北京市2019中考英語二輪復習 閱讀理解（1）.doc

北京2019中考英語閱讀理解（一）專題十八 閱讀理解第1講 北京中考閱讀理解CD篇教學目標1. 掌握本篇閱讀理解中出現的高頻詞及長難句。2. 掌握閱讀理解的解題技巧, 并能夠指出本篇閱讀理解中運用到的解題技巧。3. 通過閱讀理解高頻詞、長難句等語料的積累, 及閱讀理解解題技巧的練習, 靈活應對各種閱讀理解題。C篇名師點撥知識篇“巧婦難為無米之炊”, 在英語學習的過程中, 語料的積累至關重要。對于閱讀理解高頻詞和長難句的梳理, 能夠為我們今后的學習和提升打下良好的基礎。親愛的同學, 老師已經為你梳理出了本篇文章中的一些高頻詞和長難句, 快來看看你掌握了嗎？高頻詞（課前檢測學生的詞匯量儲備, 以教師提問的形式進行。能夠準確翻譯的為優(yōu), 模糊翻譯的良, 不會翻譯的為差。）單詞/短語詞性詞義拓展掌握情況優(yōu)良差have to必須，不得不be designed for為而設計difficultadj.困難的n. difficultyexperimentn.試驗cutinto把切成surprisedadj.驚訝的look down upon瞧不起be punished for因而受懲罰acceptv.接受adj. acceptablesearchv. 搜尋，搜查howeverconj. 然而understandv. 理解過去式：understoodorganizev.組織n. organizationprobablyadv. 可能長難句（課前檢測學生的句型儲備, 以教師提問的形式進行。能夠準確翻譯的為優(yōu), 模糊翻譯的良, 不會翻譯的為差。）1. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools.（優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：所以對于左撇子來說使用大多數工具是困難的。本句涉及高頻句型“Its + adj. for sb. to do sth”，意為“對某人來說做某事是”。2. They conclude（得出結論） that left-handed people are left handed for the same reason that right-handed people are right handed.（優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：人習慣于使用左手和習慣于使用右手是同一個原因，即慣用左手的人和慣用右手的人一樣是普通人。本句要首先判斷出conclude后面是一個由that引導的賓語從句，在這個賓語從句中有包含著一個由that引導的定語從句修飾reason. 其次，在翻譯對字面含義的同時還要理解這句話的深層含義，即強調慣用左手的人和慣用右手的人都是普通人。方法篇“方法得當, 事半功倍?！敝挥姓Z料的積累, 沒有好方法的輔助也是不夠的。對于閱讀理解解題方法的梳理, 能夠幫助我們更好地理解閱讀理解的命題邏輯, 在有足夠語料積累的基礎上, 能夠幫助我們爭取高分。親愛的同學, 老師已經為你精心整理了閱讀理解的解題技巧, 快來看看你掌握了多少？一、閱讀理解解題步驟第一步快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大概。瀏覽時要注意以下句子：每段的開頭和結尾，重要的情節(jié)句子，如果遇到未學或不認識的單詞或不理解的句子，可以根據上下文猜測，切不可停留而放慢速度。第二步瀏覽問題，明確要求。把文章后每個題目內容看明白，這樣又能輔助進一步理解文章的主要內容，具體做題時就能對號入座，找到文章中確切表達所要回答問題的關鍵句子。第三步通篇尋讀，確定段落。也就是帶著問題去讀，找到要回答問題的關鍵詞、句或意群，以及任何有關答題的信息，用鉛筆畫下來，以便為下一步答題做好充分準備。第四步逐條分析，對號入座。把需要回答的問題和尋讀中找到的信息逐條分析，對號入座。一般來說，出題者問題設計都是按照文章內容自上到下順序設計的，根據難度先解決容易的，最后解決深層次的理解題。第五步復讀全文，驗證答案。全部題目做完后，必須再仔細閱讀一遍全文，進一步加深對文章理解，核實所選答案是否正確。二、閱讀理解解題技巧初中英語選擇型閱讀理解題主要分為四種題型，分別是細節(jié)理解題，推理判斷題，猜測詞義題和主旨大意題。接下來我們將從這四種題型的定義，設題方式和解題技巧三方面進行介紹。題型題型一：細節(jié)理解題解釋本類試題主要考察學生對閱讀材料中的某一特定細節(jié)或文章的主要事實的理解能力。問題包括詢問人（who）、物（what）、時間（when）、地點（where）、原因（cause）、結果（effect）、文中的數據（data）等。新聞、說明文、廣告信息等常?？疾爝@些細節(jié)。設題方式1. Which of the following statements is true/false?2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)?解題技巧1. 細心審題，直接就題找答案2. 變通理解，間接轉述找答案3. 多點歸納，綜合事實找答案典題精析Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（別扭的）.If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .A. get hurtB. give up cuttingC. feel awkwardD. change their tools本題可以運用到解題技巧1. 細心審題，直接就題找答案瀏覽題干，確定關鍵短語為cut up potatoes with their left hand，瀏覽段落，確定關鍵句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（別扭的）.“如果你是一個習慣用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成塊。如果你感到別扭并不讓人驚訝?！?，根據句意即可推斷出正確答案，故選C。題型題型二：推理判斷題解釋推理判斷題著重考察學生的邏輯思維能力，即要求學生根據文章的邏輯關系進行推理判斷。此類題目難度大，涉及面廣，如人物的性格、心理，故事的結局、寓意，文章的出處、體裁，作者的傾向、態(tài)度等。設題方式1. It can be inferred from the text that_.2. From the text we know that _.3. With which of the following does the author agree?4. The passage is probably taken from a _.解題技巧1. 通過文章陳述的事實進行推斷2. 根據文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，動作和語言進行推斷3. 