高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 第二部分 語法專練 專題五 時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致課件 外研版

專題五時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致考向分析考向分析動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致是高考的重點考點,有的試題單獨考查的是某種時態(tài)的用法,如一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、現(xiàn)在完成時等,而有的試題會把時態(tài)和語態(tài)、時態(tài)和主謂一致融合起來進行考查,也有的試題綜合性很強,會把時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致三個考點融合在一個小題中進行考查?？键c一考點一 時態(tài)時態(tài)考點二考點二 語態(tài)語態(tài)考點三考點三 主謂一致主謂一致本專題考點本專題考點考點清單考點清單考點一時態(tài)一、動詞時態(tài)的一般體一、動詞時態(tài)的一般體單句填空單句填空1.(2017全國卷)Fast food is (be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.答案答案is題干描述的是客觀事實,故用一般現(xiàn)在時,結(jié)合主語可知,is符合題意。故空格處填is。語境運用語境運用2.Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.All right.I will call (call) him later.答案答案will call句意:Jackson博士現(xiàn)在不在辦公室。好的。我稍后給他打電話。本題考查動詞時態(tài)。根據(jù)對話中的later一詞可知用一般將來時。3.(2017江西九江一中第一次月考) This city never sleeps (sleep).答案答案sleeps句意:這個城市是個不夜城。本句介紹的是該城市現(xiàn)在的特征,故用一般現(xiàn)在時。主語this city為單數(shù)第三人稱,故設(shè)空處填sleeps。單句改錯單句改錯4.(2017江西紅色七校二聯(lián))We spend a few hours digging holes and plant-ing the young seedlings, and then we wrote our wishes on cards one by one and buried them under the roots of the trees. spendspent 答案答案spendspent句意:我們花了幾個小時挖坑,種幼苗。然后我們一個接一個地將我們的愿望寫在卡片上并將它們埋在樹根下面。根據(jù)“wrote”,“buried”可知spend發(fā)生在過去,需用一般過去時,故將spend改為spent。1.一般現(xiàn)在時(1)一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成1)一般現(xiàn)在時主要用動詞的原形表示,如果主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則一般在動詞原形后加 -s或 -es。2)be的變化:am,is,are。3)have的變化:has,have。(2)一般現(xiàn)在時的用法一般現(xiàn)在時除了可以表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài)外,還有以下兩種用法:1)表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實及自然現(xiàn)象。此用法即使出現(xiàn)在過去語境中,也用一般現(xiàn)在時。用法精講用法精講The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。2)用于here,there開頭的倒裝句中,一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。There goes the bell.鈴響了。Here comes the bus.公共汽車來了。2.一般過去時(1)一般過去時的構(gòu)成1)一般過去時用動詞的過去式表示。2)was用于第一、三人稱單數(shù),were用于其他人稱。3)注意以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞,一般直接加-ed,如:playplayed。(2)一般過去時的用法一般過去時除了可以表示過去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài)外,還有下列用法:1)want,hope,think,intend等動詞的一般過去時往往表示“過去原”之意。I thought he was an honest man.我原以為他是個老實人。He didnt intend to hurt you.他沒打算傷害你。2)wonder的一般過去時有時也可表示現(xiàn)在的行為,但口氣要比用一般現(xiàn)在時更加委婉、客氣。I wondered if you could do me a favour.我不知道你能否幫我一個忙。3)used to+動詞原形,表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再發(fā)生了。We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.我們以前常常在山里度假。(暗示現(xiàn)在不再在山里度假了)3.一般將來時(1)一般將來時的構(gòu)成1)shall+動詞原形(第一人稱)2)will+動詞原形(各種人稱)(2)一般將來時的用法一般將來時除了可以表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)外,還有下列用法:1)will+動詞原形will可用來表示事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢。Fish will die without water.離開水,魚就會死。will表示將來,有時含偶然性、臨時性決定的意思。Do you know Mr.Smith has come to our town?No.I will go and visit him right now.你知道史密斯先生來我們鎮(zhèn)了嗎?不知道。我現(xiàn)在就去看他。2)be going to+動詞原形“be going to+動詞原形”多用在口語中,表示“計劃、打算要做某事”,此外,be going to還可表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象對未來進行推斷。He is going to speak on TV this evening.他今晚要在電視上講話。Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看這些烏云,要下雨了。注意:was going to還可表示“過去本打算做某事,但未做”的意思。Tom,you didnt come to the party last night?I was going to,but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.湯姆,你昨天晚上沒來參加聚會嗎?我本打算要來的,但是我突然記起來我有作業(yè)要做。