北京市2019中考英語二輪復習 閱讀理解（5）.doc

北京2019中考英語閱讀理解（五）專題十八 閱讀理解第5講北京朝陽一模閱讀理解CD篇教學目標1. 掌握本篇閱讀理解中出現(xiàn)的高頻詞及長難句。2. 掌握閱讀理解的解題技巧, 并能夠指出本篇閱讀理解中運用到的解題技巧。3. 通過閱讀理解高頻詞、長難句等語料的積累, 及閱讀理解解題技巧的練習, 靈活應對各種閱讀理解題。C篇名師點撥知識篇“巧婦難為無米之炊”, 在英語學習的過程中, 語料的積累至關重要。對于閱讀理解高頻詞和長難句的梳理, 能夠為我們今后的學習和提升打下良好的基礎。親愛的同學, 老師已經(jīng)為你梳理出了本篇文章中的一些高頻詞和長難句, 快來看看你掌握了嗎？高頻詞（課前檢測學生的詞匯量儲備, 以教師提問的形式進行。能夠準確翻譯的為優(yōu), 模糊翻譯的良, 不會翻譯的為差。）單詞/短語詞性詞義拓展掌握情況優(yōu)良差hear of聽說come up with提出inventv.發(fā)明n. invention considerv.考慮spreadv.傳播，展開avoidv.避免hitv. 打擊protectv.保護immediately adv.立即，立刻adj. immediatesimpleadj.簡單的長難句（課前檢測學生的句型儲備, 以教師提問的形式進行。能夠準確翻譯的為優(yōu), 模糊翻譯的良, 不會翻譯的為差。）1. While feeling thankful to this engineer from Volvo, you may also wonder how he came up with such a great idea.（優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：當我們感謝這位來自沃爾沃的工程師時，你也許也想知道他是怎樣提出這樣一個好主意的。本句中包含了一個由how引導的賓語從句，做wonder的賓語。2. In the end, he invented the three-point seat belt, which has been considered as one of the greatest inventions in history.（優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：最后，他發(fā)明了三點式安全帶，它被認為是歷史上最偉大的發(fā)明之一。本句為由which引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞three-point seat belt。3. Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car if you stop suddenly or are hit by another car. （優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：如果你突然停車或被另一輛車重擊，安全帶也能幫助保持你的上身遠離車子最堅硬的部位。本句話是由if引導的條件狀語從句，翻譯時要注意語序。方法篇“方法得當, 事半功倍。”只有語料的積累, 沒有好方法的輔助也是不夠的。對于閱讀理解解題方法的梳理, 能夠幫助我們更好地理解閱讀理解的命題邏輯, 在有足夠語料積累的基礎上, 能夠幫助我們爭取高分。親愛的同學, 老師已經(jīng)為你精心整理了閱讀理解的解題技巧, 快來看看你掌握了多少？一、閱讀理解解題步驟第一步快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大概。瀏覽時要注意以下句子：每段的開頭和結尾，重要的情節(jié)句子，如果遇到未學或不認識的單詞或不理解的句子，可以根據(jù)上下文猜測，切不可停留而放慢速度。第二步瀏覽問題，明確要求。把文章后每個題目內容看明白，這樣又能輔助進一步理解文章的主要內容，具體做題時就能對號入座，找到文章中確切表達所要回答問題的關鍵句子。第三步通篇尋讀，確定段落。也就是帶著問題去讀，找到要回答問題的關鍵詞、句或意群，以及任何有關答題的信息，用鉛筆畫下來，以便為下一步答題做好充分準備。第四步逐條分析，對號入座。把需要回答的問題和尋讀中找到的信息逐條分析，對號入座。一般來說，出題者問題設計都是按照文章內容自上到下順序設計的，根據(jù)難度先解決容易的，最后解決深層次的理解題。第五步復讀全文，驗證答案。全部題目做完后，必須再仔細閱讀一遍全文，進一步加深對文章理解，核實所選答案是否正確。二、閱讀理解解題技巧初中英語選擇型閱讀理解題主要分為四種題型，分別是細節(jié)理解題，推理判斷題，猜測詞義題和主旨大意題。接下來我們將從這四種題型的定義，設題方式和解題技巧三方面進行介紹。題型題型一：細節(jié)理解題解釋本類試題主要考察學生對閱讀材料中的某一特定細節(jié)或文章的主要事實的理解能力。問題包括詢問人（who）、物（what）、時間（when）、地點（where）、原因（cause）、結果（effect）、文中的數(shù)據(jù)（data）等。新聞、說明文、廣告信息等常?？疾爝@些細節(jié)。設題方式1. Which of the following statements is true/false?2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)?解題技巧1. 細心審題，直接就題找答案2. 變通理解，間接轉述找答案3. 多點歸納，綜合事實找答案典題精析Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（別扭的）.If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .A. get hurtB. give up cuttingC. feel awkwardD. change their tools本題可以運用到解題技巧1. 細心審題，直接就題找答案瀏覽題干，確定關鍵短語為cut up potatoes with their left hand，瀏覽段落，確定關鍵句 If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（別扭的）.“如果你是一個習慣用右手的人，用左手拿刀把土豆切成塊。如果你感到別扭并不讓人驚訝?！?，根據(jù)句意即可推斷出正確答案，故選C。題型題型二：推理判斷題解釋推理判斷題著重考察學生的邏輯思維能力，即要求學生根據(jù)文章的邏輯關系進行推理判斷。此類題目難度大，涉及面廣，如人物的性格、心理，故事的結局、寓意，文章的出處、體裁，作者的傾向、態(tài)度等。