高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法部分 第九講 非謂語動(dòng)詞課件 外研版

第九講第九講 非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞 考點(diǎn)精講考點(diǎn)精講【考點(diǎn)【考點(diǎn)1】非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成】非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成【考點(diǎn)【考點(diǎn)2】不定式的用法】不定式的用法項(xiàng)目類別說明例句注意事項(xiàng)不定式作主語當(dāng)作主語的不定式短語較長(zhǎng)時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，將真正的主語放在謂語后面。1.It is difficult to get there within half an hour.2.It is necessary for us to learn a second foreign language.3.It was clever of you to tell it to him.1.帶有for sb.的不定式作主語通常用表示客觀事實(shí)的形容詞，如easy，difficult，important，impossible等。2.帶有of sb.的不定式短語作主語通常用表示主觀情感或態(tài)度的形容詞，如；careful，clever，wise，foolish，good，impolite，kind，nice等。不定式作賓語不定式常在某些動(dòng)詞后面作賓語，如：like，want，decide，ask，wish等。1.I decided to do it myself. 2.I think it possible to finish my homework before 5 this afternoon.有些動(dòng)詞詞后常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后，常見的動(dòng)詞有find，think，consider，feel，make等。不定式作賓補(bǔ)不定式常用在下列動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語；love，teach，tell，get，invite，beg，force，allow，want，like等。1.I wanted him to be back before 5pm. 2.Did you notice anyone enter the room？在下列動(dòng)詞后不帶to的常用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，如：make，let，hear，watch，see，notice，feel等。不定式作表語不定式可放在系動(dòng)詞后面，作表語，如：be，seem，remain 等，用來說明主語的內(nèi)容。1.Her work is to clean the room every day.2.My plan is to finish it tomorrow.用business，wish，idea，plan，job等詞作主語時(shí)，常用不定式作表語。不定式作定語不定式有時(shí)起形容詞作用，修飾名詞或代詞。1.I have a letter to type.2.There are ten minutes to go.不定式作定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。不定式作狀語不定式在句子中可以擔(dān)任狀語，表示原因、目的、結(jié)果。1.He was pleased fto win the first prize.2.She came to help me with my English.3.I got up so early as to catch the first bus.4.He is tall enough to reach the book on the top shelf.1.so.as.和such.as.后接動(dòng)詞不定式表示結(jié)果。2.enough常和動(dòng)詞不定式連用表示結(jié)果?！究键c(diǎn)【考點(diǎn)3】動(dòng)詞不定式省略】動(dòng)詞不定式省略to的幾種情況的幾種情況在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞之后，通常省略to。感官動(dòng)詞如：feel，hear，see，observe，notice等。使役動(dòng)詞如：let，make，have等。1.I saw her take the book away.2.He let me wait outside.3.I will have a boy lead the way.make，have只有當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，其后才省略to。當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的不定式并列在一起時(shí)(尤其是用連詞and或or連接時(shí))，第二個(gè)不定式to可以省略。1.She promised to finish the report and hand it in when I came back.2.It is better to do than wait.在兩者相對(duì)照的場(chǎng)合，to不可被省略。當(dāng)介詞but，except，besides前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，不定式在介詞后面可以省略to。1.What else does he like to do besides read novels？2.The workers could do nothing but wait.在兩者相對(duì)照的場(chǎng)合，to不可被省略。當(dāng)不定式作表語時(shí)如果句中主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do作表語的不定式前一般不用to。1.What he really hoped to do was stay up late. 2.All he can do is wait for her.在一些固定詞組句型中，要省略to如：had better, would rather.than等。1.Youd better stay in bed till you are well again. 2.He would rather go there than stay here.【考點(diǎn)【考點(diǎn)4】動(dòng)名詞】動(dòng)名詞()動(dòng)名詞的功能動(dòng)名詞的功能 項(xiàng)目類別說明例句注意事項(xiàng)動(dòng)名詞作主語動(dòng)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一律用單數(shù)。1.Seeing is believing.2.It is no good smokingit可以作形式主語，常用的句型有：It is no usedoing(沒有用)It is no gooddoing(沒有好處) It is uselessdoing(沒用處)動(dòng)名詞作賓語動(dòng)名詞可以作動(dòng)詞的賓語，也可以作介詞的賓語。