2018年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第一部分 閱讀理解篇 專題1 閱讀理解 第4講 主旨大意類練案.doc

《2018年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第一部分 閱讀理解篇 專題1 閱讀理解 第4講 主旨大意類練案.doc》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《2018年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 第一部分 閱讀理解篇 專題1 閱讀理解 第4講 主旨大意類練案.doc（17頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、 專題一　閱讀理解 第四講　詞義猜測(cè)類 真題驗(yàn)證 　　　　 (2017·天津，C) This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主駕駛車輛). They would define the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost. T

2、he proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi－autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future. Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property(財(cái)產(chǎn)) damage over personal injury; that i

3、t never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email, say—the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash. “The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt. It will put

4、 fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says. Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “The liability(法律責(zé)任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK. An

5、assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment. But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars. “When you say ‘driverless cars’， people expect driverless car

6、s，” Merat says. “You know—no driver.” Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation. Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, Cal

7、ifornia. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government－provided driverless vehicles are being launched. That would go down poorly in the US, however. “The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says

8、Calo. 文章大意：這是一篇議論文。隨著無(wú)人駕駛車輛的逐步推廣，無(wú)人駕駛車輛出現(xiàn)事故時(shí)的責(zé)任認(rèn)定成為一個(gè)難題。德國(guó)交通部長(zhǎng)提出了第一套自主駕駛車輛的交通法規(guī)，并就此提出了自己的主張。 ?　What does the phrase “death valley” in Paragraph 2 refer to？____D____ A．A place where cars often break down. B．A case where passing a law is impossible. C．An area where no driving is permitted. D．A

9、situation where drivers' role is not clear. 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)下文“the grey area between...the driverless future”對(duì)“死亡谷”的解釋，可知這里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自動(dòng)駕駛與完全無(wú)人駕駛的汽車之間的這片中間區(qū)域(界線不明、難以界定的領(lǐng)域)，故應(yīng)指駕駛員的角色不明朗的情景，D項(xiàng)描述與之吻合。 ?　The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to____B____. A．stop people from breaking traffic rules B．h

10、elp promote fully automatic driving C．protect drivers of all ages and races D．prevent serious property damage 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段提到德國(guó)交通部長(zhǎng)希望的三件事以及第四段說交通道路法規(guī)中關(guān)于自主駕駛車輛的這種變化將會(huì)允許完全自主駕駛的車輛投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知，選B。 ?　What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars？____D____ A．

11、It should get the attention of insurance companies. B．It should be the main concern of law makers. C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents. D．It should involve no human responsibility. 解析：考查推理判斷。題干詢問消費(fèi)者(乘客)對(duì)于無(wú)人駕駛汽車的看法，在談到誰(shuí)應(yīng)承擔(dān)無(wú)人駕駛車輛的責(zé)任時(shí)，第七段說，當(dāng)你說無(wú)人駕駛車輛的時(shí)候，人們以為是沒有司機(jī)，從這些信息可以推斷出，消費(fèi)者在這種情況下會(huì)覺得沒有

12、為無(wú)人駕駛車輛的安全問題負(fù)責(zé)的人，故選D。 ?　Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in ____C____. A．Singapore　 B．the UK C．the US D．Germany 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。在談到無(wú)人駕駛車輛在各國(guó)的前景時(shí)，最后兩段談到在英國(guó)和新加坡，由政府提供的無(wú)人駕駛車輛正在投入使用，但是在美國(guó)這種情況就會(huì)很糟糕(go down poorly in the US)，在這里，認(rèn)為政府會(huì)接管無(wú)人駕駛車輛，把它們作為對(duì)公眾有益的事物，這是完全行不通的(would get abso

13、lutely nowhere)，由此推斷，作者覺得這種無(wú)人駕駛車輛在美國(guó)沒有發(fā)展前景。故選C。 ?　What could be the best title for the passage？____A____ A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability? B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed! D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents 解析：考查主旨大意。全文把德國(guó)交通部長(zhǎng)的提議作為引入

14、，講述了無(wú)人駕駛車輛的法律責(zé)任的認(rèn)定，無(wú)人駕駛車輛在遇到車禍時(shí)首先應(yīng)該保障的是車輛還是乘客的安全等問題，因此選A。 　　　　 (2017·全國(guó)Ⅰ，C) Some of the world's most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently

15、set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. It'

16、s Jason Moran's job to help change __that__. As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like it's not really a part of the American appetite，” Moran tells National P

