2018屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 闖關(guān)導(dǎo)練 第三部分 完形填空技法與體裁演練 課時23 語法填空（一）

課時23語法填空(1)一、語法填空的特點(diǎn)語法填空題旨在考查考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上對語法知識的掌握情況，著重考查考生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力。其“突出語篇，強(qiáng)調(diào)運(yùn)用”的命題思路，不僅充分體現(xiàn)了語言測試的交際性原則，也很好地體現(xiàn)了高中英語課程改革的教學(xué)理念，要求考生需對每一個語法項(xiàng)目的基本概念、用法等都必須掌握清楚，如：明白什么時候用冠詞，哪些是從句，要填的詞的詞性是什么，是否是固定搭配，所填的詞是否符合文章的主題、上下文邏輯等。1做語法填空題需具備的能力：(1)閱讀理解短文的能力；(2)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的能力；(3)熟練運(yùn)用語法的能力；(4)單詞拼寫的能力。2命題規(guī)律(1)材料詞數(shù)：短文體一般為200詞，對話體一般約180詞。難度適中，符合高中中等學(xué)生的閱讀水平。(2)考查形式分為給出提示詞和不給提示詞兩種。給出提示詞的包括：詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換(名詞與動詞的轉(zhuǎn)換：形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換等)；形容詞比較級與最高級的變化；名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的變化；動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)以及詞性的變化等；不給出提示詞的包括：根據(jù)上下文的語境填入冠詞、連詞、代詞以及副詞等。(3)挖空一般比較均勻，所要填空的地方不會影響學(xué)生對短文的理解。二、解題技巧“語法填空”考查的主要內(nèi)容是上下文句子結(jié)構(gòu)、句子成分之間的一致性和句子與篇章在結(jié)構(gòu)和意義兩個層面上的制約性。語言結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力是本題考查的重點(diǎn)，在做題時應(yīng)該遵循“先總后分”的原則。1總體先通讀全文，掌握主旨大意，了解語言材料的體裁、題材、時態(tài)、內(nèi)容、線索、意圖、觀點(diǎn)看法、段落大意、邏輯層次等，在“總”讀的過程中，可順便填寫某些空。2分項(xiàng)“分”就是下一步的具體填空。正確理解挖空句子的含義，分析其句子成分，判斷該空需要填入的是介詞、冠詞、代詞，還是連詞或引導(dǎo)詞。如果是介詞，則大部分是詞組或固定搭配；如果是冠詞，主要是在篇章中考查其語法功能，表示泛指、特指或類別等；如果是代詞，通?？疾榈氖侨朔Q代詞的主格、賓格或物主代詞等；如果是連詞、引導(dǎo)詞，就要判斷其連接的并列句、定語從句、狀語從句還是名詞性從句等。一定遵循先對語法進(jìn)行語法成分分析，找出可以從語法上說得通的可能答案，然后通過邏輯和上下文來判斷最后答案?！镜漕}演練】(2017·全國新課標(biāo))閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _1_ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and _2_ work.It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method.This included digging up the road，_3_ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over _4_ top.When all those had been done，the road surface was replaced.Steam engines _5_ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been _6_ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers，with all the smoke and noise.However，the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months，more than 25,000 people were using _7_ every day.Later，engineers _8_ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道)，which became known as the Tube.This development was only possible with the _9_ (introduce) of electric­powered engines and lifts.The Central London Railway was one of the most _10_ (success) of these new lines，and was opened in 1900.It had white­painted tunnels and bright red carriages，and proved extremely popular with the public.1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._【能力提升演練】A閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Swedish businessman Nile Bergqvist is delighted _1_ his new hotel, the world's first igloo(冰屋) hotel._2_(build) in an small town, it has been attracting lots of visitors but soon the fun will be over. In two weeks' time Bergqvist's ice creation _3_(be) nothing more than a pool of water. “We don't see it as a big