根據作者的意圖和態(tài)度進行推斷典題精析Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up.Grayson Perry, an artist, grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely. The writer talks about Syal and Perry to .A. stress the great differences between themB. introduce a popular writer and a famous artistC. suggest good ways of going through boredomD. show effects of boredom on developing creativity本題可以運用到解題技巧2. 根據文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，動作和語言進行推斷題干意為“作者談論Syal 和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。兩個段落很長，我們首先要精讀段落，抓住兩個人物的態(tài)度，第一段中關鍵句為a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意為“Meera Syal說無聊幫助她發(fā)展了她的思想”，第二段關鍵句為He became creative, because he could think freely.意為“他變得積極，因為他能夠自由思考”，由這兩句關鍵句可知兩個人都認為“無聊可以發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力，”，故選D。題型題型三：詞義猜測題解釋單詞的猜測能力是閱讀理解能力的主要組成部分，是考查對文中關鍵詞語的理解。而且，所考察的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據文中語境來判斷。設題方式1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _.2. The word“”most likely means _.3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _.解題技巧1. 通過因果關系猜測詞義2. 通過同義詞和近、反義詞的關系猜測詞義3. 通過構詞法猜測詞義4. 通過定義或釋義說明來猜測詞義5. 通過描述猜測詞義6. 用知識和生活經驗猜測詞義7. 根據上下文的指代關系猜測詞義典題精析Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity. What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A. Slow down.B. Keep up with.C. Go beyond.D. Give rise to.本題可以運用到解題技巧2. 通過同義詞和近、反義詞的關系猜測詞義瀏覽本段，會發(fā)現本段中存在轉折連詞while“然而”，while后的句意為“無聊能給他們發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力的機會”，所以while之前的句意應該與之相反，進一步推測詞義。A意為“（使）慢下來”，B意為“跟上”，C意為“超出”，D意為“引起，導致”，故選A。題型題型四：主旨大意題解釋考查學生對文章主題或中心思想的領會和理解能力。設題方式1. 問標題：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _.2. 問中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _. / The passage is mostly about _.3. 問目的，態(tài)度：The author wants to tell _. / The purpose of this article is to _.解題技巧1. 瀏覽文章首尾段和各段開頭，抓住主旨段或主旨句2. 瀏覽全文，抓住關鍵字眼，把握主旨3. 以掌握主旨為前提，處理推斷作者語氣及寫作意圖典題精析In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handersC. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.本題可以運用到解題技巧2. 瀏覽全文，抓住關鍵字眼，把握主旨本題考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先鎖定第二段的關鍵詞but，but之前的關鍵詞in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在過去人們認為使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的關鍵詞these days和have accepted that表明了現在人們接受了慣用左手的人。所以這段主要是講述了人們關于慣用左手的人的態(tài)度上的轉變?？梢耘卸ù鸢笧镃hanges in opinions on left-handers.，故選D。語篇精講瀏覽問題（抓住題干及選項中的關鍵詞，以便有目的性的通讀文章）題號題干及選項1If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .（細節(jié)理解題）A. get hurtB. give up cuttingC. feel awkwardD. change their tools2What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?（主旨大意題）A. Causes of being left handed.B. Encouragement to left-handersC. Punishment for using the left hand.D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.3According to the passage, right-handers .（細節(jié)理解題）A. learn better visuallyB. are good organizersC. are better at single sportsD. give clear directions to others4From the passage, we can learn that left-handers .（細節(jié)理解題）A. may be more talkative and outgoingB. are ordinary people like right-handersC. might remember everyday things betterD. no longer need to use right-handed tools通篇尋讀話題體裁字數建議用時實際用時正確率星級日常生活類說明文4027分鐘_/4Are You Right Handed or Left Handed? Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（別扭的）. In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write. What causes people to be left handed or right handed? Experts have searched long and hard on this. They conclude（得出結論） that left-handed people are left handed for the same reason that right-handed people are right handed. One out of every ten people just is a left-handed people are right handed. One out of every ten people just is a left-hander. Its simply like the color of our eyes some people have brown eyes, while some others have black eyes. However, may researchers think that left-handers and right-handers are different in some aspects. Right-handers are more talkative and outgoing than left-handers. Many right-handed people understand spoken words better. For example, after they listen to directions to a supermarket, they can find it easily. Right-handers are good at organizing people, too. They are also better basketball guards. Just ask Yao Ming. Research shows that left-handers are creative and artistic. Many famous performers, like Jim Carrey and Paul McCartney, are left handed. Many left-handers learn better visually（在視覺方面）. In art, both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were left handed. In music, Ludwig van Beethoven was left handed. In science, you find Newton and Einstein. The left-handed people are also really good at tennis and other single sports.If you prefer one hand, but you are still good at writing with the other, you are mixed. Research shows mixed-handers can remember everyday things better than other people. What did you eat for lunch two weeks ago? If youre mixed handed, you can probably remember.逐題分析語篇解讀：本篇文章是一篇日常生活類的說明文。主要闡述了慣用左手的人及慣用右手的人這兩類社會群體的特點，過去及現在人們對這兩類群體的態(tài)度轉變，最后得出他們都是普通人這一觀點。1. If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .A. get hurtB. give up cuttingC. feel awkwardD. change their tools解析：C. 細節(jié)理解題。瀏覽題干，確定關鍵短語為cut up potatoes with their left hand，瀏覽段落，確定關鍵句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（別扭的）.“如果你是一個習慣用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成塊。如果你感到別扭并不讓人驚訝?！?，根據句意即可推斷出正確答案，故選C。2. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A. Causes of being left handed.B. Encouragement to left-handersC. Punishment for using the left hand.D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.解析：D. 段落主旨大意題。本題考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先鎖定第二段的關鍵詞but，but之前的關鍵詞in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在過去人們認為使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的關鍵詞these days和have accepted that表明了現在人們接受了慣用左手的人。所以這段主要是講述了人們關于慣用左手的人的態(tài)度上的轉變?？梢耘卸ù鸢笧镃hanges in opinions on left-handers.，故選D。3. According to the passage, right-handers .A. learn better visuallyB. are good organizersC. are better at single sportsD. give clear directions to others解析：B. 細節(jié)理解題。本題題干詢問的是慣用右手的人的特點，因此可以將答案鎖定在第四段中。根據第四段中關鍵句Right-handers are good at organizing people, too.“慣用右手的人擅長組織人們”可以推斷出他們是好的組織者。根據第五段Many left-handers learn better visually（在視覺方面）.可以判定A選項是左撇子的特點，故是錯誤的；根據The left-handed people are also really good at tennis and other single sports.可以判定C項是錯誤的；根據Many right-handed people understand spoken words better. For example, after they listen to directions to a supermarket, they can find it easily.