俄狄浦斯情結的悲劇性(英語論文)

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1、 中圖分類號：I106.4 學號：08004110326 南陽師范學院 本科畢業(yè)論文 論文題目： 《兒子與情人》中俄狄浦斯情結的悲劇 作 者： 錢 紅 丹 指導教師： 謝 奧 助教/碩士 學 院： 外 國 語 學 院 專 業(yè)： 英

2、 語 班 級： 2008級本科3班 二〇一二年 三月 《兒子與情人》中俄狄浦斯情結的悲劇 南陽師范學院 外國語學院 英語專業(yè) 申請文學學士學位 畢業(yè)論文 作 者： 指導教師：

3、The Tragedy of Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers A Thesis Submitted to English Department, School of Foreign Languages, Nanyang Normal University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts By: Supervisor： Acknowledgeme

4、nts I would like to thank all those who have given me their generous help, commitment and enthusiasm, which have been the major driving force to complete the current paper. Especially I would like to take this chance to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Xie Ao, who is my supervisor a

5、s well as an excellent teacher in our Foreign Language School for her kindly assistance and valuable suggestions during the process of my thesis writing. Without her guidance and support, the completion of this thesis would be impossible. My gratitude also extends to my classmates and peer friends,

6、 for their encouragement and support for the completion of this thesis. 摘 要 本論文旨在分析“俄狄浦斯”情結在英國作家勞倫斯作品《兒子與情人》中的體現(xiàn)。在細述戀母情結的來源及對其的理解后，分析了小說中俄狄浦斯情節(jié)產生的原因和由戀母情結所引發(fā)的戰(zhàn)爭；通過剖析主人公莫瑞爾夫人和兒子保羅之間的心理依賴和畸戀，主人公的矛盾心理及其悲劇，從而揭示戀母情結對人身心的傷害。 關鍵詞：兒子與情人；俄狄浦斯情節(jié)；心理依賴；悲劇 Abstra

7、ct This thesis aims to analyze the Oedipus complex employed in D. H. Lawrence’s masterpiece Sons and Lovers. After introducing the origin and understanding of Oedipus complex, the thesis analyzes the reasons that causes the Oedipus complex and the wars between Mrs. Morel and her son Paul, the psy

8、chological dependence and the abnormal love between the mother and son as well as the ambivalence and tragically lives of protagonists, the thesis aims to point out that the Oedipus complex injures both the body and soul of people. Key Words: Sons and Lovers; Oedipus complex; psychological depend

9、ence; tragedy Contents Acknowledgements I 摘要 II Abstract III Contents IV 1. Introduction .….. 1 1.1 The Origin and Analysis of Oedipus Complex .. ..1 1.2 D. H. Lawrence and Sons and Lovers..……….…………………..2 1.3 The Research Significance………………………………………..4 2. Studies of

10、 Oedipus Complex …. 4 2.1 Foreign Studies of Mother Fixation . .…….4 2.2 Domestic Studies of Mother Fixation ... 5 3. Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers 6 3.1 Blindness in Love .. 6 3.2 Family Environment .. 6 3.3 The Social Effects ... 8 4. Tragedies of Oedipus Complex ... 10 4.1 Mrs. Mor

11、el’s Control over William … 10 4.2 Pervasive Power over Paul’s Life … …...11 4.3. Mrs. Morel’s Self-ruin………………………………………….14 5. Conclusion . …..15 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………. 17 III The Tragedy of Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers 1. Introduction 1.1 The Origin and Analysis of Oedi

12、pus complex In one of the ancient Greece and Rome mythologies there was a prophecy that the new prince of Oedipus realm would be the person who killed his father and married his mother, after hearing the prophecy, the Oedipus King decided to dissent his son to the desolate mountain. Luckily, the yo

13、ung prince was rescued and brought up by a shepherd and was sent to Oedipus realm country as the son of Oedipus realm. The prince did a lot of charitable deeds that the people regarded him as a hero and then supported him as the king of Oedipus realm. Becoming the king of Oedipus realm, the young ki

14、ng married the queen of Oedipus realm. One day he knew the truth that the queen was his mother and his father had been killed by him as a passenger. Realized this, the young Oedipus king dug out his eyeballs and then led a vagrant life. The Austrian psychologist Freud posed the theory of Oedipus, al