1.I am considering moving.2.I delayed answering his letter.以下及物動(dòng)詞后常跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語：finish，risk，enjoy，consider，delay，mind，avoid，put off，miss，give up等。動(dòng)名詞作表語動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)一般表示比較抽象的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。1.Her job is feeding pigs.2.His hobby is collecting stamps.表語和主語常?？梢曰Q。動(dòng)名詞作定語動(dòng)名詞作定語表示所修飾名詞的用途或名稱。1.My brother works in a printing shop.2.He showed us his flying suit.動(dòng)名詞一般只以單個(gè)形式而不以短語的形式作定語，它的位置放在所修飾詞的前面。()動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)所謂動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，就是動(dòng)名詞前面帶著自己的邏輯主語。所謂動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，就是動(dòng)名詞前面帶著自己的邏輯主語。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：其結(jié)構(gòu)為：Toms crying annoyed his mother.湯姆的哭聲使他的母親很煩惱，湯姆的哭聲使他的母親很煩惱，Would you mind my/me opening the window?你介意我開窗戶嗎？你介意我開窗戶嗎？Theres not any hope of Tom/Toms winning.湯姆沒有獲勝的希望了。湯姆沒有獲勝的希望了。注意：注意：當(dāng)動(dòng)詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞ing形式的邏輯主語是無生命的名詞時(shí)，一般用普通形式的邏輯主語是無生命的名詞時(shí)，一般用普通格。格。Do you hear the sound of the door being opened?【考點(diǎn)【考點(diǎn)5】分詞的用法】分詞的用法項(xiàng)目類別說明例句注意事項(xiàng)分詞作定語現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語只能用來敘述和謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；過去分詞短語作定語表示完成了的動(dòng)作。1.He told us exciting news.2.She picked up a fallen leaf.3.He likes cars made in China.單個(gè)分詞作定語放在所修飾名詞之前，分詞短語作定語放在所修飾名詞之后。分詞作狀語分詞短語可作時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨、方式、結(jié)果等狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)完成。1.Looking from the top of the hill，we can see a beautiful city beneath us.2.Seen from the top of the hill，the city looks more beautiful.3.They sat together around the table，talking and laughing.4.When asked what to do，I made no answer.5.Be careful while crossing the street.分詞短語可用在after，before，while，whenever，once，until，if等連詞或連詞短語之后。分詞作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語所具有的特性或特征；過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。1.The news was really exciting.2.The cup was broken.作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞，有些已轉(zhuǎn)變成了形容詞。【考點(diǎn)【考點(diǎn)6】獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)】獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)1獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，就是分詞有其自己的獨(dú)立主語，可以不與句子獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，就是分詞有其自己的獨(dú)立主語，可以不與句子的主語保持一致。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有主語和謂語，所以在語法上的主語保持一致。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有主語和謂語，所以在語法上不是句子。此結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中起原因、方式、時(shí)間、條件、伴隨情不是句子。此結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中起原因、方式、時(shí)間、條件、伴隨情況狀語從句的作用。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)與句子的主體部分分隔開來。況狀語從句的作用。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)與句子的主體部分分隔開來。其功能和用法見下表：其功能和用法見下表：類別說明例句名詞/代詞現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行，過去分詞表被動(dòng)和完成Weather permitting，well go out for a walk. Homework finished，the boy went out to play.不定式表將來，計(jì)劃安排要做的事The exam to be held tomorrow，I cant go to the cinema tonight. with名詞/代詞現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行They pretended to be working all night with their lights burning.