3)be about to+動詞原形/be on the point of+動名詞“be about to+動詞原形”及“be on the point of+動名詞”表示“立即的將來(immediate future)”,因此,這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)不與表示將來的具體時間狀語連用,但可以和并列連詞when(=and at that time)引出的分句連用。The train is about to start.火車就要開了。The plane is on the point of taking off.飛機馬上就要起飛了。4)有些動詞如come,go,arrive,leave,begin,start等,其現(xiàn)在進行時表示按計劃、安排近期將要發(fā)生的動作。Im leaving for Beijing next month.下個月我要去北京。5)某些動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示計劃、安排將要做的事情,這種用法常常用于介紹火車時刻表、飛機時刻表、作息安排表等內(nèi)容。We must hurry up.The first class begins at 8 oclock.我們必須快點。第一節(jié)課將在8點開始。6)be to+動詞原形表示“按計劃或安排要做的事”。When are you to leave for home?你什么時候回家?She is to get married next month.她將于下個月結(jié)婚。The Queen is to visit Japan in a weeks time.女王將于一周后訪問日本。表示“應(yīng)該”,相當(dāng)于should,ought to。You are to report it to the police.你應(yīng)該報警。這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用于過去時。was/were to do sth.表示曾經(jīng)計劃要做的事,但不表明計劃是否被執(zhí)行,或表示命運(即命中注定要發(fā)生的事);was/were to have done sth.表示未曾實現(xiàn)的計劃。I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.我感到緊張,因為我很快就要首次離開家了。They said goodbye,little knowing that they were never to meet again.他們告了別,一點也沒想到以后再也不會見面了。We were to have told you,but you were not in.我們本來想告訴你的,但是你不在家。What is to be done?應(yīng)該怎么辦呢?表示“想,打算”,相當(dāng)于intend,want。If we are to be there before ten,well have to go now.如果我們要在10點前到那兒,我們現(xiàn)在就得走。4.過去將來時(1)過去將來時的構(gòu)成should/would+動詞原形(2)過去將來時的用法過去將來時表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的事情。He said he would be here at eight oclock.他說他將在八點鐘到這里。二、動詞時態(tài)的進行體二、動詞時態(tài)的進行體單句填空單句填空1.I was driving (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.答案答案was driving句意:我正在開車前往倫敦的路上,突然發(fā)現(xiàn)我走錯路了。根據(jù)句意可知此處是be doing.when.句型,表示“正在做這時/那時”。根據(jù)語境可知用過去進行時。語境運用語境運用2.Hurry up!Mark and Carol are expecting (expect)us.答案答案are expecting句意:快點!Mark和Carol正等著咱們呢。根據(jù)題干中的Hurry up可知此處表達expect的動作正在進行中。3.Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will be teaching (teach) a class at that time.答案答案will be teaching句意:今天下午三點Jane不能出席會議,因為那時她將正在上課。根據(jù)時間狀語“at 3 oclock this afternoon”和“at that time”可知,設(shè)空處表示的是將來某個時刻正在進行的動作,故用將來進行時。單句改錯單句改錯4.I live in London and Im look forward to the next holiday. looklooking 答案答案looklooking句意:我生活在倫敦,正盼望著下一個假日?，F(xiàn)在進行時結(jié)構(gòu)為“be+現(xiàn)在分詞”。1.進行體的構(gòu)成(1)考綱對進行體所要求掌握的時態(tài)包括:現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、將來進行時,它們的形式分別為:現(xiàn)在進行時:am/is/are+現(xiàn)在分詞過去進行時:was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞將來進行時:will/shall+be+現(xiàn)在分詞(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成形式:用法精講用法精講情況規(guī)則例詞一般情況 加-ingtrytrying以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)動詞雙寫輔音字母加-ingregretregrettingbanbanning以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞去掉e,加-ing hatehatingdatedating2.進行體的用法(1)進行體表示某一時刻或階段內(nèi)正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài),具有暫時性和未完性的特點。I dont really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary ar-rives.我并不在這里上班,我只是來幫忙,直到新秘書來了(我就走)。(暫時性)I am reading the book. I will finish it in a week.我正在讀那本書。一周后我就會讀完了。(未完性)(2)表示某階段正在進行的動作或發(fā)生的事,雖然說話時動作不一定正在進行,常與these days,this week等時間狀語連用。 We are making model planes these days. 這些天我們在制作飛機模型。(此時此刻不一定在做)(3)表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動作,往往含有贊賞、厭惡、遺憾等情緒,常與always,continually,constantly,forever,all the time等連用。He is always thinking of others first.他總是先想到他人。He is always making the same mistake.他總是犯同樣的錯誤。(4)有些動詞的進行體可以表示將來。(見“一般將來時的用法”部分)(5)有些動詞不用于進行時態(tài),常見的有:1)感覺類:look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear等。 The soup tastes good.