17、ublic Radio's reporter Neal Conan. “What I'm hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black or white anymore. It's actually colorful, and it's actually digital.” Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainmen

18、t aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can't be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran. Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller's music for a dance party, “just to kind

19、of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music，” says Moran. “For me, it's the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Par

20、ker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context，” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” 文章大意：本文介紹了舉辦第一屆國(guó)際爵士樂日的宗旨、當(dāng)前爵士樂面臨的挑戰(zhàn)以及如何讓爵士樂重新流行的設(shè)想。 ?　Why did UNESCO set

21、April 30 as International Jazz Day？____D____ A．To remember the birth of jazz. B．To protect cultural diversity. C．To encourage people to study music. D．To recognize the value of jazz. 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段的第二句“UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30

22、 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合)voice across cultures”可知，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織近來(lái)把4月30日設(shè)立為國(guó)際爵士樂日，旨在增強(qiáng)人們對(duì)爵士樂價(jià)值的認(rèn)識(shí)，故答案為D。 ?　What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to？____C____ A．Jazz becoming more accessible. B．The production of ja

23、zz growing faster. C．Jazz being less popular with the young. D．The jazz audience becoming larger. 解析：考查代詞指代。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，畫線詞that指代上段“Despite the celebrations，though，in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations”的內(nèi)容，即爵士樂聽眾的數(shù)量

24、減少并且趨于老齡化，不受年輕人喜歡的現(xiàn)狀。故選C。 ?　What can we infer about Moran's opinion on jazz？____C____ A．It will disappear gradually. B．It remains black and white. C．It should keep up with the times. D．It changes every 50 years. 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第五段的內(nèi)容尤其是“It has to continue to move, because the way the world works

25、is not the same”可知，由于時(shí)代在改變，人們的娛樂方式已經(jīng)發(fā)生改變，所以爵士樂應(yīng)該隨著時(shí)代改變，才能吸引更多的聽眾。故選C。 ?　Which of the following can be the best title for the text？____A____ A．Exploring the Future of Jazz B．The Rise and Fall of Jazz C．The Story of a Jazz Musician D．Celebrating the Jazz Day 解析：考查主旨要義。本文介紹了為保護(hù)爵士樂，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織設(shè)立國(guó)際爵士樂

26、日?？v觀全文內(nèi)容尤其是第三至第六段中提到的杰森·莫蘭對(duì)爵士樂的看法及希望可知，A項(xiàng)“探索爵士樂的未來(lái)”作本文標(biāo)題最佳。 　　　　 (2017·江蘇，B) Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教), birds could __ru

27、le_the_roost__. As recently reported in 　The Auk: Ornithological Advances　， some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). New－born chicks can then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world. This educational method was first observed in 2012 by

28、Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound

29、that served as their regular “feed me！” call. To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red－backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatchin

30、g. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity. It turns out that baby red－backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently mother

31、s had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies' begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom's voice were rewarded with the most food. This observation hints that effective embryonic learning

32、could signal neurological (神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. “As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need？” Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.” 文章大意：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胎教

33、并非人類獨(dú)有，一些鳥兒在這方面做得甚至更出色。 　The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means“____B____”． A．be the worst B．be the best C．be the as bad D．be just as good 解析：考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)句中的轉(zhuǎn)折詞But與下文提到的鳥類在胎教方面做得很出色可知選擇B。 　What are Kleindorfer's findings based on？____A____ A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks

34、. B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia. C．The data collected from Queensland's locals. D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds. 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二、三、四段的內(nèi)容，尤其是第二段中的“the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers”，第三段的最后一句及第四段的第二句可知，Kleindorfer的發(fā)現(xiàn)是基于母鳥與幼鳥發(fā)出的叫聲的相似性的

35、，因此本題答案為A。 　Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ____C____. A．can receive quality signals　 B.are in need of training C．fit the environment better 　　 D.make the loudest call 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句和最后一段中的“An evolutionary inference can then be d

36、rawn”可知，與母鳥的叫聲最相似的幼鳥可以得到最多的食物，這也能說明它符合進(jìn)化論的理論：適者生存，故本題答案為C。 　　　　 (2017·全國(guó)Ⅱ，D) When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn't sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighbori

37、ng plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.

