多功能果蔬打漿機設計-帶開題報告【7張CAD圖紙及說明書全套】【YC系列】

【溫馨提示】====設計包含CAD圖紙 和 DOC文檔，均可以在線預覽，所見即所得，，dwg后綴的文件為CAD圖，超高清，可編輯，無任何水印，，充值下載得到【資源目錄】里展示的所有文件======課題帶三維，則表示文件里包含三維源文件，由于三維組成零件數量較多，為保證預覽的簡潔性，店家將三維文件夾進行了打包。三維預覽圖，均為店主電腦打開軟件進行截圖的，保證能夠打開，下載后解壓即可。======詳情可咨詢QQ：1304139763 上海師范大學天華學院 2012 屆 畢業(yè)設計（論文）開題報告 設計（論文）題目 多功能果蔬打漿機設計 學生姓名 學號 專業(yè)、班級 系部 指導老師姓名 一、選題的作用及意義 隨著社會的進步，經濟的發(fā)展，促使人們的生活水平和生活質量也在不斷的提高，因此人們在飲食方面也逐漸開始注重起來了，不僅要考慮健康還要考慮便捷，為此人們發(fā)明了果蔬打漿機等等，來達到飲食的便捷性。 因為市場的大量需求，果蔬打漿生產線成為廣受歡迎的產品，具有高速、成套、自動化水平高、穩(wěn)定性好等特點，大大的降低了生產時間，提高了生產效率，是生產廠家的首選設備。為提高生產質量，縮短生產周期的要求，提高勞動生產率，節(jié)約大量勞動力，可降低勞動強度，改善勞動條件。 二、國內外的現狀和發(fā)展趨勢等情況 目前，世界上有三大果蔬主產區(qū)：美國、意大利和中國。美國所產的果蔬醬主要提供美國國內食用，其出口量僅占全球貿易總量的6%-7%；意大利和中國的出口量各占到全球貿易總量的30%。近兩年美國果蔬大幅減產，歐盟果蔬種植加工量急劇下降，中國果蔬醬市場占用份額逐年加大。 近幾十年來，世界范圍內的果蔬產量和制品貿易增長迅速，中國果蔬及制品貿易在世界果蔬貿易的地位也越來越重要，對世界果蔬貿易產生了重要的影響。 中國果蔬加工產業(yè)的迅速崛起和發(fā)展，使中國已經躋身世界主要生產國家的行列。 作為新鮮果蔬食用消費大國，據不完全統(tǒng)計，中國全國每年新鮮果蔬的消費量達到二千六百萬噸，與全球果蔬加工數字相近。今后中國果蔬制品消費將呈現每年增長百分之十五的發(fā)展趨勢。 目前中國擁有麥當勞、肯德基快餐店三千余家，每天快餐消費超過三百萬人次，油炸土豆條配有果蔬沙司，成為中國消費者消費果蔬制品的最佳方式。 中國果蔬原料種植面積達一百萬畝，主要分布在、內蒙和甘肅，是全世界三大主要種植區(qū)域之一。其中果蔬種植面積八十萬畝，是中國加工果蔬種植最大的省區(qū)。中國果蔬醬紅色素高，色差、粘稠度和霉菌均達到世界同類產品先進水平，而相對低廉的制造成本，構建了產品的競爭力。 果蔬醬和果蔬漿果蔬醬罐頭是世界上主要的蔬菜罐頭之一，它由果蔬經打漿、濃縮而成，是果蔬的主要加工品。世界年貿易量100萬t左右，主要作調料或湯料，同時是加工果蔬沙司的主要原料，也是加工混合蔬菜、茄汁魚、豆等屹頭的輔料。果蔬醬根據其濃縮程度不同有?。?4％—27.9％）、中（28％—31.9％）、濃（32％—39.3％）和超濃（大于39.3％）幾種。還有低于24％的產品，稱果蔬漿或果蔬泥，常見的為?。?.0％—10.1％）、中等（10.2％—11.2％）和濃（15.0％—24.0％）幾種。 果蔬制品的主要產品有果蔬紅素、大包裝果蔬醬、小罐果蔬調味醬、果蔬沙司、以果蔬汁等，但無論何種制品，都要對果蔬進行打漿，打漿的方法主要有人工打漿，機械打漿，人工打漿效果低，加工條件質量不夠好，產量低，顯然不能滿足果蔬加工行業(yè)的需求，加工時果蔬進入頭道物料桶內，主軸帶動葉輪高速旋轉，物料被葉輪帶動與篩網磨擦擠壓，使得果蔬的肉、汁與皮、籽分離，肉和汁通過篩網上的小孔從出料口排出，皮和籽則向軸端推進經過排渣口排出。 打漿機是圍繞打漿的工藝流程展開的，其工作原理是：主軸帶動葉輪高速旋轉，物料被葉輪帶動形成擠壓，使得果蔬的肉、汁、皮和籽分離，肉和汁通過篩網上的小孔，產品由出料口接管道把液體引流再灌入洗瓶機出來的潔凈瓶子由輸瓶帶送入灌裝機的進瓶螺旋，經進瓶星輪送至回轉臺的托瓶氣缸上并升高．瓶口在定中裝置的 導向下緊壓灌裝閥的下料口，形成密封。瓶子 在被抽真空后，貯液缸內的背壓氣體被沖 人瓶中，當瓶中氣體壓力與貯液缸內氣體壓力 相等時，液閥在液閥彈簧的作用下開啟．此時 啤酒通過回氣管上傘型反射環(huán)的導向作用．自 動沿瓶壁灌入玻璃瓶內，玻璃瓶中的，通過 回氣管被置換回貯液缸內．當液面上升到一定 高度并將回氣管口封閉時．自動停止下流的液體。然 后將液閥和氣閥關閉，排掉瓶頸部位的壓力氣 體以防止帶氣液在玻璃瓶下降時的噴涌，這 樣便完成了整個灌裝過程。 當前國內外果蔬打漿方式是通過打漿機打漿。各式各樣的打漿機大同小異，有單道打漿機、雙道打漿機甚至多道打漿機。灌裝機主要有：液體灌裝機，顆粒灌裝機，膏體灌裝機等。但他們的原理都是到旋轉型灌注機進行灌裝和封口，在通過帶輪運輸出去。如果是雙道打漿或者多道打漿，就是第一道產品到第二道繼續(xù)打漿再進過管道運輸到灌裝機進行灌裝封口，以此類推。 隨著食品工業(yè)的發(fā)展，在果蔬打漿、包裝設備不斷的向高的方向發(fā)展。目前這方面的發(fā)展水平主要是澳大利亞、日本、法國等國家。主要表現為生產效率高、設備結構優(yōu)化、多功能化、自動化等。 三、完成此任務的思路及方案 1.思路大綱 1、緒論 2、打漿機的結構設計 2.1打漿工藝流程簡介 2.1基本結構設計 3、打漿機設計參數的確定 3.1電動機的選擇 3.2傳動參數計算 4、主要零件的設計與校核 4.1 V帶傳動的設計 4.2齒輪傳動的設計 5.3傳動主軸的設計 5.4軸上零件的選擇 5.5滾筒的設計 2. 方案 當前國內外果蔬的打漿方式主要是通過打漿機打漿，各式各樣的打漿機但都大同小異，有單道打漿機，二道打漿機，甚至多道打漿機，但他們的原理都是：主軸帶動葉輪高速旋轉，物料被葉輪帶動與篩網磨擦擠壓，使得果蔬的肉、汁與皮、籽分離，肉和汁通過篩網上的小孔，產品由出料口排出，廢品由排渣口排出；如果是雙道打漿或者多道打漿，就是第一道的產品進入第二道繼續(xù)打漿，以此類推。打漿機結構方案如下圖： 圖1 打漿機結構原理圖 1-電動機 2-皮帶輪 3-進料控制板 4-進料裝置 5-螺旋進料 6-破碎漿 7-實心長軸 8-棍棒 9-滾筒 10-篩筒 11-銷釘 12-機架 13-廢料出口 14-出料口 原理：如上圖所示，它具有開口的圓筒篩水平安裝在機殼內部,筒身用0.35-1.20毫米厚的不銹鋼板（在其上面沖有孔眼）彎曲成圓厚焊接而成，并在其兩邊焊上加強圈以增加其強度。但也有用兩個半圓體由螺釘連接而成筒體。軸支撐在軸承上，在軸上裝有使物料移向破碎槳葉的螺旋推進器以及擦碎物料用的兩根棍棒（棍棒又稱刮板），棍棒是用螺栓和安裝在軸上的夾持器相連的，通過調整螺栓可以調整棍棒與篩筒壁之間的距離。棍棒對稱安裝于軸的兩側，而且與軸線有一夾角，這夾角叫導程角。棍棒用不銹鋼制造，實際上是一塊長方形的不銹鋼板，為了保護圓筒篩，有時還在棍棒上裝上耐酸橡膠板。還有下料斗、收集漏斗及機架、傳動系統(tǒng)等。 物料進入篩筒后，由于棍棒的回轉作用和導程角的存在，使物料沿著圓筒向出口端移動，移動的軌跡實際上是一條螺旋線。物料就在棍棒與篩筒之間的移動過程中守離心力作用而被擦碎，汁液和肉質（已成漿狀）從篩孔中通過到收集器中送到下一道工序。皮和籽等則從圓筒另一開口端排出，以此達到分離的目的。 四、所需儀器和設備 電機、V帶及帶輪、減速器、打漿滾筒及篩筒、螺旋進料器、支架、軸承、鍵、軸 5、 參考文獻 [1] 葉興乾/等.出口加工蔬菜[M]. 北京. 中國農業(yè)出版社. 1997-05 1997-05 P35-65 [2] 李喜秋.畫法幾何及機械制圖習題集[M].武漢.華中科技大學2008.4 P88-111 [3] 紀名剛等.機械設計[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2005.12 [4] 周良德，朱泗芳等編著[M]．長沙.現代工程圖學．湖南科學技術出版社.2000.8 [5] 羅迎社.材料力學[M].武漢.武漢理工出版社.2000.10 P23-55 [6] 席偉光.機械設計課程設計[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2002.9 [7] 洪鐘德.簡明機械設計手冊[M].上海.同濟大學出版社.2002.1 [8] 徐灝主編.機械設計手冊[M]．