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河南理工大學(xué)萬方科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（翻譯)
Torque Converter principles and structure by moment
1）The form of torque converter and? characteristics
Torque converter fluid as the working medium is a non-rigid torque variable?Converter is one type of hydraulic transmission.?orque converter has excellent features, automatic adaptive, variable speed, good?Good low speed performance and stability, vibration isolation, and no mechanical wear, is the other transmission element?Pieces of irreplaceable.?After centuries of development, continuous expansion of the application of torque converter?Large, from automobiles, engineering machinery to the petroleum, chemical, mining, metallurgy and machinery, and other areas?Has been widely used.?Torque converter flow field theory, design and manufacturing, real?Testing and other research work, in recent years, has also been rapid development.Abroad have?Generally the hydraulic transmission for cars, buses, luxury buses, heavy-duty gas?Cars, some tractors and construction machinery.?The widely used torque converter are the following forms: (1) General?Working through three rounds of closed type hydraulic torque converter.?Simple structure, starting and low speed vehicles?Exercise, the main advantage of the increased torque performance torque converter, shift when the use of torque converter?Buffer capacity, high-speed torque converter lock will make full use of efficient mechanical transmission?Performance; (2) Multi-wheel torque converter work.?Mainly for applications that require high starting torque?Construction machinery and vehicles, and the need for more torque converter on the mechanical conditions of work;?(3) guide vane torque converter.?When the load required for two-way movement, on the dynamic performance?With a constant speed or constant force requirements and other special traction characteristics, with a torque converter must be?Has an adjustable feedback control functions, and dynamic indicators meet certain?Requirements.?Main application areas, with special traction requirements of the various military and civil machinery,?Such as air refueling hose reel drag around machinery, active and passive two-way movement Constant load test?Inspection machinery, large fixed elevator machinery, land or ship based around the mechanical drag of underwater objects?Etc.; (4) a brake hydraulic torque converter traction.?Towing capacity, while ensuring,?Full use of the deceleration torque converter performance.?Russia developed a slight?Cited a brake hydraulic torque converter.?
2）The construction of hydraulic torque converter?
Torque converter to the liquid as the medium, increased from the engine transmission and?Torque.?By the rotating torque converter pump and turbine wheel, and stationary?Three components, the guide wheel.?The pieces of aluminum alloy casting, or stamping and welding steel plate?Made.?Pump wheel and the torque converter shell into one.?Bolted to the flywheel, turbo?Through the driven shaft and the transmission system connected to the piece.?After all the work round the assembly, the formation of?Circular ring of circular cross section body.?It has a closed working chamber, the liquid in the cavity?Circulation, in which the pump wheel, turbine and guide rollers, and the input shaft, output shaft and shell?Associated bodies.?Power grasp internal combustion engine, electric motor, etc.) drive the input shaft rotates, the liquid?Body turns out from the centrifugal pump, in turn through the turbine, and then return pump idler pulley wheel, Week?Re beginning to circulate.?Axis of impeller mechanical energy input passed to the liquid.?High-speed?Liquid drive a turbine rotation, the energy to the output shaft.?By the torque converter fluid?Interaction of angular momentum and leaves the change of torque transmission.Torque converter?Different from the coupling of the main features is that it has a fixed guide wheel.Guide wheel?Diversion effect of the liquid so that the torque converter output torque can be higher or lower than the input?Torque, which is called torque converter.?And moment coefficients with the output speed rises.?Torque converter input shaft and output shaft by the fluid between the contact among the components do not work?A rigid connection.?Torque converter is characterized by: to eliminate shock and vibration, overload?Protection performance and good starting performance; the output shaft speed can be greater than or less than the input shaft?Speed, the speed difference between the two axes with the size of the different transfer torque; have a good self-?Dynamic speed performance, load increases output speed automatic decline, and vice versa automatically increased;?Power machine to ensure a stable work area, the basic load transients will not be reflected?To the power machine on.?Torque converter efficiency in the vicinity of the higher rated operating conditions.?Impeller is?Torque converter core.?The type and arrangement of its location and shape of leaves,?Decision on the role of the performance of torque converter.?Some have two or more hydraulic torque converter?Turbo, idler pulley or pump wheel, so as to get different performance.?The most common is being transferred,?Single-stage (only one turbine) torque converter.?Performance of both converter and coupler?Characteristics of integrated-type torque converter as, for example, can be fixed guide wheel can also be with?With the rotating impeller torque converter.?To torque converter to work properly, to avoid?The avoidance of cavitation and ensure heat dissipation, need some auxiliary fuel system supply pressure?System and cooling system.?
3）The torque converter works?