38、It's a plant's way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attacke

39、rs. Once they arrive, __the_tables_are_turned__. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because

40、they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don't know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the

41、 cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn't a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(親密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There's a whole lot going on. 文章大意：本文是一篇說明文，介紹了植物在受到昆蟲的攻擊時(shí)是

42、如何進(jìn)行自我保護(hù)的，同時(shí)引出世界比我們?nèi)祟愊胂蟮囊獜?fù)雜得多這一觀點(diǎn)。 　What does a plant do when it is under attack？____D____ A．It makes noises. B.It gets help from other plants. C．It stands quietly D.It sends out certain chemicals. 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段的“young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell

43、that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant”可知，當(dāng)植物受到攻擊時(shí)，它會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些化學(xué)物質(zhì)。故選D項(xiàng)。 　What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3？____A____ A．The attackers get attacked. B．The insects gather under the table. C．The plants get ready to fight

44、 back. D．The perfumes attract natural enemies. 解析：考查句意理解。根據(jù)第三段中的“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch”可知，正吃午餐的襲擊者變成了午餐，也就是襲擊者被攻擊了。故選A項(xiàng)。 　Scientists find from their studies that plants can ____B____. A．predict natural disasters B.protect themselves against insects C．talk to one anot

45、her intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第三段中的“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty”可知，植物能保護(hù)自己抵抗昆蟲。故選B項(xiàng)。 　What can we infer from the last paragraph？____C____ A．The world is changing faster than ever. B．People have stron

46、ger senses than before. C．The world is more complex than it seems. D．People in Darwin's time were imaginative. 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate(親密的)than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak”可推知，世界比它顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)的更加復(fù)雜。故選C項(xiàng)。 模擬強(qiáng)化 　　　　 (2017·福建省畢業(yè)班質(zhì)檢)

47、Many managers believe that overworking is an evidence of devotion from their employees' side. Still few others regard this custom as a threat to the workers' work－life balance, which may negatively influence the level of productivity and efficiency. Employees at Amsterdam design studio Heldergroen

48、won't be putting in much overtime. Not in the office, at any rate. That's because every day at 6 pm, their desks, tables and other work surfaces, with their computers attached, are lifted to the ceiling by steel cables(鋼索) normally used to move heavy props (道具) in theatrical productions. If you le

49、ave a half－eaten sandwich on your desk, you're out of luck. “Once the chairs and other workplace __paraphernalia__ are cleared away, the space is free for everything and weekend use as a dance floor, yoga studio... or anything else you can think of－ the floor is actually yours，” director Sander Vee

50、nendaal said. In a way, the office space itself is working overtime for Heldergroen, bringing about lots of publicity and carrying an enlightened (開明的) message of career－life balance far and wide. “We think that doing activities like this makes it easier for people to work here，” says Veenendaal. “

51、You know when it is time to relax or do something else that inspires you.” That sounds awesome. There's just one catch. In the morning, the desks reappear and everybody has to go back to work. 文章大意：本文主要介紹了阿姆斯特丹一家公司防止員工加班的創(chuàng)意。 [段意梳理]　 第一段：加班被許多管理者認(rèn)為是工作努力的體現(xiàn)，而少數(shù)管理者卻認(rèn)為加班影響了員工的工作和生活平衡，對(duì)工作效率和生產(chǎn)力帶來(lái)負(fù)面

52、影響。 第二段：阿姆斯特丹一家公司的員工到下班時(shí)間后就不能再加班。 第三段：這家公司主管對(duì)下班后的辦公場(chǎng)所的用途進(jìn)行解釋說明。 第四段：下班后辦公場(chǎng)所清場(chǎng)另作他用的益處。 第五段：上班時(shí)辦公桌椅恢復(fù)正常。 [難句分析]　That's because every day at 6 pm, their desks, tables and other work surfaces, with their computers attached, are lifted to the ceiling by steel cables(鋼索) normally used to move heavy p

53、rops (道具) in theatrical productions. 分析：本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。句中because引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句；with their computers attached是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)；normally used... productions是過去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。 譯文：這是因?yàn)槊刻煜挛?點(diǎn)，員工們的書桌、桌子和其他辦公平臺(tái)，包括固定在上面的電腦都被戲劇制作時(shí)通常用來(lái)吊沉重道具的鋼索給吊到天花板上了。 ?　What can we learn about the employees at Heldergroen？____B____ A．They

54、are unwilling to work late. B．They are discouraged from working overtime. C．They are persuaded to leave the office earlier. D．They are to put away their computers after work. 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第二段中的“Employees at Amsterdam design studio Heldergroen won't be putting in much overtime. Not in the office,