過去分詞表被動(dòng)、完成She had to walk home with her bike stolen.不定式表將來I cant go out to play with so much homework to do.形容詞表狀態(tài)He used to sleep with windows open.副詞表狀態(tài)He went to sleep with lights on.價(jià)詞短語表位置The children came running toward us，with flowers in their hands.2.there be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語形式有兩種形式：結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語形式有兩種形式：there to be和和there being。主要作主語、。主要作主語、賓語和狀語。賓語和狀語。功能特征例句主語作主語時(shí)，there不能省略。There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers.賓語在expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等詞后多用there to be形式。注意：作介詞賓語時(shí)，常用there being。I expect there to be a chance for me to go abroad.Im looking forward to there being a chance for me to go abroad.狀語多用there being結(jié)構(gòu)。There being nobody else at hand，I had to do it by myself. There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry.真題再現(xiàn)真題再現(xiàn)1(2016浙江卷，浙江卷，19)I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do_(work) with students.【解析【解析】句意：我過去航海和現(xiàn)在與學(xué)生們打交道一樣開心。句意：我過去航海和現(xiàn)在與學(xué)生們打交道一樣開心。句中句中do代替代替have fun，have fun doing sth.做某事很開心。做某事很開心?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縲orking2(2016浙江卷，浙江卷，10)To return to the problem of water pollution，Id like you to look at a study_(conduct) in Australia in 2012.【解析【解析】句意：回到水污染問題，我想讓你們看一下澳大利亞句意：回到水污染問題，我想讓你們看一下澳大利亞在在2012年進(jìn)行的研究。年進(jìn)行的研究。study與與conduct之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且設(shè)空處之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且設(shè)空處表示表示“完成完成”，故用過去分詞作后置定語。，故用過去分詞作后置定語?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縞onducted 3(2016江蘇卷，江蘇卷，28)In art criticism，you must assume the artist has a secret message_(hide) within the work.【解析【解析】句意：在藝術(shù)評(píng)論中，你必須假定藝術(shù)家在作品中有句意：在藝術(shù)評(píng)論中，你必須假定藝術(shù)家在作品中有一定的隱含信息。設(shè)空處在句中作定語，一定的隱含信息。設(shè)空處在句中作定語，message與與hide之間存在之間存在邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且設(shè)空處表示動(dòng)作已完成，故用過去分詞形邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且設(shè)空處表示動(dòng)作已完成，故用過去分詞形式。式。【答案【答案】hidden4(2016北京卷，北京卷，26)_(make) it easier to get in touch with us，youd better keep this card at hand.【解析【解析】句意：要想更容易地聯(lián)系到我們，你最好把這張卡片句意：要想更容易地聯(lián)系到我們，你最好把這張卡片放在手邊。根據(jù)句意可知這里應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語，故答放在手邊。根據(jù)句意可知這里應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語，故答案為案為To make?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縏o make5(2016北京卷，北京卷，28)_(order) over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.【解析【解析】句意：這些書一個(gè)多星期前就被下訂單了，現(xiàn)在預(yù)計(jì)句意：這些書一個(gè)多星期前就被下訂單了，現(xiàn)在預(yù)計(jì)隨時(shí)會(huì)到。隨時(shí)會(huì)到。order與邏輯主語與邏輯主語the books之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且動(dòng)作已之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，故答案為經(jīng)完成，故答案為Ordered?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縊rdered6(2016北京卷，北京卷，32)Newlybuilt wooden cottages line the street，_(turn) the old town into a dreamland.【解析【解析】句意：新建的木制小屋沿著大街排成一排，把舊城鎮(zhèn)句意：新建的木制小屋沿著大街排成一排，把舊城鎮(zhèn)變成了夢(mèng)境。設(shè)空處作結(jié)果狀語，其邏輯主語應(yīng)是逗號(hào)前的整句變成了夢(mèng)境。設(shè)空處作結(jié)果狀語，其邏輯主語應(yīng)是逗號(hào)前的整句話，兩者之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故答案為話，兩者之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故答案為turning?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縯urning7(2016天津卷，天津卷，4)The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，_(make) air conditioning unnecessary.