15、so called Mother Fixation according to this story. Though people believe that the phenomenon of incest was ignorant, there was no doubt that in the western feudal dynasty such phenomenon was common. Mother fixation was on the basis of instinctual impulse, which was original essence. With the develo

16、pment of human society, Mother Fixation has changed a lot and has developed from instinctual impulse into psychological dependence and love. We can see in our daily life that the boy children always depend on his mother, also, in the mother’s eyes their children are little children forever. Many of

17、the young children have a deep dependence on their mothers in psychology, even after they grow up. They believe that their mothers are the ones love them most and can be relied on that they don’t want to leave their mothers and they desire to stay with their mothers forever. In opposite, the mothers

18、 put most of their attention to their children. They try their best to protest their children. They decide everything for their children because they believe that they know what their children need. In their children’s life nobody can take the place of their mother. Gradually they want to control th

19、e activity and thought of their children. The fever love will make the mothers have such a sense that they are afraid of losing their children. They prevent their son making friends with others especially female friends. They even interfere with their sons’ love and marriage. In their heart, they wi

20、sh that their sons never leave them and marry other women. We can define it as selfish love but in most occasion it can be regarded as abnormal love, Oedipus complex, such kind of love not only distort the normal love between mothers and sons but also affect their life, especially the happiness of t

21、he future life of the sons. 1.2 D.H. Lawrence and Sons and Lovers David Herbert (D. H.) Lawrence, whose fiction has had a profound influence on twentieth-century literature, was born on September 11, 1885, in a mining village in Nottinghamshire, England. Lawrence is one of the most original and c

22、ontroversial English writers of the 20th century and he was considered one of the “marks” of modern English fiction. His novels are full of scenes of sensuous beauty, with a lot of naturalistic details and turned out to be a challenge to conventional morality. Lawrence’s life time was short, but he

23、left a lot of controversial and characteristic literary works. His mother, a genteel school teacher, was determined to lift her children out of the working class; his father was an illiterate coal miner. His parents’ unhappy marriage and his mother’s strong emotional claims on her son later became

24、the basis for Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers, one of the most important autobiographical novels of his time. Sons and Lovers was written in England and can be interpreted as an autobiographical novel of Lawrence. The story is divided into three parts and is composed of fifteen chapters together. The he

25、ro of the book Paul Morel is the second son of a miner family. His mother, Mrs. Morel is a daughter of a mid-class family. Because of the differences in family background and education，a shadow is soon cast upon the married life of Mrs. Morel. This shadow is darkened by Mr. Morel’s laziness and alco

26、holism. Due to misfortune and bad luck, Mr. Morel has an accident and becomes a cripple, which changes him into a man of bad temper. As a result, the couple shares less and less in common and is driven farther and farther apart from each other. Gradually, Mrs. Morel transports her attention and love

27、 to her children, especially her two sons, William and Paul. She encourages them to leave the small mining region for a big city to find opportunities for a better life. After the death of her first son, William, because of hard work and pneumonia, Mrs. Morel’s divided attention and love is poured c

28、ompletely upon Paul. The mother lavished her love on him and determined to save him from the shadow of the coal mine. But when he was in love with Miriam, Mrs. Morel was afraid that she might lose him so she did her best to come between them. Finally, the two lovers had to divorce from each other. A

29、 second attachment, to Clara, gradually fizzled out, too clearly, both failures were caused by the possessive mother, it was not until the mother died that the son began to find for his true love earnestly. The mother’s abnormal love robs Paul of his normal love for his girlfriends and causes tragic

30、 results of both Paul and herself. It is one of the greatest autobiographical novels of the last century and it is loved far and wide in the world. 1.3 The Research Significance Up to now, many scholars studied Sons and Lovers from different angles after its publication. Some scholars researched t

31、he religion of the book, and some talked about its pregnant meaning, and some argued the structure and style, some even surveyed the feminism in the book. Sons and lovers reflected the social problems of the 19th century; through analyzing the people we can learn something important. Everyone in th

32、e plot has his tragic life and it is necessary for us to read the book to analyze the causes of their tragedy. This paper intends to talk about the main character, Paul’s distortion of personality and feeling by analyzing his Oedipus complex and its meaning to appeal the mothers and sons to set a he