problem，”he says. “We just look forward to _4_(replace)it.”Bergqvist built his first igloo in 1991 for an art exhibition. It was _5_ successful that he designed the present one, _6_ measures roughly 200 square meters. Six workmen spent more than eight weeks piling 1,000 tons of snow onto a _7_(wood) base；when the snow froze, the base was removed.After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recording their success. With no windows, nowhere to hang clothes and temperatures _8_ 0°C, it may seem more like a survival test _9_ a relaxing hotel break. “It's great fun，” Bergqvist explains, “As well as a good start in survival training.”The _10_(popular)of the igloo is beyond doubt：it is now attracting tourists from all over the world. At least 800 people have stayed at the igloo this season even though there are only 10 rooms.1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._B閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。World Read Aloud Day is celebrated each year. It _1_ (start) by the LitWorld website in 2010 and has now reached 65 countries. The aim is to encourage people worldwide who cannot read to enjoy the benefits of books. The website asks everyone _2_ (celebrate) the day by taking a book, finding an audience, and reading out aloud. It is about taking action to show the world that the right to read and write _3_ (belong) to all people.The website asks _4_ (visit) to join in the movement to reduce _5_ number of illiterate (不識字的) people in the world. It is _6_ (absolute) necessary to help those who cannot read. The website says，“Its time to start by reading aloud to _7_ might like it. Share a book with a child who might need it, share a story with someone who would treasure it, listen patiently _8_ someone else's story as they share with you.” The United Nations says, “Literacy involves a variety of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge, _9_ to participate fully in society.” In that way, World Read Aloud Day does help make a _10_ (different)1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._C閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Fabien Cousteau was born with deep love for the ocean. His grandfather and his father were ocean _1_(explore) and documentary filmmakers. Today, Fabien follows his family's footstep, trying _2_(protect) the planet's endangered ocean life _3_ to strike a balance between environmental problems and market economies.Fabien is well known for his study of sharks. In 2001, he created a TV special based on the shark attacks that _4_(occur) along the New Jersey shoreline in 1916. Then in 2003, _5_ the help of a large crew, Fabien created a shark submarine that enabled him to put _6_(he) inside the shark world. For the next four years, Fabien was part of a series called Ocean Adventures, _7_ offered a rare look into some of the most fantastic ocean species. In 2010, Fabien and his team spent 31 days underwater to discover _8_ climate change and pollution which are affecting the oceans.Fabien is _9_(current) working on