【解析【解析】句意：涼風(fēng)通過我們臥室的窗戶吹進(jìn)來，使得空氣調(diào)句意：涼風(fēng)通過我們臥室的窗戶吹進(jìn)來，使得空氣調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)沒有必要了。根據(jù)句意可知，此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)節(jié)系統(tǒng)沒有必要了。根據(jù)句意可知，此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語，表示必然的結(jié)果。果狀語，表示必然的結(jié)果?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縨aking8(2015重慶卷，重慶卷，11)Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way _ (use) the sun and the stars.【解析【解析】句意：和古代的水手一樣，鳥類能借助太陽和星星找句意：和古代的水手一樣，鳥類能借助太陽和星星找到它們的路。考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作方式狀語。主語到它們的路?？疾榉侵^語動(dòng)詞作方式狀語。主語birds與與use間為邏間為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系且沒有一定的時(shí)間性，故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式。輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系且沒有一定的時(shí)間性，故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縰sing9(2015重慶卷，重慶卷，6)_ (raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to becoming a football star.【解析【解析】句意：他是在格拉斯哥最貧窮的地區(qū)長(zhǎng)大的，經(jīng)過一句意：他是在格拉斯哥最貧窮的地區(qū)長(zhǎng)大的，經(jīng)過一條漫長(zhǎng)而艱難的道路才成為一名足球明星。條漫長(zhǎng)而艱難的道路才成為一名足球明星。raise與句子主語之間與句子主語之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，故用過去分詞形式。為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，故用過去分詞形式?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縍aised10(2015北京卷，北京卷，23)The park was full of people，_(enjoy) themselves in the sunshine.【解析【解析】句意：公園里人山人海，人們?cè)陉柟庀峦娴煤芸鞓?。句意：公園里人山人海，人們?cè)陉柟庀峦娴煤芸鞓?。被修飾詞被修飾詞people與與enjoy間為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示正在進(jìn)行，間為邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示正在進(jìn)行，故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語。故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縠njoying11(2015安徽卷，安徽卷，27)_ (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.【解析【解析】句意：忽視那兩個(gè)調(diào)查結(jié)果的不同將會(huì)是你犯的最嚴(yán)句意：忽視那兩個(gè)調(diào)查結(jié)果的不同將會(huì)是你犯的最嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤之一。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語。設(shè)空處在句中作主重的錯(cuò)誤之一。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語。設(shè)空處在句中作主語，故用不定式或動(dòng)名詞形式。語，故用不定式或動(dòng)名詞形式。【答案【答案】Ignoring/To ignore12(2015陜西卷，陜西卷，18)Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother _ (take) good care of at home.【解析【解析】句意：李博士在非洲提供了兩年的醫(yī)療服務(wù)，回來后句意：李博士在非洲提供了兩年的醫(yī)療服務(wù)，回來后看到家里的母親得到了很好的照顧十分高興。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)看到家里的母親得到了很好的照顧十分高興。本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)。賓語詞作賓補(bǔ)。賓語his mother與動(dòng)詞短語與動(dòng)詞短語take good care of之間為邏輯之間為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示完成，故用過去分詞形式。上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示完成，故用過去分詞形式?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縯aken13(2015浙江卷，浙江卷，18)Listening to music at home is one thing；going to hear it _ (perform) live is quite another.【解析【解析】句意：在家聽音樂是一回事，去聽現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演奏完全是另句意：在家聽音樂是一回事，去聽現(xiàn)場(chǎng)演奏完全是另外一回事。本題考查非渭語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。賓語外一回事。本題考查非渭語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。賓語it與與perform之間為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示進(jìn)行，故答案為之間為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系且表示進(jìn)行，故答案為being performed?！敬鸢浮敬鸢浮縝eing performed