北京.機械工業(yè)出版社，1999.1 [9] 成大先.機械設計手冊[M].上海.化學工業(yè)出版社 [10] 劉燕萍. 工程材料[M].北京. 國防工業(yè)出版社.2009.9 P48-76 學生姓名 __________（簽名） 日期： 年 月 日 指導教師評語： 指導教師 _________（簽名） 日期： 年 月 日 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 畢業(yè)設計（論文） 摘 要 因為大量的市場需求，水果和蔬菜生產線產品的精制成為流行的高速，自動化程度高，穩(wěn)定性好等特點，大大降低了生產時間，提高生產效率；多功能機廠家的首選設備。水果和蔬菜提煉本設計可以完成碎漿，蔬菜，水果和蔬菜和水果補充和混合切碎，粘貼，分離汁和肉。 本設計主要是針對功能多的水果和蔬菜的鼓手的設計。首先，通過精煉的蔬菜和水果機的原理和結構分析，在此基礎上提出了程序的總體結構；然后，主要技術參數的選擇計算；然后，主要部件的設計及驗證；最后，通過AutoCAD圖形軟件繪制裝配圖的多功能脫粒和水果和蔬菜的主要部件圖。 通過這次設計，建設大學的專業(yè)知識，例如：、機械設計、材料力學、寬容和互換性和機械制圖，掌握機械產品設計方法和經驗，利用AutoCAD軟件，在今后的工作生活具有重要的意義。 關鍵詞:果蔬，打漿，齒輪，電機 Abstract Because of the large market demand, fruit and vegetable pulping production line become popular products, has characteristics, such as speed, complete, high level of automation, good stability, greatly reducing the production time, improve production efficiency, is the preferred equipment manufacturers. The design of multifunctional fruit and vegetable pulping machine can complete vegetable stir chopped, beating, and completion of the fruits and vegetables and fruit mixed material of minced, beating, juice and meat separation. This design is mainly for the design of multifunctional vegetable beater. First of all, based on fruit and vegetable pulping machine structure and principle analysis, this analysis is proposed based on the overall structure of the program; then, the main technical parameters were calculated to select; then, of the main parts were designed and checked. Finally, through the AutoCAD drawing software drawn multifunctional fruit and vegetable pulping machine assembly and major parts of the map. Through the design, the consolidation of the University of the professional knowledge, such as: mechanical principles, mechanical design, mechanics of materials, tolerance and interchangeability theories, mechanical drawing; master the design method of general machinery products and be able to skillfully use AutoCAD drawing software, for the future work in life is of great significance. Key words: Fruit, Beating, Gear, Motor 目錄 摘 要 I Abstract II 1 緒論 1 1.1研究背景及意義 1 1.2國內外研究現狀 1 1.3現有果蔬打漿設備 2 2 總體方案設計 3 2.1設計要求 3 2.2方案選定 3 2.3原理分析 3 2.4基本結構 4 3 主要零部件設計 5 3.1電機的選擇 5 3.2總體動力參數計算 5 3.2.1傳動比計算 5 3.2.2各軸的轉速 5 3.2.3各軸的輸入功率 6 3.2.4各軸的輸入轉矩 6 3.3 V帶傳動的設計 6 3.3.1V帶的基本參數 6 3.3.2帶輪結構的設計 9 3.4齒輪傳動設計 9 3.4.1選精度等級、材料和齒數 9 3.4.2按齒面接觸疲勞強度設計 9 3.4.3按齒根彎曲強度設計 11 3.4.4幾何尺寸計算 13 3.5軸及軸承、鍵的設計 14 3.5.1尺寸與結構設計計算 14 3.5.2強度校核計算 15 3.5.3鍵的選擇與校核 16 3.5.4軸承的選擇與校核 16 3.6進料螺旋攪龍設計 17 3.7機架設計 18 總 結 20 參考文獻 21 致 謝 22 21 1 緒論 1.1研究背景及意義 隨著社會的進步，經濟的發(fā)展，生活水平的提高和人們生活質量的不斷提高，因此，人們在飲食中逐漸開始關注健康，不僅應考慮到實踐，為此，他們發(fā)明了磨漿機的蔬菜和水果等，以達到方便食品。 因為大量的市場需求，水果和蔬菜生產線產品的精制成為流行的高速，自動化程度高，穩(wěn)定性好等特點，大大降低了生產時間，提高生產效率；制造商的首選設備。為提高產品質量，降低生產周期的要求，提高勞動生產率，節(jié)約勞動力，降低勞動強度，改善工作條件。精煉的水果和蔬菜，目前主要通過打漿機打漿所有，但是，只有一個通道的鼓手，二擊球員一樣多，但他們更獨特的功能。多功能機的蔬菜和水果提煉本設計可以完成碎漿，蔬菜，水果和蔬菜，補充和水果混合漿汁，切碎，與分離的肉。 1.2國內外研究現狀 目前，有三個主要產區(qū)的水果和蔬菜的世界：美國、意大利和中國醬油的水果和蔬菜產品主要提供美國，食用，其出口量僅占總數的6%到7%全球貿易；出口量的意大利和中國的全球貿易總額的30%。過去兩年，美國的水果和蔬菜，水果和蔬菜的歐盟大幅減少急劇下降的文化處理量水果和蔬菜的市場份額占領醬，每年都在增加。 在過去的幾十年，生產的水果和蔬菜產品，貿易和世界貿易的迅速增長，水果和蔬菜產品在世界貿易中的地位越來越重要的水果和蔬菜，水果和蔬菜的貿易產生了重要的影響。 迅速興起和發(fā)展，中國產業(yè)轉型的水果和蔬菜，使中國在世界上的主要生產國的行列。喜歡吃水果和新鮮蔬菜，據不完全統(tǒng)計，全國每年消費的水果和蔬菜二千六百萬噸新鮮，水果和蔬菜加工數字未來類似的水果和蔬菜的消費趨勢，每年增長15%。 精制的水果和蔬菜，目前主要通過打漿機打漿五花八門，但是，只有一個通道的鼓手，二擊球員一樣多，但他們：主軸帶動葉輪高速旋轉，帶材料動態(tài)摩擦輪和篩擠壓，使水果和蔬菜，肉，分離汁和皮，種子，水果和果汁，穿過篩孔的肉產品從廢物排放口的開口排渣排出；如果是雙通道或精煉精煉等該產品首次進入第二行繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。 隨著食品工業(yè)的發(fā)展，水果和蔬菜、精制、包裝設備不斷向高的方向。這方面的發(fā)展水平主要是澳大利亞、日本、法國等國家。主要用于生產效率高，結構自動化設備等多種功能。 