a documentary film about the adventures of Mission 31, as well as _10_(build) an Ocean Learning Center to provide children with the opportunity to learn about oceans.1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._D閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving _1_(steady) through the air, and although the passengers _2_(fasten) their seat belts, they were suddenly thrown forward. At that moment, the air­hostess presented. She looked very pale, _3_ was quite calm.Speaking quickly and almost in a whisper, she informed everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the _4_(passenger) knew anything about machines. After a moment's hesitation, _5_ man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot's cabin. Moving the pilot aside, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the urgent instructions that _6_(send) by radio from the airport below. To everyone's relief, the plane, _7_ was dangerously close to the ground at the moment, soon began to climb. The man had to circle the airport several times to become familiar _8_ the controls of the plane. The _9_(critically) moment came when he had to land. The man, _10_(follow) the instructions, guided the plane toward the airfield, and it landed safely after a long run along the runway.1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._E閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。An old proverb says, “Friends are like wine; the older, the better.”So, nowadays many people consider old friends to be _1_(important) than new friends. For example, if two pieces of advice are given to solve a problem, one from a new friend and the other from _2_ old friend, people always tend to adapt the latter one, _3_ the new friend's advice may be better._4_(disagree) with the old proverb, I believe that new friends are not _5_(necessary) worse than old friends. Why? Because the _6_(long)of time cannot determine whether your friendship is better or not.Once you call someone friend, he must be a reliable person, _7_ interests are in common with _8_(you). As time goes by, a friend's outside look may change, but the inside characters of him and his interests _9_(change). It is just these unchangeable characters and interests that make him a friend to you. _10_， on this point, there is no difference between old friends and new friends.1_2._3._4._5._6_7._8._9._10._課時23語法填空(1)【典題演練】【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了英國倫敦地鐵的發(fā)展。1crowds考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。crowd是可數(shù)名詞，且前面沒有限定詞，故應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。2from考查介詞。travel to and from work上下班。3laying考查非謂語動詞。included后的dig，lay，build是三個并列的動作，根據(jù)digging及building可知，lay也應(yīng)用動名詞形式。4the考查冠詞。此處特指“地鐵的頂部”，故用定冠詞the。5were used考查時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。steam engines與use是被動關(guān)系，且動作發(fā)生在過去，故用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。6fairly考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之形容詞變?yōu)楦痹~。所填詞修飾形容詞unpleasant，故用fair的副詞形式fairly。