33、althy relationship to avoid more tragedy happing. 2. Studies of Oedipus complex 2.1 Foreign Studies of Mother Fixation After Freud had posed the theory of Mother Fixation according to the Ancient Greece and Rome mythology [1:15-20], many western psychologists fixed their eyes on Mother Fixation

34、. Many of them did not agree with the idea of Freud because he could not provide specific evidence for his theory. Some of the psychologists agreed with Freud, but they believed that Mother Fixation was not a common phenomenon because they focused on biological research, in their opinion, Mother Fix

35、ation was just a phenomenon of incest happened by chance. Evidently, they had a misunderstanding of mother fixation [2:10-14]. With the development of human civilization, the core of Mother Fixation has developed from instinctual impulse into psychological dependence and love. Incest and parricide a

36、re every rare [2：60]. In 20th century, the publication of Sons and Lovers and the experience of the author D. H. Lawrence had provided specific evidence to support the theory of Mother Fixation and it was further to reveal the essence of the complex. Although D. H. Lawrence himself denied the subjec

37、t of Mother Fixation of his work, the readers can get strong evidence from his work Sons and Lovers [3:125-130]. 2.2 Domestic Studies of Mother Fixation In the Chinese traditional culture, people regarded the family value importantly. In the traditional culture of Chinese family, the sons and

38、their wives live with their parents and the daughters-in-law will come to her husbands’ family. The conflicts between the mother and daughters-in-law are every common. As we know, the Chinese principles of family piety is a kind of traditional morality that the sons and daughters present a tribute t

39、o their parents, especially the sons and mothers have deep feeling with each other. The sons always listen to their mothers’ words and follow their counsels while the mothers regarding her son as her core of life. Once the wives of the sons come between them the peace of the family will break. The m

40、others will have a sense that their daughters-in-law will take their sons away from them that something abnormal would appear consequently. Then the mothers will make something difficult for their sons’ wives or slander their daughters-in-law before their sons. In most situations, the sons will stan

41、d with their mothers to against their wives, and then the family conflicts appear due to Mother Fixation. 3. Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers 3.1 Blindness in Love The novel begins with a scene that Mr. Morel and Mrs. Morel get married in a mine district. They first meet on a Christmas party.

42、 At that time Mr. Morel is at the age of 27, handsome strong and energetic. Moreover, he looks passionate and friendly. It could be said that he is an excellent model in all human ethnics. Mrs. Morel, 23 years old, has received formal and good education ever since she was a little girl. Mr. Morel ca

43、n’t help peeking at her [4:50]. She is so elegant and beautiful that Mr. Morel considers her as a perfect lady. They fall in love at first sight. Without caring about the different education background, worldviews, and hobbies and so on, they get married. From this aspect, it’s Mrs. Morel’s temporar

44、y passion towards Mr. Morel that causes the unstable and unhappy marriage. Blindness in love makes the marriage a potential disaster and is the original source of her distorted maternal love towards her two sons. 3.2 Family Environment Freud points out in his interpretation of Dreams that a boy’s

45、Oedipus complex only exists in a subconscious state, which cannot be realized or admitted by the boy himself and the boy will not put it in to practice [5:63]. In the novel, Mr. Morel, the coal-mining head of the family, was once a humorous, lively man, but after several years of unhappy marriage, h

46、e has become a cruel, selfish alcoholic. His low class and illiteracy leads him being looked upon by his wife who is from middle class and civilized. They have nothing in common. In fact, their marriage life is very frustrated which is full of conflicts. The couple cannot communicate with each other

47、 and that is why Mr. Morel is eventually isolated from the family [6:156]. In order to look for hopes, Mr. Morel transfers her love from her husband to her son, William. But William’s death leaves her empty. So she redirects her energies toward Paul. She takes her son as her spiritual loving target

48、 and tries to occupy her son’s whole emotion. She makes up shyly and travels joyfully with her son; She feels fidgety unreasonable if her son is not with her; She dislikes Miriam, for which she often shows jealousy made Paul wear and agonizing. Mr. Morel even makes a solemn pledge of love; “I have n

49、ever—you know, Paul—I have never had a husband—not really” [4:256]. It is obvious that the mother’s deformed love is the soil that nourished Oedipus complex. When we sympathize with the mother we can also see in this unhappy marriage the father’s tragedy. Yong Morel is full of animation in the roman