1.3現有果蔬打漿設備 精制的水果和蔬菜，目前主要通過打漿機打漿五花八門，但是，有一道的打漿，二道打漿，但他們的原則是主軸帶動葉輪高速旋轉，物料由一驅動輪擠壓摩擦和屏幕，使肉，水果和蔬菜汁的分離和皮膚，種子，水果和果汁，穿過篩孔的肉產品從廢物排放口的排渣口排出。如果是雙通道或精煉精煉等產品第一個輸入第二行繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。 2 總體方案設計 2.1設計要求 設計多功能果蔬打漿機。 2.2方案選定 本次設計的多功能打漿機采用如下方案： 圖2-1 打漿機結構原理圖 1-電動機 2-皮帶輪 3-進料控制板 4-進料裝置 5-螺旋進料 6-破碎漿 7-實心長軸 8-棍棒 9-離心筒 10-篩筒 11-銷釘 12-機架 13-廢料出口 14-出料口 2.3原理分析 鼓手的水果和蔬菜的原則：如上所述，具有開口的圓筒篩水平安裝在外殼內，筒體與不銹鋼板（其上的孔）成圓厚焊接彎曲，兩側焊接加強環(huán)，以增加其也有兩個半圓體通過螺釘固定在筒體。支撐軸在軸承安裝在軸上，使材料的兩個螺旋刃磨到與所使用的材料（也被稱為這些樹枝刮棒），通過螺栓與你T軸安裝夾連接，通過調節(jié)螺栓之間的距離可以調節(jié)俱樂部和筒壁兩側對稱篩。棒安裝在軸上，軸角，這是不銹鋼棒，不銹鋼箔，一個矩形塊，為了保護一個圓筒篩，有時酸橡膠板上還棒。 當物料進入篩筒，由于存在旋轉導向和傾斜角度，使物料沿氣缸的輸出端的運動軌跡，實際上是一個線之間移動在俱樂部和篩筒或離心力的作用，這些汁和肉品質（漿）通過以下程序集從網格。皮膚，如種子和一個開放的氣缸的另一端排出，以達到目標分離。 2.4基本結構 如上圖2-1所示打漿機的結構原理簡圖，打漿機的基本結構主要包括圓筒篩，破碎槳葉，傳動部分以及機架。 （1）圓筒 問題鋼瓶是專為滿足正常生產，由下半圓柱形不銹鋼焊接，不銹鋼，因為處理的食品加工，必須能夠耐腐蝕，防銹，不是因為材料本身和污染環(huán)境的產品，更好的食品衛(wèi)生狀況，并具有抗沖擊、抗磨損，如選擇45鋼為材料設計的圓柱離心筒附近焊接處內壁與網絡在郵件鋼的金屬壁上方的圓柱形外，有一個開口，如果有問題，可以觀察的情況內的出口和入口，設計渣，應根據條件的采集裝置的位置，確定具體的實踐。 （2）破碎槳葉 斷葉片在整個工作過程的作用初步壓碎的水果和蔬菜，水果和蔬菜的輸入時，電源通過螺旋傳動離心筒首先進入，通過粉碎刀在脫粒離心筒軸套焊接。破碎引起的轉子葉片在旋轉軸，軸的一端固定在肩上，因為設計的脫粒機不需要很精確，使另一端可固定銷。 （3）傳動部分 傳動帶是一級傳動，電機固定在機架的下部。 （4）機架 機架的設計應能更好地使機器工作穩(wěn)定，不產生強烈振動；支持HT150鑄件。 （5）其它 筒的右端設有排污口，下端設有出口產品，左上方有一個入口。 3 主要零部件設計 3.1電機的選擇 電機是標準件。因為工作腔，運動負荷穩(wěn)定，所以選擇通用系列全封閉自扇冷式三相異步電動機鼠籠。 市場調查的果蔬在破碎機電機的選擇為Y100L1-4，其額定功率為2.2KW，滿載轉速為1420r/min。 3.2總體動力參數計算 3.2.1傳動比計算 所選電動機的額定轉速為 取打漿主軸軸轉速為： 故V帶傳動比為： 則：； ； 3.2.2各軸的轉速 1軸 2軸 離心筒 3.2.3各軸的輸入功率 1軸 2軸 離心筒 3.2.4各軸的輸入轉矩 電機軸 1軸 2軸 離心筒 3.3 V帶傳動的設計 3.3.1V帶的基本參數 1）確定計算功率： 已知：；； 查《機械設計基礎》表13-8得工況系數：； 則： 對于A型帶選用 （3）實際中心距： 6）驗算主動輪上的包角： 由 得 其中為小帶輪的包角。 3.3.2帶輪結構的設計 3.4齒輪傳動設計 3.4.1選精度等級、材料和齒數 3.4.2按齒面接觸疲勞強度設計 由設計計算公式進行試算，即 （i）計算 試算小齒輪分度圓直徑，代入中的較小值 計算圓周速度v 3.4.3按齒根彎曲強度設計 彎曲強度的設計公式為 1）確定公式內的計算數值 由圖6.15查得 小齒輪的彎曲疲勞強度極限 大齒輪的數據大 5）設計計算 對比計算得到的結果，由齒輪齒面接觸疲勞強度計算得到的模數大于由齒輪齒根彎曲疲勞強度計算得到的模數，因此可取由齒輪彎曲疲勞強度計算得到的模數2.62，并圓整為標準值m＝3mm。 按接觸強度算得的分度圓直徑 算出小齒輪齒數　取　 大齒輪齒數　取 3.4.4幾何尺寸計算 1）計算分度圓直徑 2）計算中心距 3）計算齒寬寬度取35mm （5）驗算 合適 3.5軸及軸承、鍵的設計 3.5.1尺寸與結構設計計算 1）軸上的功率P1,轉速n1和轉矩T1 ，， 4）軸上零件的周向定位 查機械設計表，聯接大帶輪的平鍵截面。 3.5.2強度校核計算 1）求作用在軸上的力 2）求軸上的載荷 首先，根據方案的決策樹結構計算簡圖的確定軸承的旋轉位置，教材中提取有價值的滾珠軸承6208型，通過研究手冊= 15毫米。因此，范圍支撐軸的L1 = 72mm。 根據計算做圖軸彎矩和扭矩圖的樹圖結構板的彎曲和扭轉的C部分是危險截面的計算C部分MH，MV和M的值表示表。 載荷 水平面H 垂直面V 支反力F ， ， C截面彎矩M 總彎矩 扭矩 3.5.3鍵的選擇與校核 采用圓頭普通平鍵A型（GB/T 1096—1979）連接，聯接大帶輪的平鍵截面，。齒輪與軸的配合為，滾動軸承與軸的周向定位是過渡配合保證的，此外選軸的直徑尺寸公差為。 校核鍵聯接的強度： 鍵、軸材料都是鋼，由機械設計查得鍵聯接的許用擠壓力為 鍵的工作長度 ，合適 3.5.4軸承的選擇與校核 （3）徑向當量動載荷 動載荷為，查得，則有 由式13-5得 滿足要求。 3.6進料螺旋攪龍設計 根據連續(xù)輸送機生產率的公式； 在料槽，消費的影響填充系數果蔬運輸過程和填充系數低（即ψ= 5 %），積累的高度低，大多數果蔬果蔬在槽壁和具有一個小的圓周速度，滑移面幾乎平行于輸送方向運動（圖4－10a）。果蔬顆粒運動沿軸向方向的圓周方向是更重要的。所以，當垂直于輸送方向流的額外的果蔬不嚴重，更吃完的小單元優(yōu)化時，改進的填充因子（即ψ= 13 %和40 %），滑動面運動會（圖4－10b陡峭，C）。這個時候，運動在圓周方向上相對于輸送方向運動，導致減少運輸速度和消費的進一步高低立式混合機，填充系數果蔬不是更大，更好的是，相反，值越小，通常＜50% PSI顆粒填充不同的參考值的果蔬4－4表。 表3－5傾斜修正系數c 傾斜角β 0° ≤5° ≤10° ≤15° ≤20° c 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.65 3.7機架設計 主要角色的底盤部件的安裝和所有其他的人。為了降低成本，一個完整的框架，連接件通過焊接與螺栓。根據設計要求，主要包括邊框焊接在鋼板加固由梁部分角鋼等。焊接時，主要致力于加強鐵位置與機架焊接，同時確保不出現夾渣、裂紋等機架材料主要是5毫米厚角鋼1435毫米×100毫米大小，采用等離子切割AP非常成型、沖壓等加工手段。分別加強板，加強抗機架連接方式，加強板的左側和右側的底盤是螺栓連接，在一個框架和加強板的加工過程中，在其位置上的螺栓連接孔的一些技術要求。支架之間的光束角大約是固定的，固定的方法焊接，因為該軸流脫粒的工作環(huán)境，為山區(qū)，丘陵和處理，確保運輸安全人員，為保證焊接R焊接的焊接工藝要求，要求不能有渣，沒有裂紋等缺陷組裝完成框架，暴露的表面刷防銹漆。 總 結 設計是一個回顧大學的知識，綜合運用過的知識的能力，獨立思考我們的獨立，解決技術問題的能力、繪圖、理論知識手冊中的加工生產這四年后，甚至研究學習很多知識，但沒有機會使用和掌握這些東西。通過這種做法，我設計的機械設計過程的全面理解，計算能力和整體設計的訓練和提高，而且我興趣坡你的機器更強大，更堅定了我的信心在工業(yè)開始設計網站，去圖書館，我下載了許多文獻中，水果和蔬菜引腳捏煉機理解并開始準備我的開題報告，概述了任務書和方法的總體結構設計，我也遇到了很多困難，經過多次修改的數據在總體方案確定，開始畫畫。在設計過程中得到老師的幫助，我想的過程中通信教授，我能學到很多東西，老師從另一個角度的靈感，我給了我很大的幫助，鼓勵和設計的這段時間里，我基本上是按設計要求設計果蔬破碎機主軸打敗，但因為我的知識水平是有限的，沒有工作經驗，在實踐中，這種設計的關鍵不足，請老師和同學提出寶貴的意見，以正確的時間。當然，我知道所有的設計還沒有結束，因為我們需要辯護，而且防御問題和意見，宣布你，我的畢業(yè)設計終于可以結束了。因此，我還需要繼續(xù)努力，認真準備辯護，檢查我的論文，提高一個滿意的結論畫在我的大學。 