現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法小結(jié).ppt
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法小結(jié)我們知道現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞have(has)+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的,其規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成與過(guò)去式相同,不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞則需要加強(qiáng)記憶?,F(xiàn)將其主要用法小結(jié)如下:1表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。例如:Ihavejustcleanedmyclothes.我剛洗過(guò)衣服。(“洗衣服”是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作,對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是“衣服干凈了”),2表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),也可以表示實(shí)質(zhì)可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這時(shí)往往與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如:Ihavebeenhereforjustovertwoyears.我到這里才兩年多。Hehasworkedheresince1989.從1989年,他就在這里工作。3現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)范圍,因此,不能和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:yesterday,lastnight,twoweeksago等,但可以和never,ever,already,yet,just,for,since等連用。例如:Haveyoufinishedyourworkyet?你已經(jīng)完成你的工作了嗎?Ihaveneverheardthatbefore.過(guò)去,我從未聽說(shuō)過(guò)那件事。,4be的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。1)表示一種狀態(tài),表示從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,要與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如:TherehasbeenafactorynearNo.14MiddleSchoolforseveralyears.十四中學(xué)附近有家工廠,已經(jīng)有幾年了。2)表示某人剛從某地回來(lái)。例如:Wherehaveyoubeen?Ihavebeentothelibrary.你到哪里去了?我到圖書館去了。3)后加地點(diǎn),表示某人曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地。例如:HaveyoueverbeentoWestHillFarm?你曾經(jīng)到過(guò)西山農(nóng)場(chǎng)嗎?,但是“have(has)gone(to)+地點(diǎn)”則表示已去了某地,不在說(shuō)話者所在的地方。例如:WhereisKate?ShehasgonetoBeijingwithherfather.凱特在哪里?她和她父親一起去北京了。5瞬間動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。瞬間動(dòng)詞也叫短暫性動(dòng)詞或終止性動(dòng)詞。這種動(dòng)詞是指它們動(dòng)作的開始也就意味著動(dòng)作的結(jié)束,所以不能跟表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但可以用其它方式來(lái)表示。象這樣的詞有:buy,sell,begin,start,leave,come,go,borrow,lend,return,die,join等。例如:,火車離開半小時(shí)了。誤:Thetrainhasleftforhalfanhour.正:Thetrainhasbeenawayforhalfanhour.正:Thetrainlefthalfanhourago.正:Ithasbeenhalfanhoursincethetrainleft.正:Itishalfanhoursincethetrainleft.但是,其完成時(shí)的否定式可與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,表示一種狀態(tài)。例如:Ihaventreceivedaletterfrommyfatherfortwomonths.我已兩個(gè)月沒有收到我爸爸的信了。Hehasntcomehereforaweek.他一個(gè)星期沒有來(lái)這里了。,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)要點(diǎn)剖析一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法比較現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在甚至?xí)^續(xù)下去或表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響;一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在過(guò)去。試比較:Theplanehasarrived.飛機(jī)已經(jīng)來(lái)了。(說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在的情況:飛機(jī)在這兒)Theplanearrivedaquarterago.飛機(jī)是一刻鐘以前來(lái)的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在過(guò)去)Ihavetaughthereforfifteenyears.我在這兒已經(jīng)教了十五年。