7it考查代詞。use是及物動詞，其后接賓語，此處很明顯缺少代詞。分析句意可知，此處用it指代上文提到的the railway。8managed考查時態(tài)。全文講述的是發(fā)生在過去的事情，故用一般過去時。9introduction考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之動詞變?yōu)槊~?？崭袂笆莟he，其后接名詞。introduce的名詞形式是introduction。10successful考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換之名詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~?！皁ne of the形容詞最高級可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”表示“最的之一”，此處應(yīng)填success的形容詞形式successful?！灸芰μ嵘菥殹緼【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文屬于記敘文，介紹了瑞典商人Nile Bergqvist建設(shè)了世界上第一個冰屋賓館。1with考查形容詞短語。形容詞短語be delighted with.對滿意；瑞典商人Nite Bergqvist對于屬于自己的世界上第一個冰屋賓館很滿意。2Built考查分詞做定語用法。本句中動詞build與主句主語it之間構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，所以使用過去分詞在句中作狀語。句意：雖然被建在一個小鎮(zhèn)上，這個賓館吸引了很多游客。3will be考查時態(tài)。本句的時間狀語是in two weeks time，該時間狀語經(jīng)常和將來時連用。句意：兩周以后，他的冰屋將會成為一池水。4replacing考查動名詞用法。動詞短語look forward to sb. doing sth.期待sb.做某事；其中的to是介詞，后面要接名詞或動名詞。所以本句中使用replacing做賓語。5so考查固定句式。句式so.that.如此以至于；so的后面要接形容詞或副詞，that后面要使用結(jié)果狀語從句。句意：他的第一冰屋如此成功以至于他設(shè)計(jì)了現(xiàn)在這一個。6which考查非限制性定語從句。本題定語從句的先行詞是the present one，關(guān)系代詞which指代先行詞，在句中作主語。7wooden考查形容詞。橫線后面有名詞base，橫線前面有不定冠詞a，說明橫線上應(yīng)該使用形容詞做定語來修飾名詞。所以本句使用“wooden木制的”修飾base。8below考查介詞。本題屬于常識題，冰屋的存在要求溫度在零度以下，所以使用介詞短語below 0。9than考查固定搭配。本句中含有more.than.意為“與其說倒不如說”，句意：與其說它是一個休閑的賓館還不如說是一個生存測試。這樣說的主要原因是因?yàn)榈蜏貙θ说挠绊憽?0popularity考查名詞。橫線前面有定冠詞the修飾，后面有介詞短語of the igloo修飾，且該短語在句中作主語，所以要使用名詞popularity。B【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了World Read Aloud Day(世界朗讀日)。1was started考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。World Read Aloud Day在2010年由LitWorld網(wǎng)站發(fā)起。根據(jù)語境可知，此處需要用start的被動形式，又因時間狀語是“in 2010”，故用一般過去時。2to celebrate考查非謂語動詞。句意：這個網(wǎng)站要求每個人通過拿本書、找到聽眾、大聲朗讀的方式來慶祝這個活動。ask sb. to do sth.意為“要求某人做某事”。3belongs考查主謂一致。句意： 這一活動是關(guān)于采取行動向世界表明閱讀和寫作的權(quán)利是屬于所有人的。根據(jù)句子成分可知，從句的主語為the right，為單數(shù)，故填belongs。4visitors考查名詞復(fù)數(shù)。根據(jù)語境可知，網(wǎng)站讓游客來參加活動，游客不止一個，且空前沒有冠詞修飾 ，故填visitors。5the考查冠詞。the number of.是固定搭配，表示“的數(shù)量”。6absolutely考查副詞。句意：幫助那些不能閱讀的人是完全有必要的。副詞修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞和整個句子，故此處應(yīng)用absolutely。7whoever考查賓語從句。是開始為任何可能喜歡書的人大聲朗讀的時候了。whoever引導(dǎo)賓語從句且從句中作主語。8to考查介詞。listen to是固定短語，意為“聽”。9and考查連詞。根據(jù)語境和句子成分可知，空處前后表示并列關(guān)系，故用and。10difference考查名詞。make a difference為固定短語，意為“有作用，有影響”。C【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文屬于記敘文，介紹了著名的攝影師Fabien Cousteau子承父業(yè)拍攝海洋生物紀(jì)錄片的事情。1explorers考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。本句的主語是復(fù)數(shù)名詞his grandfather and his father所以使用復(fù)數(shù)名詞explorers。2to protect考查并列結(jié)構(gòu)。本空使用不定式to protect和3空后的不定式to strike a balance是并列關(guān)系。句意：現(xiàn)在Fabien追隨他父親的腳步，努力保護(hù)這個地球上瀕危的海洋生物并在環(huán)境保護(hù)和市場經(jīng)濟(jì)之間取得平衡。3and考查連詞。本句中不定式to protect和to strike是并列關(guān)系，所以使用表示并列關(guān)系的連詞and連接。這兩個不定式都作為try的賓語。4occurred考查時態(tài)。本句的時間狀語是in 2001，這是一個過去時間，所以謂語動詞使用過去式occurred。句意：在2001年，他拍攝了一部關(guān)于1916年發(fā)生新澤西海岸的鯊魚襲擊事件的紀(jì)錄片。5with考查介詞。介詞短語with the help of在的幫助下。他拍攝這個紀(jì)錄片是在很多人的幫助下完成的。