設題方式1. It can be inferred from the text that_.2. From the text we know that _.3. With which of the following does the author agree?4. The passage is probably taken from a _.解題技巧1. 通過文章陳述的事實進行推斷2. 根據(jù)文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，動作和語言進行推斷3. 根據(jù)作者的意圖和態(tài)度進行推斷典題精析Boredom is often linked with loneliness, but a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind. She told researchers about her childhood. Having few things to do, Syal often talked with her neighbors. She also tried to do things like learning to bake cakes. “But importantly, I Thought and wrote a lot, because I was bored,” Syal said. She kept a diary, filling her time with short stories and poems she made up.Grayson Perry, an artist, grew up in a family with little money. He enjoyed himself by making up stories, drawing pictures for his stories and reading many books in the library. Bored but free, he spent hours looking out of the window, watching the changing clouds and seasons. Perry filled up his free time with what he liked. He became creative, because he could think freely. The writer talks about Syal and Perry to .A. stress the great differences between themB. introduce a popular writer and a famous artistC. suggest good ways of going through boredomD. show effects of boredom on developing creativity本題可以運用到解題技巧2. 根據(jù)文章所提供的的背景，人物的表情，動作和語言進行推斷題干意為“作者談論Syal 和Perry的例子的目的是什么？”。兩個段落很長，我們首先要精讀段落，抓住兩個人物的態(tài)度，第一段中關鍵句為a writer named Meera Syal said boredom had helped her in developing her mind.意為“Meera Syal說無聊幫助她發(fā)展了她的思想”，第二段關鍵句為He became creative, because he could think freely.意為“他變得積極，因為他能夠自由思考”，由這兩句關鍵句可知兩個人都認為“無聊可以發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力，”，故選D。題型題型三：詞義猜測題解釋單詞的猜測能力是閱讀理解能力的主要組成部分，是考查對文中關鍵詞語的理解。而且，所考察的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)文中語境來判斷。設題方式1. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _.2. The word“”most likely means _.3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word _.解題技巧1. 通過因果關系猜測詞義2. 通過同義詞和近、反義詞的關系猜測詞義3. 通過構詞法猜測詞義4. 通過定義或釋義說明來猜測詞義5. 通過描述猜測詞義6. 用知識和生活經(jīng)驗猜測詞義7. 根據(jù)上下文的指代關系猜測詞義典題精析Children are expected by their parents to be reading a textbook all the time. However, research shows that it may hamper the development of their imagination, while boredom can give them opportunities to develop creativity. What does the word “hamper” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A. Slow down.B. Keep up with.C. Go beyond.D. Give rise to.本題可以運用到解題技巧2. 通過同義詞和近、反義詞的關系猜測詞義瀏覽本段，會發(fā)現(xiàn)本段中存在轉折連詞while“然而”，while后的句意為“無聊能給他們發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力的機會”，所以while之前的句意應該與之相反，進一步推測詞義。A意為“（使）慢下來”，B意為“跟上”，C意為“超出”，D意為“引起，導致”，故選A。題型題型四：主旨大意題解釋考查學生對文章主題或中心思想的領會和理解能力。設題方式1. 問標題：What is the main topic of the passage? / The best title for the passage is _.2. 問中心：The first paragraph is mainly about the _. / The passage is mostly about _.3. 問目的，態(tài)度：The author wants to tell _. / The purpose of this article is to _.解題技巧1. 瀏覽文章首尾段和各段開頭，抓住主旨段或主旨句2. 瀏覽全文，抓住關鍵字眼，把握主旨3. 