(表示十五年前的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,還可能會(huì)繼續(xù)。),二、短暫性動(dòng)詞與時(shí)間段的關(guān)系短暫性動(dòng)詞在肯定句、疑問句中不能與時(shí)間段連用,這些動(dòng)詞是:become,begin,buy,borrow,arrive,come,die,fall,finish,gettoknow,go,join,leave,marry等。為了表述這種意思,我們常用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞have,keep等或短語(yǔ)“be+名詞(形容詞、位置副詞、介詞短語(yǔ))”來(lái)代替短暫性動(dòng)詞,如:becomebe,beginhave或beon,borrowkeep,buyhave,come(go,arrive,get)behere/there/in,diebedead,fallasleep(ill)beasleep(ill),finishbeover,gettoknowknow,joinbein(beamemberof),leavebeaway(from),marrybemarried等;也可以仍用原短暫性動(dòng)詞,用句型“Itissince從句(從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí))”或用“一般過(guò)去時(shí)+ago”這一結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表述延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如:他入黨五年了。HehasbeeninthePartyforfiveyears.HehasbeenaPartymemberforfiveyears.ItisfiveyearssincehejoinedtheParty.HejoinedthePartyfiveyearsago.,電影開始五分鐘了。Thefilmhasbeenonforfiveminutes.ItisfiveminutessincethefilmbeganThefilmbeganfiveminutesago.但在否定句中,短暫性動(dòng)詞可以與時(shí)間段連用。如:Ihaventboughtthebikeforayear.我買這輛自行車還不到一年。Shehasntcomehereforanhour.她來(lái)這兒還沒有一個(gè)小時(shí)。,三、havebeenin與havebeento的用法比較1?!癶avebeen+in+地點(diǎn)名詞”或“havebeen+位置副詞”的意思是“在某地呆過(guò)久”,如:Mr.GreenhasbeeninChinaformanyyears.格林先生在中國(guó)呆過(guò)好多年。IhavebeenheresinceIbegantowork.我工作以來(lái)一直呆在這兒。2?!癶avebeen+to+地點(diǎn)名詞”意思是“曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地(多少次)”。如:MissBrownhasbeentoJapantwice.布朗小姐到日本去過(guò)兩次。Haveyoueverbeenherebefore?你以前到過(guò)這嗎?,三、just,lately,recently是完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),justnow有amomentago之意,是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如:Thetrainhasjustarrived.火車剛到。DidyouseeJoanjustnow?你剛才看到瓊了嗎?Haveyouheardfromyourfamilylately/recently?你最近收到家人的來(lái)信了嗎?,四、inthepastfewyears意思是“過(guò)去幾年來(lái)”,可作現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);inthepast意思是“在過(guò)去”,常作一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如:Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometowninthepastfewyears.過(guò)去幾年來(lái),我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了很大的變化。Wheredidyouworkinthepast?你過(guò)去在哪里工作?,五、evensincethen與fromthenon(afterthat)都有“打那以后”之意,前者是完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),后者常用作一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如:Sheslivedhereeversincethen.打那以后,她一直住在這。IdidnthearofJimfromthenon/afterthat.打那以后,我就沒有吉姆的消息。六、before泛指“以前”時(shí),可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中;ago表示“現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間以前”,是一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如:IveneverbeentoJapanbefore.我以前沒去過(guò)日本。ShewenttoJapanayearago.她一年前去了日本。,七、ever和never也是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。前者意思是“曾經(jīng)”,多見于疑問句或否定句中;后者意思是“從來(lái)沒有”,表示全部否定。如:“Haveyoueverseenthefilm?”“No.Ihaveneverseenit.”“你曾經(jīng)看過(guò)這部影片嗎?”“沒有,從來(lái)沒看過(guò)?!盢obodyinourclasshaseverbeenthere.我們班沒有人去過(guò)那。,八、sofar(到目前為止),thesedays(這些天)也是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如:Sofar,nomanhastravelledfartherthanthemoon.到目前為止,還沒有人到月球以外旅行。Whathaveyoudonethesedays?