6himself考查反身代詞。本句中使用反身代詞himself作為動詞put的賓語，語氣比較強(qiáng)。7which考查定語從句。本題定語從句的先行詞是Ocean Adventures，關(guān)系代詞which指代先行詞在句中作主語并引導(dǎo)這個定語從句。8the考查定冠詞。定冠詞the表示特指，本句中名詞climate change and pollution的后面有定語從句which are affecting the oceans修飾，說明該詞表示特指，所以使用冠詞the。9currently考查副詞。在英語中通常使用副詞做狀語修飾形容詞、副詞或動詞，而形容詞在句中通常做定語或者表語，所以本句中使用副詞currently做狀語修飾謂語動詞is working on a documentary film。10building考查動名詞短語。本句中動名詞短語building an Ocean Learning Center作為介詞短語as well as的賓語。D【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文屬于記敘文，介紹了一架飛機(jī)的駕駛員昏迷，飛機(jī)正處于無人駕駛的危險中，一位乘客勇敢地站了起來，在地面塔臺的指揮下，安全迫降了飛機(jī)。1unsteadily考查上下文串聯(lián)。根據(jù)前句everyone sensed that something was wrong每個人都感覺到出事了。所以飛機(jī)在空中不穩(wěn)定地飛行，所以使用否定意義的副詞unsteadily“不穩(wěn)定地”。2had fastened考查時態(tài)。句意：飛機(jī)在空中不穩(wěn)定地飛行，盡管乘客們已經(jīng)系好了安全帶，他們突然被向前拋去。可知乘客們系好安全帶是在他們被向前拋之前，所以使用過去完成時。3but考查連詞。句意：在那時，空姐出現(xiàn)了，她看上去臉色蒼白，但是她很鎮(zhèn)定。根據(jù)句意可知上下文之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以使用連詞but表示轉(zhuǎn)折。4passengers考查名詞單復(fù)數(shù)。本句中名詞passenger乘客，是一個可數(shù)名詞。前面有any of，說明應(yīng)該使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。指“乘客中是否有人了解飛行”，飛機(jī)上的乘客很多，所以使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。5a考查不定冠詞。根據(jù)下句the man，可知有一個男人站了起來，所以使用不定冠詞a修飾man，表示泛指。6were being sent考查語態(tài)。本題定語從句的先行詞是the urgent instructions，關(guān)系代詞that指代先行詞在句中做主語，與動詞send構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，所以使用過去進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)，指地下塔臺發(fā)送的緊急指示命令。7which考查定語從句。本句中關(guān)系代詞which指代先行詞the plane在句中作主語，引導(dǎo)定語從句。句意：讓大家欣慰的是，那時非常危險地靠近地面的飛機(jī)開始爬升。8with考查固定搭配。短語be familiar with熟悉；句意：為了熟悉對飛機(jī)的控制那個人不得不讓飛機(jī)盤旋幾次。9critical考查形容詞。橫線后面有名詞moment，說明橫線上應(yīng)該使用形容詞做定語修飾該名詞，所以使用形容詞critical。10following考查非謂語動詞。本句中動詞follow與主語the man之間構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系，所以使用現(xiàn)在分詞短語在句中作狀語。E【語篇導(dǎo)讀】本文屬于人生感悟類短文，有人認(rèn)為老朋友比新朋友更重要，作者通過分析認(rèn)為老朋友和新朋友沒有差別。1more important考查形容詞比較級。橫線后面有介詞than表示比較，所以本句使用important的比較級形式more important。句意：很多人認(rèn)為老朋友比新朋友更重要。2an考查不定冠詞。句中friend朋友，是一個可數(shù)名詞，可以在前面使用不定冠詞a/an表示泛指。名詞短語an old friend與前面的a new friend構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，都表示泛指。3though/although考查連詞。句意：盡管新朋友的建議也許更好，但人們總是傾向于采納老朋友的建議。上下文之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以使用though/although引導(dǎo)。4Disagreeing考查分詞做狀語。本句中動詞disagree與主語I構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系，所以使用現(xiàn)在分詞短語在句中做狀語。句意：不同意這個舊諺語，我認(rèn)為新朋友未必就比老朋友差。5necessarily考查固定搭配。短語not necessarily未必；本句還考查了副詞做狀語，修飾謂語動詞。所以本句中使用副詞necessarily修飾謂語部分are worse than old friends。6length考查名詞。橫線前面有定冠詞the修飾，后面有介詞短語修飾，說明使用名詞。形容詞long的名詞是length。句意：時間的長短并不能決定朋友的好與不好。7whose考查定語從句。本題定語從句的先行詞是a reliable person，關(guān)系代詞whose指代先行詞，在定語從句中修飾名詞interest。句意：一旦你稱別人為朋友，他一定是一個值得信賴的人，他/她的興趣和你的興趣是一樣的。8yours考查代詞。本句中名詞性物主代詞yours相當(dāng)于your interests。9will not change考查上下文。句意：隨著時間流逝，朋友的外貌可能發(fā)生改變，但是他內(nèi)在的品格和興趣是不會變化的。江山易改本性難移，這是經(jīng)常的事情。且主句中使用將來時，所以使用將來時的否定式will not change。10Thus/Therefore/So考查副詞。正是這些不變的品格和興趣讓他成為你的朋友，因此，在這一點(diǎn)上，老朋友和新朋友是沒有差別的。上下文之間是因果關(guān)系，所以使用thus/therefore/so引起下文。10