以掌握主旨為前提，處理推斷作者語氣及寫作意圖典題精析In the past, people thought it was strange to use the left hand. Young students looked down upon their left-handed classmates. Some children were even punished for using their left hand to write. But these days parents and teachers have accepted that. In almost every school in the world, left-handed students can use their left hand to write.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A. Causes of being left handed. B. Encouragement to left-handersC. Punishment for using the left hand. D. Changes in opinions on left-handers.本題可以運用到解題技巧2. 瀏覽全文，抓住關鍵字眼，把握主旨本題考察的是第二段段落大意，要首先鎖定第二段的關鍵詞but，but之前的關鍵詞in the past和it was strange to use the left hand表明了在過去人們認為使用左手是奇怪的，but之后的關鍵詞these days和have accepted that表明了現(xiàn)在人們接受了慣用左手的人。所以這段主要是講述了人們關于慣用左手的人的態(tài)度上的轉變。可以判定答案為Changes in opinions on left-handers.，故選D。語篇精講瀏覽問題（抓住題干及選項中的關鍵詞，以便有目的性的通讀文章）題號題干及選項1Three-point seat belts reduce chances of death or injury by at least_.（細節(jié)理解題）A. 10%B. 30%C. 40%D. 50%2Nils Bohlin invented the three-point seat belt in order to_.（細節(jié)理解題）A. take a car journey quicklyB. show thanks to the engineerC. keep the pilots safe in an accidentD. improve the safety for people in the cars3From the passage we can learn_.（細節(jié)理解題）A. hips and shoulders arent the older children and adults strongest partsB. seat belts can keep your knees and feet away from the hard parts of the carC. the body has more time to slow down in an accident with the help of seat beltsD. head and spinal cord injuries might be easy to see immediately and cause death4This passage is mainly about_.（主旨大意題）A. how seat belts are madeB. how seat belts are usedC. how seat belts save livesD. how seat belts develop better通篇尋讀（通讀文章，根據(jù)問題中的關鍵詞標記出文章中的重點詞，短語或句子，為逐題分析做準備）話題體裁字數(shù)建議用時實際用時正確率星級科普環(huán)保類說明文4027分鐘_/4Few of us have heard of Nils Bohlin, but whenever we take a car journey his invention makes us safer. Found in almost every modem car, the three-point seat belt reduces our chances of death or injury (傷害）by at least 50% . While feeling thankful to this engineer from Volvo, you may also wonder how he came up with such a great idea.Having worked as a plane designer before, Nils knew clearly that the pilots were willing to put on anything to keep them safe in an accident, but to his surprise, most people in the cars just didnt want to be uncomfortable for even a minute. To improve the safety for people in the cars, he decided to find a perfect system which should be simple, effective and convenient. In the end, he invented the three-point seat belt, which has been considered as one of the greatest inventions in history.Seat belts prevent people in the cars from serious injury in five ways.Keep people inside. People who are thrown out from a car are four times more likely to be killed than those who stay inside.Protect the strongest parts of the body. Seat belts are designed to fix your body at its strongest parts. For an older child and adult, these parts are the hips (臀部)and shoulders.Spread out the force in an accident. Seat belts spread the force of the accident over a wide area of the body. By putting less stress on one area, they can help you avoid serious injury. Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car if you stop suddenly or are hit by another car.Help the body to slow down, A quick speed causes injury. With the help of the seat belts, your body can have more time to slow down in an accident.Protect your brain and spinal cord (脊柱). Seat belts are designed to protect these two key areas of the human body. Head and spinal cord injuries may be hard to see immediately, but they can cause death. Therefore, its of great importance to protect these parts.It takes only a few seconds to buckle up (系好安全帶）once you get in the car, but this simple action could save your life. Why wouldnt you?逐題分析語篇解讀：本文是一篇科普環(huán)保類的說明文。主要介紹了three-point seat belt（三點式安全帶）的發(fā)明者，發(fā)明目的及用途。1. Three-point seat belts reduce chances of death or injury by at least_.A. 10%B. 30%C. 40%D. 50%解析：D.細節(jié)理解題。題干意為“three-point seat belt減少了死亡或受傷的幾率至少_?！?，根據(jù)題干關鍵短語reduce chances of death or injury可將答案鎖定在第一段中，根據(jù)第一段中關鍵句the three-point seat belt reduces our chances of death or injury (傷害）by at least 50% .可以判定正確答案應該為50%。2. Nils Bohlin invented the three-point seat belt in order to_.A. take a car journey quicklyB. show thanks to the engineerC. keep the pilots safe in an accidentD. improve the safety for people in the cars解析：D. 細節(jié)理解題。題干意為“Nils Bohlin發(fā)明了三點式安全帶為了_?”根據(jù)題干可將答案鎖定在文章第二段中，關鍵句to improve the safety for people in the cars為不定式表目的，意為“為了提高車里人們的安全”，這正是發(fā)明three-point seat belt的目的，故選D。3. From the passage we can learn_.A. hips and shoulders arent the older children and adults strongest partsB. seat belts can keep your knees and feet away from the hard parts of the carC. the body has more time to slow down in an accident with the help of seat beltsD. head and spinal cord injuries might be easy to see immediately and cause death解析：C. 細節(jié)理解題。本題需要逐項排除。A項意為“臀部和肩膀不是大孩子和成年人最強壯的部分。”，根據(jù)五個方面的第二條中的關鍵句“For an older child and adult, these parts are the hips (臀部)and shoulders.”可以判定此項錯誤；B項意為“安全帶能夠保持你的膝蓋和腳遠離車子最堅硬的部分。”，根據(jù)第三條中的關鍵句“Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car”可以判定此項錯誤；C項意為“事故中在安全帶的幫助下身體有更多時間來放慢速度”，根據(jù)第四條中的關鍵句“With the help of the seat belts, your body can have more time to slow down in an accident.”可以判定此項與全文一致，為正確答案；D項意為“頭和脊柱傷可能很容易的立即被看到并導致死亡?！保鶕?jù)第五條關鍵句“Head and spinal cord injuries may be hard to see immediately”可以判定此項是錯誤的。4. This passage is mainly about_.A. how seat belts are madeB. how seat belts are usedC. how seat belts save livesD. how seat belts develop better解析：C主旨大意題。A項意為“安全帶是怎樣被制作的？”；B項意為“安全帶是怎樣用的”；C項意為“安全帶是怎樣拯救生命的？”；D項意為“安全帶怎樣發(fā)展的更好”，根據(jù)文章五種方法的詳細介紹可知主要講的是安全帶是怎樣拯救生命的，而并沒有詳細的說安全帶的制作方式，用法及發(fā)展。精講筆記（學生在教師的指導下, 回顧本講中積累的閱讀理解的知識和方法）語篇中積累的詞匯（至少積累10個）單詞詞性及詞義單詞的運用（鼓勵學生用所學詞匯造句）語篇中的學到的方法（至少掌握2種）細節(jié)理解題1、2、3推理判斷題詞義猜測題主旨大意題4能力提升基礎過關一、詞匯/短語英漢互譯單詞/短語詞性詞義hear ofcome up withv.發(fā)明v.考慮spreadv.v.避免v. 打擊v.