這些天來(lái),你做了什么事?,Exercises:1Sofar,she_herholidayverymuchAhasnotenjoyedBdidnotenjoyCdoesntenjoyDwasnotenjoying2JohncaughtacoldonSaturdayand_inbedeversinceAwasBhasbeenCisDhavebeen3Allofthosehouses_inthepasttenyearsAwerebuiltBhadbeenbuiltChavebeenbuiltDhavebuilt,A,B,C,4I_tospeaktoyouforthesedaysAwantBwantedChadwantedDhavewanted5ThisisthefirsttimethatI_reallyrelaxedformonthsAhadfeltBfeltChavefeltDamfeeling6There_alotofchangesinourcityrecentlyAareBhavebeenChasbeenDwere,D,C,B,7Itsoneofthemostinterestingbooksthat_AIveeverreadBIreadCIhadeverreadDIamreading8"Whereisyouruncleshome?""_inBostonforthepastfouryears"AHeslivedBHeslivingCHelivedDHelives,A,A,訓(xùn)練用括號(hào)中所給的動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式完成下列句子。1.Mary_(lose)herpenyesterday._you_(see)ithereandthere?2._you_(find)yourwatchyet?3.-Areyouthirsty?-NO,I_just_(have)someorange.4.We_already_(return)thebook.5._they_(build)anewschoolinthevillage?,6.-HasTomtaughtyouEnglish?-Yes,he_(teach)usEnglishfortwoyears.7.I_(notfinish)myhomeworkyet.Canyouhelpme?8.What_they_(do)withthenewspaper?Theyhavereadthem.9.-Thedoorisopen.Who_(open)it?Doyouknow?-Sorry,Idontknow.10.Myfather_(read)thenoveltwice.,訓(xùn)練:(A)用already,yet或still填空。1.Theoldmanis_living.2.Hewearsthatoldcoat_.3.Ihavenot_heardfromhim.4.Haveyourparentscomeback_?5.Ifhehasntseenthefilm_,Imaygivehimaticket.6.Ihavenotheardthestory_.7.Hehas_turnedonthelight.8.Theyare_here.,still,still,yet,yet,yet,yet,already,still,B)試做下列練習(xí)(用for或since填空)1.HehaslivedinNanjing_twoyearsago.2.Iveknownhim_wewerechildren.3.OurteacherhasstudiedJapanese_threeyears.4.Shehasbeenawayfromthecity_abouttenyears.5.Itsabouttenyears_sheleftthecity.,since,since,since,for,for,1.WuDong_(be)asoldierforoneyear.2.Thestudents_(study)inthemiddleschoolsincelastmonth.3.Howlong_you_(know)him?4.Mike_(make)quiteafewfriendssincehecametoChina.5.I_(give)myfriendanicebookrecently.6.LiPingandWuDong_(see)theoldmanthreetimes.7._sheever_(teach)youEnglish?8.Thesechildren_(stay)intheparkfortwohours.,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的典型錯(cuò)誤分析你看過(guò)這部電影了嗎?Didyouseethefilm?Haveyouseenthefilm?析:see該動(dòng)作所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果現(xiàn)在還存在,即對(duì)電影內(nèi)容了解。所以要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。你什么時(shí)候?qū)W會(huì)這個(gè)詞?Whenhaveyoulearnttheword?whendidyoulearntheword?析:疑問副詞一般不能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。,(wrong),(right),(wrong),(right),你看這部電影了嗎?看過(guò)了。你在哪兒看的?我在北京看的。Haveyouseenthefilm?YesIhave.Wherehaveyouseenit?IhaveseenitinBeijing.Wheredidyouseeit?IsawitinBeijing.析:兩人對(duì)話時(shí)常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)詢問,但一旦情況了解了,側(cè)重點(diǎn)便轉(zhuǎn)入過(guò)去動(dòng)作本身,這時(shí)就要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)了。,(wrong),(wrong),(right),(right),他去北京三年了。ItwasthreedayssinceheleftforBeijing.Its或hasbeenthreedayssinceheleftforBeijing.析:“it若干時(shí)間since”句型里,主句一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),也可以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Since從句的時(shí)態(tài)要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。,(F),(T),李明曾在這兒住過(guò)。LiMinghasoncelivedhere.LiMingoncelivedhere.析:once當(dāng)“曾經(jīng)”解時(shí),表示有過(guò)某種經(jīng)驗(yàn)經(jīng)歷,要用一般過(guò)去時(shí),如果要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),可以把once改為ever,如LiMinghaseverlivedhere.,(F),(T),