(不可說:The soup is tasting good.)這湯嘗起來不錯。 Your hands feel cold.(不可說:Your hands are feeling cold.)你的手摸起來很涼。2)情感類:like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore等。 I love my dad and mum.(不可說:I am loving my dad and mum.) 我愛爸爸媽媽。3)心態(tài)類:wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,agree,know,remember,forget等。 I dont believe my eyes.(不可說:I am not believing my eyes.)我不相信我的眼睛。4)存在狀態(tài)類:appear,lie(位于),remain,belong,have等。 Those books belong to Mr.Li.(不可說:Those books are belonging to Mr.Li.)那些書是李先生的。三、動詞時態(tài)的完成體三、動詞時態(tài)的完成體單句填空單句填空1.I have read (read)half of the English novel, and Ill try to finish it at the weekend. 答案答案have read句意:這本英文小說我已經(jīng)讀了一半了,我將盡力在周末把它讀完。根據(jù)句意可知,動作read發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響,故用現(xiàn)在完成時。語境運用語境運用2.Silk had become (become)one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC. 答案答案had become句意:到大約公元前100年絲綢已成為沿絲綢之路交易的主要貨物之一。根據(jù)句中的時間狀語by about 100 BC可知“be-come”的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”,故用過去完成時。3.It is reported that China will have completed (complete) its first orbiting space station by around 2022.答案答案will have completed句意:據(jù)報道,到2022年左右中國將建成第一個軌道太空站。根據(jù)時間狀語by around 2022可知設(shè)空處應(yīng)該用將來完成時。0單句改錯單句改錯4.My favourite band is Rolling Stones, which had produced 40 albums since 1966. hadhas 答案答案hadhas根據(jù)句中的時間狀語since 1966可推知這里應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時,故將had改為has。1.完成體的構(gòu)成考綱對完成體所要求掌握的時態(tài)包括:現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、將來完成時。其形式分別為:現(xiàn)在完成時:have/has+過去分詞過去完成時:had+過去分詞將來完成時:will/shall have done2.完成體的用法(1)現(xiàn)在完成時1)表示一個動作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(也許還將持續(xù)下去)。表示從過去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時間的狀語有:lately,recently,in the last/past few days/years(在過去的幾天/年里),since then,up to now,so far(至今)等。用法精講用法精講In the past few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.在過去的幾年里,我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。He has written 8 books so far.到目前為止,他已經(jīng)寫了8本書了。2)表示發(fā)生在過去的事情對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響,注意這時說話者說話的重心在過去的事情對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響上。常用的狀語有:already,just(剛剛),yet,before 等。He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.)他已經(jīng)關(guān)掉燈了。The concert has started.(=The concert is on now.)音樂會已經(jīng)開始了。I have already seen the film.(=I know the film now.)我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。3)在“最高級+名詞”或“It/This is+the first/second.time”之后的定語從句中,謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。This is the first time(that)I have come here.這是我第一次來這里。This is the best tea(that) I have ever drunk.這是我喝過的最好的茶了。4)瞬間動詞又叫非延續(xù)性動詞、終止性動詞。瞬間動詞可以用于完成時態(tài),但不可以接表示一段時間的狀語;若要接表示一段時間的狀語,需要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。瞬間動詞的否定式可以接表示一段時間的狀語。()He has come to Beijing since last year.()He has lived in Beijing since last year.()He has joined the army for 3 years.()He has served in the army for 3 years.()He joined the army 3 years ago.()He has been a soldier for 3 years.()It is 3 years since he joined the army.()He has joined the army.常見的瞬間動詞(詞組)有:come,go,get to/reach/arrive at/in,leave,buy,sell,open,close,get up,join/take part in,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,be-come/turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hear from,marry,break,lose,jump 等。