保護immediately adv.simpleadj.二、句子英漢互譯1. 商店應存有最暢銷的貨物。_.2. 如果他用跑的，他就會及時趕到那。_.3. While feeling thankful to this engineer from Volvo, you may also wonder how he came up with such a great idea._.4. In the end, he invented the three-point seat belt, which has been considered as one of the greatest inventions in history._.5. Seat belts also help keep your upper body away from the hard parts of the car if you stop suddenly or are hit by another car. _.閱讀練習話題體裁字數(shù)建議用時實際用時正確率星級日常生活類說明文3817分鐘_/4Where did that number come from?Eleven and TwelveThe reason behind the change in number naming is that eleven comes from the German term ainlif, which translates to “one left”. Twelve follows the same rule. It comes from twalif“two left”. Why teen is used instead of lif for 13 through 19? There is something sadly lost in history.911 for US Emergency (急救) CallsEarly phones didnt use phone numbersthe operator had to connect your call by handand this led to the need for an emergency code (信號). But later phone numbers became popular, that changed. In 1967, 911 was chosen as the nationwide emergency call because it was easy to remember and could be quickly dialed (撥) on the phone.26.2 Miles in a Marathon (馬拉松)The story began with an ancient Greek soldier carrying message from a battlefield (戰(zhàn)場) in Marathon to Athens. The modern marathon was born as a flagship event in the first Olympic Games, in 1896, with a distance (距離) of about 25 miles (40 km), as long as the distance from Marathon to Athens. But race organizers for the 1908 Olympic Games in London wanted to add something special. The race began at Windsor Castle and ended at White City Stadium, with runners finishing only after passing the royal (皇室的) box. The distance was 26.2 miles (42.1 km). And since 1924 this distance has been kept in marathon.28 Days in FebruaryBefore using the Gregorian calendar that we use today, one of the first Roman calendars had only 304 days and ten months (March through December), with six months of 30 days and four of 31 days. The second king of Rome improved the old calendar. He added 50 days for January and February. To make the new months longer, he took one day from each of the 30-day months, making 56 days to divide between January and February (or 28 days each). Later January was given one more day to add up to 355 days a year, but February still had 28 days. Thats how it became the shortest month and it stayed that way ever since.1. Which language do eleven and twelve come from?（細節(jié)理解題）A. English.B. German.C. French.D. Russian.2. When was the number 911 chosen for US emergency calls?（細節(jié)理解題）A. In 1896.B. In 1908.C. In 1924.D. In 1967.3. The marathon distance was made longer at London Olympic Games because _.（細節(jié)理解題）A. the British was a little weak in mathsB. the British didnt like the Greek storyC. the British loved the royal family very muchD. the British wanted to make the race different4. How many days were there in each month after the king improved the old calendar?