參考文獻 [1] 葉興乾/等.出口加工蔬菜[M]. 北京. 中國農業(yè)出版社. 1997-05 1997-05 P35-65 [2] 李喜秋.畫法幾何及機械制圖習題集[M].武漢.華中科技大學2008.4 P88-111 [3] 紀名剛等.機械設計[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2005.12 [4] 周良德，朱泗芳等編著[M]．長沙.現代工程圖學．湖南科學技術出版社.2000.8 [5] 羅迎社.材料力學[M].武漢.武漢理工出版社.2000.10 P23-55 [6] 席偉光.機械設計課程設計[M].北京.高等教育出版社.2002.9 [7] 洪鐘德.簡明機械設計手冊[M].上海.同濟大學出版社.2002.1 [8] 徐灝主編.機械設計手冊[M]．北京.機械工業(yè)出版社，1999.1 [9] 成大先.機械設計手冊[M].上海.化學工業(yè)出版社 [10] 劉燕萍. 工程材料[M].北京. 國防工業(yè)出版社.2009.9 P48-76 [11] M.YATA，C.YOSHIDA .Identification and Charactification 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Green design: An introduction to issues and challenges [J] IEEE Transactions on Components. Packaging and Manufacturing Technology.Part-A.1994.17(4) 致 謝 四年的大學生活即將結束，設計是一個關鍵環(huán)節(jié)的本科教育，圓滿地完成了本次畢業(yè)是分不開的，幫助教師和學生。 首先要感謝我的導師在我們的畢業(yè)設計階段，其負責的態(tài)度，我還對學生和藹可親，耐心地解決設計中遇到的困難，如何指導思路清晰，良好的設計的全過程，給我指導和幫助徹底，對畢業(yè)設計我們的辛勤工作花費了大量的時間和老師的幫助，沒有設計結果，今天在這里，向他表示我們的尊敬和感激。 通過這次設計使我考慮的問題首先要獨立思考和解決問題，但也在這一過程中，我明白了一個道理的人。謝謝你，我也感謝你在設計過程中幫助老師和同學。 最后，感謝我的同學，四年，我們住在一起，進展，感謝你的大學四年給了我所有的關懷和幫助。 本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文） 外文科技文獻譯文 譯文題目（中文）： Basic Machining Operations and Cutting Technology （英文）： 基本加工工序和切削技術 學 院 專業(yè)班級 學生姓名 學 號 指導教師（簽字） 日 期 2016 年 3 月 15 日 I ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 外文科技文獻譯文 Basic Machining Operations and Cutting Technology Basic Machining Operations Machine tools have evolved from the early foot-powered lathes of the Egyptians and John Wilkinson's boring mill. They are designed to provide rigid support for both the workpiece and the cutting tool and can precisely control their relative positions and the velocity of the tool with respect to the workpiece. Basically, in metal cutting, a sharpened wedge-shaped tool removes a rather narrow strip of metal from the surface of a ductile workpiece in the form of a severely deformed chip. The chip is a waste product that is considerably shorter than the workpiece from which it came but with a corresponding increase in thickness of the uncut chip. The geometrical shape of workpiece depends on the shape of the tool and its path during the machining operation. Most machining operations produce parts of differing geometry. If a rough cylindrical workpiece revolves about a central axis and the tool penetrates beneath its surface and travels parallel to the center of rotation, a surface of revolution is produced, and the operation is called turning. If a hollow tube is machined on the inside in a similar manner, the operation is called boring. Producing an external conical surface uniformly varying diameter is called taper turning, if the tool point travels in a path of varying radius, a contoured surface like that of a bowling pin can be produced; or, if the piece is short enough and the support is sufficiently rigid, a contoured surface could be produced by feeding a shaped tool normal to the axis of rotation. Short tapered or cylindrical surfaces could also be contour formed. Flat or plane surfaces are frequently required. They can be generated by radial turning or facing, in which the tool point moves normal to the axis of rotation. In other cases, it is more convenient to hold the workpiece steady and reciprocate the tool across it in a series of straight-line cuts with a crosswise feed increment before each cutting stroke. This operation is called planning and is carried out on a shaper. For larger pieces it is easier to keep the tool stationary and draw the workpiece under it as in planning. The tool is fed at each reciprocation. Contoured surfaces can be produced