50、tic love; he is so ready and so pleasant with everybody, but more often he is a drunken father and an irresponsible husband. So the battle between them is unconceivable. Morel tries his best to protect his self-esteem, but finally he has to give up his position in his family for peace. The children

51、especially Paul is along with their mother and against their father and even does not want to admit he was their father. The father becomes an outsider of this family. Thus, this collier’s tragedy contributes indirectly to Paul’s Oedipus complex. 3.3 The Social Effects Healthy emotion is establish

52、ed on healthy lifestyle and social system. Psychological problems described in Sons and Lovers contain social factors as well. “Lawrence’s description of the family life of miners is vivid and exquisite, but different from writers in the 19th century; Lawrence pays more attention to the spirit and p

53、sychology of characters that live in the environment, as well as their strong and deep emotion in the novel.”[3:135] Lawrence once explained in the letter to his friend for Mrs. Morel’s psychological change, “A smart and educated woman steps into a lower class, feeling unsatisfied with her current l

54、ife. She once loved her husband, but when her son grows up, she chooses them to be her lover” [4:56]. Paul’s Oedipus complex is composed not only to his spiritual problems but also to the social diseases. Each coal miner’s family was under the shadow of the industrial production. The miner did the t

55、erribly hard labor in the dark and humid pits day and night just like donkeys and risk their lives all the time when they entered the pits. Gradually, they become rough and peremptory. If they do not work, they will get rid of tiredness and grievance by drinking until they become drunk. The drunken

56、miners went home and ill-treated their wives and children. Meanwhile the wives did all the homework and brought up their children in the narrow and small houses. They communicated with neighbors in the muddy streets and lanes. Besides, they were uneasy about the little money that had left and worrie

57、d about their children. At that time, Mrs. Morel’s little family is all her world. With no friend to talk about the daily chores, she feels lonely and helpless. In addition, her husband breaks her heart and always lets her down. She feels disappointed and depressed. As times goes by, the above situa

58、tion becomes more and more serious. Mrs. Morel diverts her attention to the children and pours all her love upon her two sons. Mrs. Morel’s solitude as a woman pushes her onto the track of distorted maternal love, which is at the core of this most intriguing novel. Mr. Morel engages in dangerous min

59、ing work. He maintains the family by working all the day. But when he returns home, he couldn’t get his wife’s understanding and children’s respect. We can’t say that he doesn’t want to pursue spiritual life; it’s the capitalist social system that deprives him of his rights to receive education and

60、enjoy spiritual life. Though Mrs. Morel is educated and longing to have spiritual life, in such a dirty and poor mining district, her extravagant wish leads her to the wrong direction. The children were growing up in such substance-poor, dirty environment without good education. In the novel, the au

61、thor shows many basic contrasts, such as the unmatched parents, the obsessive mother and the loose lovers. The author also shows other conflicts including diggings and farms, cities and countries, work and leisure. Things went on and became a circle: the capitalist system takes the miner’s opportun

62、ities to be educated away, forces them to work and makes them poor. Jiang Chengyong points out in his book A Modern Study on Sons and Lovers that: “In the description of these distorted characters, Lawrence has a very clear perspective: psychological deformation of characters is not caused as mentio

63、ned in the theory of Freud by Oedipus complex, but by constraint of postnatal factors to human nature”[7:57]. So by describing the deformed family, the author criticizes the damage innocent workers have suffered from industrial civilization. This deformed family serves as an epitome of industrial so

64、ciety of English capitalism. It can be conceived that it is the poor living condition and inhuman laboring caused by industrialization that destruct the family, giving the couple no chance to develop spiritual harmony and mental health. Therefore it is a potential and crucial reason which dooms the

65、deformed maternal love of Mrs. Morel. As a result, the miners sufferings were transferred to their families, and the wives became discontent and disappoints to their lives Thus, they transferred their love from their husbands to their children. Too much abnormal love from the mothers leads to the so

66、ns ‘Oedipus complex. All in all, the tragedy is not only caused by Paul’s disease, but also generated by the capitalist diseases. 4. Tragedies of Oedipus complex 4.1. Mrs. Morel’s Control over William There was no winner at the end of the story .We also can definite that the novel ended with a tragedy. The distressing results caused by the abnormal love between the son and the mother lie mainly in the part of Mrs. Morel. She doesn’t get along well with Mr. Morel, and being restricted by tra