部分非延續(xù)性動詞(短語)和延續(xù)性動詞(短語)的轉(zhuǎn)換:買buyhave 借borrowkeep結(jié)婚get marriedbe married認識get to knowknow離開leavebe away回來come backbe back生病fall illbe ill死亡diebe dead關(guān)閉turn offbe off打開turn onbe on動身leave forbe off to變成becomebe返回returnbe back開始beginbe on睡覺go to bedsleep穿put onhave on/wear來/去come/gobe in/away參加joinbe a member of感冒take/get/catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to sleepbe asleep到達get to/arrive in(at)/reachbe in(2)過去完成時1)一件事情發(fā)生在過去,而另外一件事情先于它發(fā)生(即表“過去的過去”),那么發(fā)生在前的動詞要用過去完成時。She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她在來這個機構(gòu)前已學(xué)過一些英語了。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他說他在國外待了3年了。2)表示從過去某一時間開始,一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時間的動作,常用的時間狀語有:by/until/before/by the end of+“表過去的某一時間”。By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那時,他已學(xué)了3年英語了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那時為止,他對此仍一無所知。3)表示愿望、打算的詞,如:hope,expect,mean,intend,want,suppose 等,其過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)I had meant to help you,but I was too busy at that moment.我本打算幫你的,但當(dāng)時我太忙了。I had thought you would come the next day.我原以為你第二天會來。4)用于某些固定句型中:Hardly/Scarcely/Barely.when.和No sooner.than.句型中,when和than 從句里用一般過去時,主句用過去完成時,且用倒裝,表示“剛剛就”。Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我剛到家,雨就傾盆而下。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我們才剛剛出發(fā),汽車的一個輪胎就癟了。It was/had been+一段時間+since 從句。since 從句的謂語用過去完成時。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我們有10年沒那么高興過了。That/It/This was the first/second.time+that 從句。that 從句的謂語要用過去完成時。It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.那是他第三次犯同樣的錯誤了。That was the first time that I had passed the exam.那是我第一次考試及格。(3)將來完成時將來完成時表示到將來某一時間某一動作將會完成,常用的時間狀語為“by+將來的某個時間”。By this time of next year,all of you will have become college students.到明年的這個時候,你們大家就都成為大學(xué)生了。四、動詞時態(tài)的完成進行體四、動詞時態(tài)的完成進行體單句填空單句填空1.Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?The new Star Wars. We have been waiting (wait)here for more than two hours.答案答案have been waiting 句意:打擾了,你們在等哪部電影?新拍的星球大戰(zhàn)。我們已經(jīng)在這兒等了兩個多小時了。本題考查動詞的時態(tài)。設(shè)空處表示該動作從兩個多小時前一直持續(xù)到說話時,而且可能持續(xù)下去,因此用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 語境運用語境運用2.Dashan, who has been learning (learn)crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition. 答案答案has been learning 句意:大山學(xué)習(xí)中國傳統(tǒng)喜劇形式相聲已經(jīng)幾十年了,他想把它與西方的單口喜劇傳統(tǒng)結(jié)合起來。根據(jù)句意以及for decades可知,學(xué)習(xí)這一動作從過去一直延續(xù)到了現(xiàn)在,并且現(xiàn)在還在進行,故用現(xiàn)在完成進行時;主語Dashan為第三人稱單數(shù),故答案為has been learning。3.(2015福建卷)Where is Peter? I cant find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and has been writing (write) his essay there ever since.答案答案has been writing根據(jù)句中的時間狀語ever since可知,write這一動作從過去某一時刻一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,故用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。單句改錯單句改錯4.Since the time humankind started gardening, we had been trying to make our environment more beautiful. hadhave 答案答案hadhave句意:自從人類開創(chuàng)園藝工作以來,我們一直在努力使我們的環(huán)境更加美麗。根據(jù)時間狀語和語境可知,try這一動作從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且有可能繼續(xù)下去,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。完成進行體完成進行體1.考綱對完成進行體所要求掌握的時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成進行時,其形式為:have/has+been+doing。2.現(xiàn)在完成進行時是現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在進行時的組合,因此,它既具備現(xiàn)在完成時的特征,又具備現(xiàn)在進行時的特征,如:它具備進行體的“未完性、暫時性、感情色彩”的特點。He has been learning English for 6 years.他學(xué)英語已經(jīng)6年了。(從過去某一時間開始學(xué)英語,強調(diào)到現(xiàn)在還在學(xué))It has been raining for 3 days.已經(jīng)下了三天雨了。(強調(diào)說話者“抱怨”的感情色彩)用法精講用法精講考點二語態(tài)考點二語態(tài)單句填空單句填空1.When fat and salt are removed (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.