英語第一部分 閱讀理解篇 1 閱讀理解 第1講 細節(jié)理解類

專題一閱讀理解專題一閱讀理解閱讀理解篇閱讀理解篇第一部分第一講細節(jié)理解類第一講細節(jié)理解類1 1題型特點題型特點3 3分類例析分類例析4 4復(fù)習(xí)練案復(fù)習(xí)練案2 2解題流程解題流程題題 型型 特特 點點 一、細節(jié)理解題常見設(shè)問方式 細節(jié)理解題幾乎都可以在文章中直接找到與答案有關(guān)的信息。常見的命題方式有： 1特殊疑問句形式。以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題。 2判斷是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE，NOT true/false或EXCEPT等的判斷是非的問題。此時要注意題干中是否含有否定詞，如not，never等。 3以“According to.”開頭的提問形式。 4填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from _. 此類題目相對簡單，只要考生認真并且細心，得分就會比較容易。 二、細節(jié)理解題正確選項的特征 1同義替換。對原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進行同義替換。如把lose ones job換成了be out of work。有時候詞性或者語態(tài)有所變化。把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important改成of importance；改變原文中句子的語態(tài)，即主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。 2語言簡化。把原文中的復(fù)雜語言現(xiàn)象進行簡化，設(shè)置為答案。 3正話反說。把原文中的意思反過來表達而成為正確選項。解解 題題 流流 程程 細節(jié)理解題無論以怎樣的方式提問，考生都要記住一個解題原則“本本主義”，一切從原文出發(fā)，無需讀很多段落甚至全文后去歸納總結(jié)、分析推理，正確答案就對應(yīng)原文的某一處具體信息。 第一步審讀題干和選項，回到原文定信息區(qū)間 通過題干或選項中的關(guān)鍵詞找到定位點，開始精讀文章直到下一題的定位區(qū)域出現(xiàn)。只有兩種情況需要向上找尋信息：定位到的信息為數(shù)字串，或舉例說明部分；出現(xiàn)了邏輯關(guān)系詞(therefore, so, as a result)或代詞(that, these, it)。 第二步將選項和原文一一對比，求同排異定答案 利用“同義原則”，找出原文中與正確選項匹配的同義詞組，將原文出現(xiàn)的信息和選項進行比對，確定正確選項。做任何閱讀理解題都不是找感覺，本質(zhì)上是找同義詞，解題時找出的同義詞組越多，答案就越準確，這是解答細節(jié)理解題的基本方法。分分 類類 例例 析析 1直接信息題題干定位法(2017全國，A片段) Pacific Science Center Guide Visit Pacific Science Centers Store Dont forget to stop by Pacific Science Centers Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome. Hungry ? Our exhibits will feed your mind, but what about your body? Our caf offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonal specials. The caf is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes. Rental Information Lockers are available to store any belongings during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance. ID required. Q：Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center? AIn Building 1. BIn Building 3. CAt the Laser Dome. DAt the Denny Way entrance. 解題思路 第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 本題題干的關(guān)鍵詞是：_ 第二步根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位信息句 本題信息句是：_ _ 嘗試解答：_ Dont forget to stop by Pacific Science Centers Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.where; souvenirB 干擾項分析 A、C、D三項張冠李戴。位于一號樓的咖啡館和問詢處等均不出售紀念品，排除A項；文章第一部分提到商店緊挨著Laser Dome，而不是說在Laser Dome可以買紀念品，排除C項；根據(jù)文章第三部分中的“Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance.”可知，在Denny Way的入口處可以租借嬰兒車和輪椅，而不能買紀念品，排除D項。 2.間接信息題斷章取義法(2016全國，A片段) Sandra Day OConnor (1930present) When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.She became an Arizona state senator(參議員) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the US.Supreme Court.OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court. Q：What was the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm? AHer lack of proper training in law. BHer little work experience in court. CThe discrimination against women. DThe poor financial conditions. 解題思路 第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 本題題干的關(guān)鍵詞是：_ 第二步根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位信息句 本題的信息句是：_ _ 第三步對比信息句和選項，得出答案 根據(jù)信息句可知，OConnor找不到工作是因為她是一名女生?？梢?，這是由于當時對女性的偏見和歧視造成的。 嘗試解答：_OConnor; the law firm When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.C(2017天津，B片段) Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic (全景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama. Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view. Q：What happened when the author was about to take a photo? AHer camera stopped working. BA woman blocked her view. CSomeone asked her to leave. DA friend approached from behind. 解題思路 第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 本題題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是：_ 第二步根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位信息句 本題的信息句是：_ _ 第三步對比信息句和選項，得出答案 根據(jù)信息句可知，就在“我”拿出相機的時候，一位女士從后面走過來，正好停在“我”的視線前面，即“我”的視線被擋住(blocked)了。 嘗試解答：_what happened; was about to take a photo Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view.B 干擾項分析 A項無中生有，文章并沒有提及作者的相機不能用了；C項曲解文意，文章第三段提及“Was it too much to ask her to move.？”，但這是作者的心理活動，而不是別人讓作者走開；D項移花接木，文章是說一位女士(a woman)從作者的后面走來，而不是一位朋友(a friend)。 3事件排序題首尾排除法(2014四川，C) A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic(過敏的) reaction which stopped his heart. Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping(踩)on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing. Izzys mother，Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR. However, she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough, so she stamped on her fathers chest instead. Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions(按壓) until the ambulance arrived.Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said: “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”“Shes a little star，” said Debbie. “I was really upset but Izzy just took over. I just cant believe what she did. I really think all children should be taught first aid. Izzy did CPR then the doctor turned up. Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the hospital and weve got to see an expert.”Truck driver Colm, 35, suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken to hospital, but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day. The second attack was so serious that his airway swelled, preventing him from breathing, his blood pressure dropped suddenly, and his heart stopped for a moment. He has now made a full recovery from his suffering. Q：Whats the right order of the events? Izzy kicked Colm. Debbie called 999. Izzy learned CPR. Colms heart stopped. AB. C D. 解題思路 第一步速讀文章，了解故事情節(jié) 由上下文可知，Izzy先前了解了一些CPR的知識，后來她父親因過敏反應(yīng)，心臟停止了工作，Izzy的母親Debbie撥打了999急救電話，然后Izzy采取了急救措施。 第二步找出四個事件發(fā)生的先后順序 事件一：_ 事件二：_ 事件三：_ 事件四：_ 嘗試解答：_Izzy learned CPR.Colms heart stopped.Debbie called 999.Izzy kicked Colm.C 4數(shù)字計算題查讀分析法(2015四川，C片段) Across Britain，burnt toast will be served to mothers in bed this morning as older sons and daughters rush to deliver their supermarket bunches of flowers.But，according to a new study，we should be placing a higher value on motherhood all year. Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work.Now，the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours，they would earn as much as 172,000 a year. The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do，as well as the hours they are working，to determine the figure.This would make their yearly income 30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns. . Q：How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister? A30,000. B142,000. C172,000. D202,000. 解題思路 第一步確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞 本題題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是：_ 第二步根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位信息句 本題的信息句是：_ _ _ _ 嘗試解答：_mother; the Prime Minister Now，the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours，they would earn as much as 172,000 a year. This would make their yearly income 30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns. B(172,00030,000142,000) 5正誤判斷題逐項擊破法 (2016四川，D) A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night. Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety. The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer. While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night. Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax. Milk is also sugarfree and additivefree with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night. Q：Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text? AIts been tested on mice for ten times. BIt can make people more energetic. CIt exists in milk in great amount. DIts used in sleeping drugs.解題思路第一步根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞找出相關(guān)信息句本題的信息句是：A：_ _B：_ _C：_D：_ _ Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin. .taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night. 第二步對比選項與信息句，逐項擊破 A項與信息句毫無關(guān)聯(lián)；B項與信息句意思相反；C項范圍擴大化；D項與信息句符合。 嘗試解答：_D(2017天津，B片段)Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic (全景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view. Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take, I grew frustrated. Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape? Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me from doing so. She seemed so content in her observation. I didnt want to mess with that. Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take the photo anyway. And now when I look at it, I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting. The landscape, beautiful on its own, somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it. Q：According to the author, the woman was probably _. Aenjoying herselfBlosing her patience Cwaiting for the sunset Dthinking about her past 解題思路 第一步根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞找出相關(guān)信息句 A_ B_ C_ _ D_She seemed so content in her observation. Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take, I grew frustrated. I didnt want to mess with that. 第二步對比選項與信息句，逐項擊破 A項作者認為這位女士玩得很愉快(enjoy herself)，與信息句符合；B項張冠李戴，根據(jù)第四段中的“Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored.”可知，作者又等了15分鐘，漸漸感到有些厭煩，這說明作者正失去耐心，而不是那位女士正失去耐心；C項無中生有，文章并沒有提及那位女士等待日落；D項無中生有，文章沒有提及那位女士想起她的過去。 嘗試解答：_A 復(fù)復(fù) 習(xí)習(xí) 練練 案案