its no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。2.動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用it作形式賓語。例如:We found it no good making fun of others.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。有些動詞或短語只能接動名詞作賓語，常見的有:be worth值得;be busy忙于;be used to(習慣于);consider考慮;enjoy享受，喜愛;cant help禁不住;feel like想;finish完成;give up放棄;have fun玩得開心;have difficulty/trouble (in)做某事有困難;keep on繼續(xù);mind介意; miss錯過;practice練習;suggest建議?！厩蓪W助記】可結(jié)合順口溜來巧記接動名詞作賓語的動詞或短語:完成實踐值得忙(finish, practise, be worth, be busy) ,繼續(xù)習慣別放棄(keep on, be used to, give up) ,考慮建議不禁想(consider, suggest, cant help, feel like) ,喜歡思念要介意(enjoy, miss, mind) .【易錯警示】有些動詞后面接動名詞和接不定式作賓語是有差別的。例如:forget to do sth.忘記要做某事，forget doing sth.忘記做過某事;go on to do sth.繼續(xù)做某事(內(nèi)容發(fā)生改變),go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做某事(內(nèi)容未變);mean to do sth.打算做某事;mean doing sth.意味著做某事;regret to do sth.遺憾要做某事，regret doing sth.后悔做過某事;stop to do sth.停下來做另外一件事，stop doing sth.停止做某事;try to do sth.盡力做某事;try doing sth.試著做某事。知識點3現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞既具有代詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。1.現(xiàn)在分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般式主動:doingThey went to the park，singing and talking.他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。The problem being discussed is veryimportant.正在討論的問題很重要。被動:being done【知識拓展】一般式往往強調(diào)動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，doing常表示主動、進行，而“being done”常表示被動、進行。例如:Not knowing which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.不知道該上哪所大學，那個女孩向老師征求建議。完成式主動:having doneHe felt ashamed of having done so little.他為自己干得太少而感到羞愧。Having eaten at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.之前在那個餐館吃過，蒂娜不想再去那里吃東西了。被動:having been done【知識拓展】完成式往往強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，" having done”常表示主動、完成，而“having been done”常表示被動、完成。例如:Having been scolded by his boss, he seemed unhappy.受到老板的貴備，他似乎很不高興。2.現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能成分說明例句定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨作定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語作定語，則放在所修飾的名詞后現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨作定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語作定語，則放在所修飾的名詞后表語表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征或者狀態(tài)The film being shown in the cinema is wonderful.正在這家電影院上:演的電影很棒。【易錯帶示】動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作表語的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在分詞作表語主要表示主語的性質(zhì)和特征;而動名詞作表語時，則主要是對主語內(nèi)容的進一步說明和解釋。例如:My job is teaching.(句中的teaching為動名詞，是對主語內(nèi)容的進一步說明.且此處可與主語互換位置)我的工作是教書。My job is interesting.(句中的interesting為形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞，表示主語的特征，不可與主語互換位置)我的工作很有趣。賓語補足語常作感官動詞或使役動詞的賓語補足語，表動作正在進行或動作的持續(xù)Can you hear her singing a song in the next room?你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎?【知識拓展】常接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補的動詞:catch抓住，撞見;feel感覺到;find發(fā)現(xiàn);get使得;have讓，使;hear聽見;keep使處于某種狀態(tài);leave使處于某種狀態(tài);listen t。聽;look at看; notice注意到;observe觀察;see看見;set使處于某種狀態(tài);smell聞到;watch觀察，注視【易錯苦示】現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補和動詞不定式作賓補的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補表示動作正在進行;不定式作賓補表示已經(jīng)完成了的或經(jīng)常性的動作。例如:I saw him going up the stairs.我看見他正在上樓。(“上樓”這個動作正在進行)I saw him go up the stairs.我看見他上樓了。(“上樓”這個動作已經(jīng)完成)狀語時間狀語(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。原因狀語Being a League member, he is always helping others.由于是共青團員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。伴隨狀語He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.他待在家里，又擦又洗。條件狀語( If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。結(jié)果狀語He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果杯子摔得粉碎。讓步狀語Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。知識點4過去分詞 過去分詞只有一種形式:規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞由動詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成，不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。過去分詞的句法功能成分說明例句定語當過去分詞是單個單詞時，一般用于名詞前;如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞作定語常表被動、完成，相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。Those elected as mittee members will attend the meeting.當選為委員的人將出席這次會議。表語常具有形容詞的特征，表示主語的特征、狀態(tài)或感情等The window is broken.窗戶破了I was surprised at hearing him say so.聽到他這樣說我很吃驚。賓語補足語表被動、完成I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。狀語原因狀語Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.由于受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的驕傲。時間狀語Seen from the tower，the city looks very beautiful.從塔上往下看，城市顯得很美麗。條件狀語Given more time，Ill be able to do it better.如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。讓步狀語Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.雖然被告之有危險，他仍然冒生命危險去救那個男孩?！疽族e警示】1.be+過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu);如果表示動作是被動語態(tài)。例如:The window is broken.(系表)The window was broken by the坷.(被動)2.有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構(gòu)成的.不表示被動，只表示完成。這類過去分詞有:gone, e, fallen；risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。例如:boiled water(開水), fallen leaves(落葉),newly arrived goods(新到的貨),the risen sun(升起的太陽)考點突破考點1考查動詞不定式的用法1 .(安順中考)-What did Mr. Green say to his son.? -He told him_. A. didnt smoke B. dont smoke C. not to smoke D. not smoke【解析】選C, tell sb. not to do sth意為“告訴某人不要做某事“。故選C,2.(天津中考)When you leave, please turn off the light_ energy. A. save B. saving C. saved D. to save【解析】選D。不定式to save energy在此表示目的，其余幾項沒此用法。考點2 考查動名詞的用法3.(畢節(jié)中考)Most students spend too much time_ puter games. A. playing B. play C. plays D.played【解析】選A, spend some time doing sth.是固定結(jié)構(gòu)。故選A4.(隨州中考)-What do you usually have for breakfast?-I used to_ dumplings, but these days Im used to_ bread and milk.A. eat; have B. rating; having C. eating; have D. eat; having解析】選D前一分句指過去的情況，第一空用動詞原形。第二分句指現(xiàn)在習慣的情況.to為介詞.后面用動詞-ing形式。 考點3考查現(xiàn)在分詞的用法5.(內(nèi)江中考)Our English teacher often says to ，“_ English well is very important.” A. Learn B. Learning C. Learned D. To learning【解析】選B, learning是現(xiàn)在分詞. 與English共同構(gòu)成句子的主語。6.(白銀中考)_ honest is the first thing people should learn. A. Being B. Look C. Be D. Because【解析】選A, Being honest 共同構(gòu)成句子的主語，其他三項不是非謂語動詞形式，不能做句子的主語。故選A