by using shaped tools. Multiple-edged tools can also be used. Drilling uses a twin-edged fluted tool for holes with depths up to 5 to 10 times the drill diameter. Whether the drill turns or the workpiece rotates, relative motion between the cutting edge and the workpiece is the important factor. In milling operations a rotary cutter with a number of cutting edges engages the workpiece. Which moves slowly with respect to the cutter. Plane or contoured surfaces may be produced, depending on the geometry of the cutter and the type of feed. Horizontal or vertical axes of rotation may be used, and the feed of the workpiece may be in any of the three coordinate directions. Basic Machine Tools Machine tools are used to produce a part of a specified geometrical shape and precise I size by removing metal from a ductile material in the form of chips. The latter are a waste product and vary from long continuous ribbons of a ductile material such as steel, which are undesirable from a disposal point of view, to easily handled well-broken chips resulting from cast iron. Machine tools perform five basic metal-removal processes: I turning, planning, drilling, milling, and grinding. All other metal-removal processes are modifications of these five basic processes. For example, boring is internal turning; reaming, tapping, and counter boring modify drilled holes and are related to drilling; bobbing and gear cutting are fundamentally milling operations; hack sawing and broaching are a form of planning and honing; lapping, super finishing. Polishing and buffing are variants of grinding or abrasive removal operations. Therefore, there are only four types of basic machine tools, which use cutting tools of specific controllable geometry: 1. lathes, 2. planers, 3. drilling machines, and 4. milling machines. The grinding process forms chips, but the geometry of the abrasive grain is uncontrollable. The amount and rate of material removed by the various machining processes may be I large, as in heavy turning operations, or extremely small, as in lapping or super finishing operations where only the high spots of a surface are removed. A machine tool performs three major functions: 1. it rigidly supports the workpiece or its holder and the cutting tool; 2. it provides relative motion between the workpiece and the cutting tool; 3. it provides a range of feeds and speeds usually ranging from 4 to 32 choices in each case. Speed and Feeds in Machining Speeds, feeds, and depth of cut are the three major variables for economical machining. Other variables are the work and tool materials, coolant and geometry of the cutting tool. The rate of metal removal and power required for machining depend upon these variables. The depth of cut, feed, and cutting speed are machine settings that must be established in any metal-cutting operation. They all affect the forces, the power, and the rate of metal removal. They can be defined by comparing them to the needle and record of a phonograph. The cutting speed (V) is represented by the velocity of- the record surface relative to the needle in the tone arm at any instant. Feed is represented by the advance of the needle radially inward per revolution, or is the difference in position between two adjacent grooves. The depth of cut is the penetration of the needle into the record or the depth of the grooves. Turning on Lathe Centers The basic operations performed on an engine lathe are illustrated. Those operations performed on external surfaces with a single point cutting tool are called turning. Except for drilling, reaming, and lapping, the