（推理判斷題）A. 28, 29 or 31.B. 28, 30 or 31.C. 28, 29 or 30.D. 29, 30 or 31.參考答案基礎過關一、詞匯/短語英漢互譯單詞/短語詞性詞義hear of聽說come up with提出inventv.發(fā)明considerv.考慮spreadv.傳播，展開avoidv.避免hitv. 打擊protectv.保護immediately adv.立即，立刻simpleadj.簡單的二、句子英漢互譯。1. A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.2. If he runs, he will get there in time. 3. 當我們感謝這位來自沃爾沃的工程師時，你也許也想知道他是怎樣提出這樣一個好主意的。4. 最后，他發(fā)明了三點式安全帶，它被認為是歷史上最偉大的發(fā)明之一。5. 如果你突然停車或被另一輛車重擊，安全帶也能幫助保持你的上身遠離車子最堅硬的部位。閱讀練習1. B 2. D 3. D 4. AD篇名師點撥知識篇高頻詞單詞/短語詞性詞義拓展掌握情況優(yōu)良差togetheradv.在一起pass away去世separatelyadv.分別地amazingadj.令人驚異的missv.錯過，思念specialadj.特殊的set aside留出hardlyadv. 幾乎不meaningfuladj. 有意義的opp. meaninglessn. meaningeffectn.效果，影響comparev.比較，對照opportunityn.機會relationshipn. 關系similarlyadv.類似地worthadj. 值得的長難句1. Not eating together also has negative (消極的）effects both physically and psychologically (心理上地）.（優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：不和家人一起吃飯對生理方面及心理方面都有消極的影響。本句要注意兩方面內容：1. 本句為動名詞短語做主語；2. 本句涉及重點句型：bothand“和都”，可將這個句型拓展到寫作當中。2. Just the opposite, children who do eat dinner with their parents five or more days a week are less likely to run away from school without reason.（優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：恰恰相反，每周和父母一起吃晚飯五天或超過五天的孩子們不太可能沒有理由的逃學。本句為who引導的定語從句，修飾children。3. Then how do we eat better, not just from a nutritional perspective (營養(yǎng)角度),but from a psychological one as well?（優(yōu)*良*差*）_句意：那么我們怎樣吃的更好，不止是從營養(yǎng)角度，也是從一個心理的角度？本句涉及句型“notbut”，意為“不是而是”，同樣可以用在寫作當中。方法篇“方法得當, 事半功倍。”只有語料的積累, 沒有好方法的輔助也是不夠的。對于閱讀理解解題方法的梳理, 能夠幫助我們更好地理解閱讀理解的命題邏輯, 在有足夠語料積累的基礎上, 能夠幫助我們爭取高分。親愛的同學, 老師已經(jīng)為你精心整理了閱讀理解的解題技巧, 快來看看你掌握了多少？一、閱讀理解解題步驟第一步快速瀏覽全文，了解文章大概。瀏覽時要注意以下句子：每段的開頭和結尾，重要的情節(jié)句子，如果遇到未學或不認識的單詞或不理解的句子，可以根據(jù)上下文猜測，切不可停留而放慢速度。第二步瀏覽問題，明確要求。把文章后每個題目內容看明白，這樣又能輔助進一步理解文章的主要內容，具體做題時就能對號入座，找到文章中確切表達所要回答問題的關鍵句子。第三步通篇尋讀，確定段落。也就是帶著問題去讀，找到要回答問題的關鍵詞、句或意群，以及任何有關答題的信息，用鉛筆畫下來，以便為下一步答題做好充分準備。第四步逐條分析，對號入座。把需要回答的問題和尋讀中找到的信息逐條分析，對號入座。一般來說，出題者問題設計都是按照文章內容自上到下順序設計的，根據(jù)難度先解決容易的，最后解決深層次的理解題。第五步復讀全文，驗證答案。全部題目做完后，必須再仔細閱讀一遍全文，進一步加深對文章理解，核實所選答案是否正確。二、閱讀理解解題技巧初中英語選擇型閱讀理解題主要分為四種題型，分別是細節(jié)理解題，推理判斷題，猜測詞義題和主旨大意題。接下來我們將從這四種題型的定義，設題方式和解題技巧三方面進行介紹。題型題型一：細節(jié)理解題解釋本類試題主要考察學生對閱讀材料中的某一特定細節(jié)或文章的主要事實的理解能力。問題包括詢問人（who）、物（what）、時間（when）、地點（where）、原因（cause）、結果（effect）、文中的數(shù)據(jù)（data）等。新聞、說明文、廣告信息等常?？疾爝@些細節(jié)。設題方式1. Which of the following statements is true/false?2. Which of the following is (not) mentioned?3. According to the passage, when( where, why, how, who, etc)?解題技巧1. 細心審題，直接就題找答案2. 變通理解，間接轉述找答案3. 多點歸納，綜合事實找答案典題精析Which hand do you use when write? About 8 to 15 percent of people are left handed. They often have to use tools that are designed for right-handed people. So it is difficult for left-handers to use most tools. If you are right handed, try this experiment: Take a knife with your left hand and try cutting a potato into pieces. Dont be surprised if you feel awkward（別扭的）.If right-handers cut up potatoes with their left hand, they will .A. get hurtB. give