可以判斷出慣用右手的人有方向感，而不是給別人清晰的方向，故D項錯誤。4. From the passage, we can learn that left-handers .A. may be more talkative and outgoingB. are ordinary people like right-handersC. might remember everyday things betterD. no longer need to use right-handed tools解析：B. 細節(jié)理解題。本題題干詢問的是慣用左手的人的特點，根據第四段中句子Right-handers are more talkative and outgoing than left-handers.可以判定出talkative and outgoing是慣用右手的人的特點，故排除；根據最后一段中句子Research shows mixed-handers can remember everyday things better than other people.可判定出雙手都能靈活運用的人記憶力更好，故排除C；根據第一段句子They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people.可知左撇子也不得不使用專為右手人設計的工具，故排除D。最后，根據第三段中They conclude（得出結論） that left-handed people are left handed for the same reason that right-handed people are right handed.“人習慣于使用左手和習慣于使用右手是同一個原因，”即慣用左手的人和慣用右手的人一樣是普通人，故選B。精講筆記（學生在教師的指導下, 回顧本講中積累的閱讀理解的知識和方法）語篇中積累的詞匯（至少積累10個）單詞詞性及詞義單詞的運用（鼓勵學生用所學詞匯造句）語篇中的學到的方法（至少掌握2種）細節(jié)理解題1、3、4推理判斷題詞義猜測題主旨大意題2能力提升基礎過關一、詞匯/短語英漢互譯單詞/短語詞性詞義必須，不得不be designed foradj.困難的experimentn.cutintoadj.驚訝的look down uponbe punished forv.接受searchv. conj. 然而v. 理解organizev.probablyadv. 二、句子英漢互譯1. 所以對于左撇子來說使用大多數工具是困難的。_.2. 你不應該因為一個人窮就看不起他。_.3. It is important that we try to be good at everything we do. _.4. If you cut a cake into four parts all the same size, each part is one-fourth._.5. I shall be punished for being late this morning._.閱讀練習話題體裁字數建議用時實際用時正確率星級日常生活類說明文3647分鐘_/4Do you enjoy visiting a museum? Did you ever make a plan before a visit? Every museum must have something that attracts you. And there are many possible ways to enjoy yourself in a museum. If you follow these steps below, youll know what is worth seeing and doing, so that you can make the most of your time at the museum. Decide what museum you will visit. There are so many different kinds of museums and you first need to find one that you like. Its easy for you to choose one and start an enjoyable visit! Do some research online. Every museum now has a website which allows you to look through the information about it. On the website, you may look for such things as: The exhibits(展品)See what is on show at the museum at all times, and what special exhibitions are held for a short time. The history of the museum There will often be very interesting stories about the exhibits and the benefactors(捐贈者). That can make your visit more interesting. Activities See whether there are talks, tours our special activities on the day when you visit. Many museums hold some activities that meet the interests of all age groups. Cost, food or shortageIts important how much the visit will cost. You have to decide whether or not you can eat there. You might also need to find out transportation needs, as well as storage for coats, bags etc. Learn at least one thing on your visit. It is always good to take away something new from your visit.Plan breaks into your visit. When you walk around, standing here and studying exhibits there, you may become very tired. So it is important to take breaks. A break is a good opportunity for you to think of what you have seen and what else you might want to do in museum. Take a friend or two. Visiting museums is always a lot more fun when you are with someone else. You can talk over what youre seeing. A friend also brings another way of thinking when you talk about the exhibit. 