operations on internal surfaces are also performed by a single point cutting tool. All machining operations, including turning and boring, can be classified as roughing, finishing, or semi-finishing. The objective of a roughing operation is to remove the bulk of the material as rapidly and as efficiently as possible, while leaving a small amount of material on the work-piece for the finishing operation. Finishing operations are performed to obtain the final size, shape, and surface finish on the workpiece. Sometimes a semi-finishing operation will precede the finishing operation to leave a small predetermined and uniform amount of stock on the work-piece to be removed by the finishing operation. Generally, longer workpieces are turned while supported on one or two lathe centers. Cone shaped holes, called center holes, which fit the lathe centers are drilled in the ends of the workpiece-usually along the axis of the cylindrical part. The end of the workpiece adjacent to the tailstock is always supported by a tailstock center, while the end near the headstock may be supported by a headstock center or held in a chuck. The headstock end of the workpiece may be held in a four-jaw chuck, or in a type chuck. This method holds the workpiece firmly and transfers the power to the workpiece smoothly; the additional support to the workpiece provided by the chuck lessens the tendency for chatter to occur when cutting. Precise results can be obtained with this method if care is taken to hold the workpiece accurately in the chuck. Very precise results can be obtained by supporting the workpiece between two centers. A lathe dog is clamped to the workpiece; together they are driven by a driver plate mounted on the spindle nose. One end of the Workpiece is mecained;then the workpiece can be turned around in the lathe to machine the other end. The center holes in the workpiece serve as precise locating surfaces as well as bearing surfaces to carry the weight of the workpiece and to resist the cutting forces. After the workpiece has been removed from the lathe for any reason, the center holes will accurately align the workpiece back in the lathe or in another lathe, or in a cylindrical grinding machine. The workpiece must never be held at the headstock end by both a chuck and a lathe center. While at first thought this seems like a quick method of aligning the workpiece in the chuck, this must not be done because it is not possible to press evenly with the jaws against the workpiece while it is also supported by the center. The alignment provided by the center will not be maintained and the pressure of the jaws may damage the center hole, the lathe center, and perhaps even the lathe spindle. Compensating or floating jaw chucks used almost exclusively on high production work provide an exception to the statements made above. These chucks are really work drivers and cannot be used for the same purpose as ordinary three or four-jaw chucks. While very large diameter workpieces are sometimes mounted on two centers, they are preferably held at the headstock end by faceplate jaws to obtain the smooth power transmission; moreover, large lathe dogs that are adequate to transmit the power not generally available, although they can be made as a special. Faceplate jaws are like chuck jaws except that they are mounted on a faceplate, which has less overhang from the spindle bearings than a large chuck would have. Introduction of Machining Machining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece. Low setup cost for small Quantities. Machining has two applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and press working, each specific shape to be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may he produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, by machining; to start with nearly any form of raw material, so tong as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore .machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or press working if a high quantity were to be produced. Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many parts are given their general shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in press worked parts may be machined following the press working operations. Primary Cutting Parameters The basic tool-work relationship in cutting is adequately described by means of four factors: tool geometry, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut. The cutting tool must be made of an appropriate material; it must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant. The tool s geometry characterized by planes and angles, must be correct for each cutting operation. Cutting speed is the rate at which the work surface passes by the cutting edge. It may be expressed in feet per minute. For efficient machining the cutting speed must be of a magnitude appropriate to the particular work-tool combination. In general, the harder the work material, the slower the speed. Feed is the rate at which the cutting tool advances into the workpiece. "Where the workpiece or the tool rotates, feed is measured in inches per revolution. When the tool or the work reciprocates, feed is measured in inches per stroke, Generally, feed varies inversely with cutting speed for otherwise similar conditions. The depth of cut, measured inches is the distance the tool is set into the work. It is the width of the chip in turning or the thickness of the chip in a rectilinear cut. In roughing operations, the depth of cut can be larger than for finishing operations. The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and these results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip. Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and the cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in unreformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed; however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip m primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data. The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high -speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright &. Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel cutting tools. The technique is based on the metallographic examination of sectioned high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructure changes to thermal history. Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructure changes arising from over tempering of the tempered martens tic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both high-speed -steel single point turning tools and twist drills. Wears of Cutting Tool Discounting brittle fracture and edge chipping, which have already been dealt with, tool wear is basically of three types. Flank wear, crater wear, and notch wear. Flank wear occurs on both the major and the minor cutting edges. On the major cutting edge, which is responsible for bulk metal removal, these results in increased cutting forces and higher temperatures which if left unchecked can lead to vibration of the tool and workpiece and a condition where efficient cutting can no longer take place. On the minor cutting edge, which determines workpiece size and surface finish, flank wear can