55、 at any rate. ”并結(jié)合整段內(nèi)容可推知，Heldergroen的辦公場(chǎng)所下班后就被清場(chǎng)了，該公司不讓員工加班，故選B。 ?　What does the underlined word “paraphernalia” in Paragraph 3 refer to？____C____ A．Props. 　 B．Food. C．Equipment. 　　 D．Cables. 解析：考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第三段第一句中的“Once the chairs and other workplace __paraphernalia__”可推知，此處的paraphern

56、alia和椅子一樣，屬于辦公設(shè)備，故選C。equipment“設(shè)備，裝備”。 ?　What does the author think of the Heldergroen's office design？____A____ A．Creative.　　 B．Inconvenient. C．Ordinary. 　　 D．Strange. 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第四段的第一句以及最后一段的第一句“That sounds awesome”可推知，作者對(duì)這家公司的辦公室設(shè)計(jì)很是稱贊，故選A。 　　　　 (2017·江西省南昌市十校

57、二模) American real estate (房地產(chǎn)) tycoon Donald Trump, whose election as US president surprised many around the world, has been unsurprisingly named Time magazine's “Person of the Year” for 2016. Trump said while responding to the news, “It means a lot, especially me growing up reading Time magazine.

58、 And it's a very important magazine, and I've been lucky enough to be on the cover many times this year——and last year. But I consider this a very, very great honor.” Trump has long been __obsessed_with__ having his face on the cover of magazines, something that happened more and more often as he

59、won early polls, then Republican primaries, then the nomination, then the presidency. Trump keeps piles of these magazines in his office and with this mindset, Time's “Person of the Year'' became Trump's long－cherished wish. Although the magazine featured Trump several times on its cover, it passed

60、 on naming him Person of the Year for 2015. Instead, it selected German Chancellor Angela Merkel, whom the magazine credited with opening her nation's border to hundreds of thousands of refugees (難民) and managing Europe's debt crisis. Trump did not take that news well. “I told you @ TIME Magazine

61、would never pick me as Person of the Year' in spite of being the big favorite. They picked the person who is ruining Germany，” he said on Twitter soon after the news was announced. Time managing editor Nancy Gibbs said that the decision in 2016 was easy. This title goes to a newsmaker who has infl

62、uenced events for better or for worse. “When have we ever seen a single individual who has so defied (違背) expectations... beaten not one but two political parties on the way to winning an election... I don't think that we have ever seen one person, operating in such an unconventional way, hav

63、e an impact on the events of the year quite like this，” Gibbs said. 文章大意：本文是一篇說明文。文章講述的是Trump多次登上《時(shí)代周刊》封面，且終于被授予《時(shí)代周刊》的2016“年度人物”。 ?　What do Trump's words suggest？____C____ A．Luck is on his side. B．He deserves the award. C．He feels proud of the award. D．Time has a good effect on him. 解析：考查細(xì)節(jié)理

64、解。根據(jù)第二段中的“It means a lot...and I've been lucky enough to be on the cover many times this year—and last year.But I consider this a very，very great honor”可知Trump對(duì)《時(shí)代周刊》評(píng)價(jià)很高，并認(rèn)為此次他被評(píng)為《時(shí)代周刊》的2016“年度人物”對(duì)他來(lái)說是一個(gè)莫大的榮幸。故選C項(xiàng)。 ?　Which can replace the underlined part “obsessed with” in Paragraph 3？____D____ A

65、．a(chǎn)ccustomed to B．a(chǎn)ngry about C．tired of D．a(chǎn)ddicted to 解析：考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)下文中的“Troump keeps piles of these magazines in his office and with this mindset，Time's‘Person of the Year’ became Trump's long－cherished wish”可知Trump對(duì)登上雜志封面著迷(be addicted to)。 ?　What can we infer from Paragraph 4？____B____ A．Merkel

66、 ruined Germany. B．Merkel was “Person of the Year” for 2015. C．Trump thought well of Merkel. D．Trump won “Person of the Year” twice. 解析：考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第四段中的“Although the magazine featured Trump several times on its cover, it passed on naming him ‘Person of the Year’ for 2015.Instead，it selected German Chancellor Angela Merkel”可知，雖然Trump多次出現(xiàn)在《時(shí)代周刊》的封面上，但是2015年《時(shí)代周刊》選了Merkel作為“年度人物”，而不是Trump。所以排除D，選B。 ?　Why was Trump elected as Time's “Person of the Year” for 2016？____D____ A．He's been on its cove