Torque converter equipment currently used widely used by the pump wheel, turbine and guide?Round consisting of three components of a single-stage two-phase integrated torque converter Lockup.?Pump wheel and the vortex?Are basin-shaped wheel.?Even with the torque converter impeller housing as one of the active device; vortex?Wheels suspended in the torque converter, through the splined output shaft connected to a slave device; guide?Suspended in the pump wheel and turbine wheel between the axle through one-way clutch and the guide sleeve fixed?In the transmission housing.?After starting the engine, crankshaft driven pump wheel rotation, the centrifugal force generated by rotation?The pump wheel blades along the blade between the working fluid from the inner to the outer edge thrown; this division?As a liquid pump with both wheels turn together with the park's sub-circumferential speed, but also toward the vortex?Wheel speed of the axial points.?The impact of the working fluid turbine blade, turbine and pump drive? the direction of wheel rotation Division.?Working fluid flow from the turbine speed can be seen as the working liquid for the turbine?Sub-surface flow speed of the turbine turn together with the sub-speed synthesis.When the vortex?Comparison of hours of wheel speed, the working fluid flowing from the turbine is backward, the impact of the working fluid?Front guide wheel blades.?Because the guide wheel is limited to one-way clutch can not turn back,?So guide wheel blades will guide the working fluid flows back to move forward pump blades,?For the pump wheel rotation, so that the torque acting on the turbine increases.?As the turbine speed increases, sub speed bigger, when the turbine blade surface flow?Points out with the turbine speed and the speed with the velocity of rotation starting points that guide wheel?The back of the blade, the torque converter to reach the critical point.?When the turbine speed to further increase? The working solution will impact the back of guide wheel blades.?Because one way clutch allows guide?Forward together with the pump wheel wheel rotation, so the working fluid, driven along the guide pulley wheel pump?Free rotation direction of rotation, the working fluid back to the pump wheel smoothly.When the flow from the turbine?Just out of the working fluid exit to roller blade in the same direction, the torque converter does not produce?By torsion (where the torque converter fluid coupling condition is called condition) o?One-way clutches are commonly used one-way roller clutch and wedge two.?When the one-way clutch outer seat within the seat relative to the direction of rotation to an outer?Seat and was stuck between the seat refuses to move; when the outside relative to the seat to another seat within?A direction of rotation, the outer seat ring can rotate relative to the seat.?Passed by the working fluid torque converter torque transmission efficiency than mechanical transmission?Rate is low.?Set in the torque converter clutch lock, you can high-speed conditions?Lock the pump wheel and turbine together to achieve a direct transfer power to enhance the transmission torque converter?Dynamic efficiency.?Lock the torque converter clutch in front of the turbine, by locking the piston, reducing?Vibrating plate and the turbine drive board composition.?Automatic locking clutch in the hydraulic control system?Under the control of energy at the right time to lock switch.?
4）Increasing of the torque converter principle moments?
General, thevehicle at low speeds, the need to increase the torque, the pump wheel pass?Red wizard flow turbine wheel, idler pulley and driven toward the turbine flow again, so Vortex?Wheel torque has been increased.?As the speed increases, the guide pulley driven flow again?The impact of changes in the angle of the turbine, the turbine torque are smaller increase.?Finally, the impact of?The flow guide wheel guide wheel of the negative impact, one-way rotating guide wheel, no longer played by?Add the function of torque.?Specifically, before the car started, the turbine speed is 0, the engine through the?Torque converter pump housing driven wheel rotation, and the hydraulic oil with a size of?Mp of torque, the torque is the torque converter input torque.?Hydraulic oil pump?Wheel blades, driven to a certain speed toward the edge of the blade on the turbine, on the vortex?Round of an impact torque, the torque is the torque converter output torque.?This time?Turbine stationary andinto the turbine of the hydraulic oil flow along the turbine blade under the edge of the vortex?Round the lower edge of a certain speed, along with the exit of the turbine blade under the edge of the same side?Guide to the red wheel, also produced a guide wheel on the impact of torque, and along the stationary guide?Back into the impeller wheel blades.?When the hydraulic oil on the turbine and the guide wheel torque an impact,?Turbine and the guide wheel hydraulic oil also produces a torque of equal size and shock direction?Mt and opposite reaction torque Ms, where M t the direction of the direction and phase Mp?Instead, the direction of Ms and M p the same direction.?According to the force balance of the original hydraulic oil?Management, available: Mt = Mp + Ms.?Since the reaction turbine of the hydraulic oil, torque Mt?And the impact of hydraulic oil on the turbine torque, equal and opposite.?So we know that?Torque converter output torque is numerically equal to the input torque and the guide wheel of the hydraulic?And the reaction torque of the oil.?Obviously the torque is greater than the input torque, the solution?Power converter with increased torque effect.?Increasing torque converter output torque?Is the stationary part of the guide wheel hydraulic oil circulating the role of torque,?Its value depends not only on red wizard from the turbine wheel flow rate, also depends on the solution?Flow direction and the angle between the guide wheel blades.?When the flow rate is constant, leaves and?The larger the angle between flow, reaction torque is also greater, increasing torsion torque converter?The greater.?This is the torque converter by moment theory.?
5) The development of manufacturing methods of torque converter status.
The manufacture of hydraulic torque converter, with the form and structure of the torque converter should be?Vary together.?The manufacture of the impeller can be divided into two categories: assembly?Overall casting style.?The former impeller inner, outer and gold leaf were used?Stamping or milling from the system, then, by welding, riveting way, the three-part group?Complete impeller, the method is low cost, single-piece, precision and flow channel?The advantages of high surface roughness, but the tooling costs.?Which the impeller inner ring, outer ring?Film directly from the die casting into one, typically aluminum castings.?According to the formation of flow?Core of the system of law is different from the work of the whole round of the casting method is divided into core law and?Core method, suitable for a curved surface shape of the leaf thickness and not so?Manufacturing.?According to different materials to form the mold cavity, the work of the casting wheel?Can be divided into sand casting and metal casting.?Metal type, gypsum core?Casting aluminum impeller torque converter production methods to improve casting?Surface roughness to ensure dimensional accuracy, and can cast the blade root of the fillet.
Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which isthe pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement.
Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve.
Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars.
Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.
The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion.
? Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement.
Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.
In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equi - pment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow.
Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed . For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced ready made circuit diagram symbols.
Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures.
DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted.
Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the system
With mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages:
1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout.
2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response.
3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1).
4, to achieve overload protection automatically.
5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life;
6, it is easy to achieve linear motion /
7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved.
The shortcomings of the hydraulic system:
1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion.
2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions.
3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price.
4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio.
5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.
In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage.
Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.
From：Nonlinear Dyn (2007)
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