result in an oversized product which has poor surface finish. Under most practical cutting conditions, the tool will fail due to major flank wear before the minor flank wear is sufficiently large to result in the manufacture of an unacceptable component. Because of the stress distribution on the tool face, the frictional stress in the region of sliding contact between the chip and the face is at a maximum at the start of the sliding contact region and is zero at the end. Thus abrasive wear takes place in this region with more wear taking place adjacent to the seizure region than adjacent to the point at which the chip loses contact with the face. This result in localized pitting of the tool face some distance up the face which is usually referred to as catering and which normally has a section in the form of a circular arc. In many respects and for practical cutting conditions, crater wear is a less severe form of wear than flank wear and consequently flank wear is a more common tool failure criterion. However, since various authors have shown that the temperature on the face increases more rapidly with increasing cutting speed than the temperature on the flank, and since the rate of wear of any type is significantly affected by changes in temperature, crater wear usually occurs at high cutting speeds. At the end of the major flank wear land where the tool is in contact with the uncut workpiece surface it is common for the flank wear to be more pronounced than along the rest of the wear land. This is because of localised effects such as a hardened layer on the uncut surface caused by work hardening introduced by a previous cut, an oxide scale, and localised high temperatures resulting from the edge effect. This localised wear is usually referred to as notch wear and occasionally is very severe. Although the presence of the notch will not significantly affect the cutting properties of the tool, the notch is often relatively deep and if cutting were to continue there would be a good chance that the tool would fracture. If any form of progressive wear allowed to continue, dramatically and the tool would fail catastrophically, i. e. the tool would be no longer capable of cutting and, at best, the workpiece would be scrapped whilst, at worst, damage could be caused to the machine tool. For carbide cutting tools and for all types of wear, the tool is said to have reached the end of its useful life long before the onset of catastrophic failure. For high-speed-steel cutting tools, however, where the wear tends to be non-uniform it has been found that the most meaningful and reproducible results can be obtained when the wear is allowed to continue to the onset of catastrophic failure even though, of course, in practice a cutting time far less than that to failure would be used. The onset of catastrophic failure is characterized by one of several phenomena, the most common being a sudden increase in cutting force, the presence of burnished rings on the workpiece, and a significant increase in the noise level. Mechanism of Surface Finish Production There are basically five mechanisms which contribute to the production of a surface which have been machined. These are: (l) The basic geometry of the cutting process. In, for example, single point turning the tool will advance a constant distance axially per revolution of the workpiecc and the resultant surface will have on it, when viewed perpendicularly to the direction of tool feed motion, a series of cusps which will have a basic form which replicates the shape of the tool in cut. (2) The efficiency of the cutti