1. According to the passage, we should first _. （細節(jié)理解題）A. do some research online B. make a plan for lunch C. decide on a museum to visit D. choose a friend to go with 2. To make our visit more interesting, we can_. （細節(jié)理解題）A. organize activities like special shows and talks B. read the stories about exhibits and benefactors C. learn about the interests of all age groups D. walk around the museum without breaks 3.If we visit a museum with friends, we can_. （細節(jié)理解題）A. share the experience with them B. come up with strange ideas C. cut down the cost of the visit D. discuss the next visit plan 4. What does the passage mainly talk about?（主旨大意題）A. What to do in a museum?B. When to visit a museum?C. Where to find a museum.D. How to enjoy a museum.參考答案基礎過關一、詞匯/短語英漢互譯單詞/短語詞性詞義have to必須，不得不be designed for為而設計difficultadj.困難的experimentn.試驗cutinto把切成surprisedadj.驚訝的look down upon瞧不起be punished for因而受懲罰acceptv.接受searchv. 搜尋，搜查howeverconj. 然而understandv. 理解organizev.組織probablyadv. 可能二、句子英漢互譯。1. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools.2. You shouldnt look down upon him because he is poor.3. 我們盡力擅長我們所做的每件事是重要的。4. 如果你把一塊蛋糕切成同樣大小的四部分，每部分就是四分之一。5. 我將被懲罰因為今天早晨遲到了。閱讀練習1. C 2. B 3. A 4. DD篇名師點撥知識篇高頻詞單詞/短語詞性詞義拓展掌握情況優(yōu)良差allowv.允許boredadj.無聊的n. boredom developv. 發(fā)展n. development creative adj.有創(chuàng)造力的n. creativity adv. creatively importantly adv. 重要地adj. importantn. importance freeadj.自由的adv. freely uncomfortableadj. 不舒服的opp. comfortable look out of從朝外看imaginationn.想象力v. imagine from time to time不時，有時長難句Usually, when children have nothing to do, they would turn on the TV, the computer, or the phone. （優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：通常，當孩子們沒什么事情做時，他們會打開電視，電腦或者手機。本句是由when引導的時間狀語從句，來表示學生們打開電腦，電視或手機的時間，要注意翻譯順序。 Perry filled up his free time with what he liked._句意：Perry用他喜歡的事填滿了他的空閑時間。本句是由what引導的賓語從句做with的賓語。方法篇“方法得當, 事半功倍?！敝挥姓Z料的積累, 沒有好方法的輔助也是不夠的。對于閱讀理解解題方法的梳理, 能夠幫助我們更好地理解閱讀理解的命題邏輯, 在有足夠語料積累的基礎上, 能夠幫助我們爭取高分。親愛的同學, 老師已經為你精心整理了閱讀理解的解題技巧, 快來看看你掌握了多少？一、閱讀理解解題步驟第一步快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大概。瀏覽時要注意以下句子：每段的開頭和結尾，重要的情節(jié)句子，如果遇到未學或不認識的單詞或不理解的句子，可以根據上下文猜測，切不可停留而放慢速度。第二步瀏覽問題，明確要求。把文章后每個題目內容看明白，這樣又能輔助進一步理解文章的主要內容，具體做題時就能對號入座，找到文章中確切表達所要回答問題的關鍵句子。第三步通篇尋讀，確定段落。也就是帶著問題去讀，找到要回答問題的關鍵詞、句或意群，以及任何有關答題的信息，用鉛筆畫下來，以便為下一步答題做好充分準備。第四步逐條分析，對號入座。把需要回答的問題和尋讀中找到的信息逐條分析，對號入座。一般來說，出題者問題設計都是按照文章內容自上到下順序設計的，根據難度先解決容易的，最后解決深層次的理解題。第五步復讀全文，驗證答案。全部題目做完后，必須再仔細閱讀一遍全文，進一步加深對文章理解，核實所選答案是否正確。二、閱讀理解解題技巧初中英語選擇型閱讀理解題主要分為四種題型，分別是細節(jié)理解題，推理判斷題，猜測詞義題和主旨大意題。接下來我們將從這四種題型的定義，設題方式和解題技巧三方面進行介紹。題型題型一：細節(jié)理解題解釋本類試題主要考察學生對閱讀材料中的某一特定細節(jié)或文章的主要事實的理解能力。問題包括詢問人（who）、物（what）、時間（when）、地點（where）、原因（cause）、結果（effect）、文中的數據（data）等。新聞、說明文、廣告信息等常?？疾爝@些細節(jié)。設題方式1. Which of the following statements is true/false?2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)?解題技巧1. 細心審題，直接就題找答案2. 變通理解，間接轉述找答案3. 多點歸納，綜合事實找答案典題精析Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（別扭的）.If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, t