答案答案are removed主語是動作的承受者,結(jié)合語境可知,此處用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。故空格處填are removed。2.He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he was being followed (follow).答案答案was being followed句意:他匆忙往家趕,從未回頭看看是否有人跟著他。本題考查動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)及主謂一致。根據(jù)句意可知,設(shè)空處是被動語態(tài),且表示當(dāng)時正在被跟蹤,從句中主語為he,故填was be-ing followed。語境運用語境運用3.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded (reward)with success in the end. 答案答案will be rewarded句意:學(xué)生們一直都很努力學(xué)習(xí)功課,最終回報他們的努力的將是成功。根據(jù)語境可知設(shè)空處需用一般將來時;their efforts與reward之間為被動關(guān)系,故用被動語態(tài)。綜上所述,答案應(yīng)為一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。單句改錯單句改錯4.(2017河南天一大聯(lián)考)Seeing this, I touched and appreciated the kindness he brought to the world. touchedwas touched 答案答案touchedwas touched句意:看到這個,我很受感動,并對他給世界帶來的善良表示感謝。主語I與touch之間為被動關(guān)系,故需用被動語態(tài);根據(jù)appreciated可知需在touched前加was。5.The food was tasted good and we had fun together. 去掉去掉was 答案答案去掉was句意:食物味道鮮美,我們在一起過得很快樂。taste在本句中為系動詞,沒有被動語態(tài),故將was去掉。(一一)被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)1.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成英語中的及物動詞一般都有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種形式。主動語態(tài)是無標記的,而被動語態(tài)則是有標記的。被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞be隨著主語的人稱、數(shù)和句子的時態(tài)、語氣的不同而變化。幾種常見時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式見下表:用法精講用法精講時體現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be done would/should be done進行is/am/are being done was/were being done 完成have/has been donehad been done完成進行 2.被動語態(tài)的用法(1)不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者,或沒有必要指明誰是動作的執(zhí)行者。The window is dirty.I know.It hasnt been cleaned for weeks.窗戶臟了。我知道。好幾周沒人擦了。(2)需要強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者或事件本身。All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.除了經(jīng)理以外,所有的雇員都被鼓勵在家網(wǎng)上辦公。(3)在文章標題、廣告、新聞中。Girls Wanted!招女工!Five-Year-Old Boy Kidnapped!五歲男童遭到綁架!(4)當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者不是人時。The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables.如果人們被說服了吃更多的水果和蔬菜,那么死于心臟病的人數(shù)將大大減少。3.注意動詞短語的被動語態(tài)和含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài) That old man was often laughed at.那位老人常被人嘲笑。The plan will be given up.這項計劃就要被放棄了。Bad habits have been done away with.壞習(xí)慣已經(jīng)改掉了。(注意:在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中,切不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞)He must be prevented from going.必須阻止他去。The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.這項計劃應(yīng)該盡早執(zhí)行。(謂語結(jié)構(gòu)是:情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞)4.“get+過去分詞”可以表示被動,此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語化The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周接受一次治療。He fell off the car and got killed.他從汽車上掉下來,摔死了。(二)主動形式表被動意義1.“系動詞look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,turn,stay,become,get,grow,keep等+形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。The steel feels cold.鋼摸起來很涼。It has gone bad.它已經(jīng)變質(zhì)了。2.表示開始、結(jié)束、運動的動詞,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move 等。Work began at 7 oclock this morning.今天早上7點鐘開始工作的。The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.這個商店每天下午6點關(guān)門。3.表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞,如read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,cook,lock,dry,eat,drink等。這類動詞一般不單獨使用,常有一個修飾語。This coat dries easily.這件外套容易干。Nylon cleans easily.尼龍容易洗干凈。Your article reads very well.你的文章讀起來很不錯。This material has worn thin.這個材料已經(jīng)磨薄了。The match wont catch.這根火柴擦不著。The plan worked out wonderfully.這項計劃進展得很好。4.少數(shù)動詞用于進行時,其主動形式表示被動含義,如print,cook,sell等。The meat is cooking.肉正在燉著?？键c三主謂一致考點三主謂一致一、就近原則中的主謂一致一、就近原則中的主謂一致單句填空單句填空1.Either you or one of your students is (be) to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.答案答案is當(dāng)either.or.連接并列主語時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)采取就近原則,即與空前的one保持一致;結(jié)合句尾的時間狀語tomorrow可知,is(be to do是一般將來時的一種表達方法)符合題意。語境運用語境運用2.At present, not only Mary and I but also Jane is (be) tired of having one exam after another.答案答案isnot only.but also.連接并列主語時,謂語動詞與就近的主語保持一致;根據(jù)句首的時間狀語和語境可知,空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài),結(jié)合空前的Jane可知,空格處填is。單句改錯單句改錯3.Finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught;within the next few minutes, my grandfather also caught a fish. werewas 答案答案werewas在there be句型中,be動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與就近的名詞保持一致,故were改為was。主謂一致的三原則包括語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則,其中采用就近原則的主要是一些常用句式,如not only.but also.,not.but.,either.or.,neither.nor.等,這些句式在連接并列主語時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)需要與最近的主語保持一致。用法精講用法精講二、謂語動詞用單數(shù)時的主謂一致二、謂語動詞用單數(shù)時的主謂一致單句填空單句填空1.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, is regarded (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.答案答案is regarded句意:現(xiàn)如今,與慢跑和游泳一起,騎自行車運動被視為最好的、全面的運動形式之一。設(shè)空處是句子的謂語動詞,主語與regard之間是被動關(guān)系。句子的主語是cycling, 謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。根據(jù)時間狀語nowadays可知時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時。2.It is because we are different and each of us is (be)special.答案答案is句意:那是因為我們與眾不同,我們每個人都很特殊?！癳ach of.”作主語,謂語動詞需用單數(shù)形式,故答案為is。語境運用語境運用3.(2016課標全國卷)Leaving the less important things until tomorrow is (be) often acceptable.答案答案is句意:把不太重要的事情留到明天通常是可以接受的。主語為動名詞短語“Leaving the less important things until tomorrow”,故謂語動詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式,結(jié)合空后的often和語境可知,空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。故填is。單句改錯單句改錯4. (2017河南豫南九校質(zhì)量考評) Every one of you are encouraged to visit it. areis 答案答案areis句意:我們鼓勵你們每個人都來參觀它。主語是Every one of you,因此謂語動詞需用is而非are。下列情況作主語時下列情況作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)謂語動詞用單數(shù):1.不定式、動名詞或主語從句(若what引導(dǎo)的主語從句意義上表示復(fù)數(shù)或what從句有兩個(以上)的動詞,是表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù))作主語時;2.“many a+單數(shù)名詞”作主語時;3.“more than one+單數(shù)名詞”作主語時;4.each/either/neither/another作主語或修飾主語時;5.“a kind of/a sort of/a type of/a pair of/a piece of+名詞”作主語時;6.“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)/most/some/half+of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時;7.學(xué)科名詞、以-s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)名詞、以-s結(jié)尾的書名或報紙雜志名、地名等作主語時;用法精講用法精講8.不定代詞something/somebody/everything/everybody/anything/anybody/nothing/nobody等作主語時;9.and 連接的兩個并列主語指同一人、同一物、同一整體或同一概念時;and連接的兩個并列主語前有each,every,many a,no等詞修飾時;10.“a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a little/little/much/a great deal of/a good deal of/a large amount of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時;11.“the number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時;“the amount of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時;“the quantity of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時;12.“單數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)代詞+but/besides/except/including/like/with/along with/as well as/rather than/such as/together with+名詞或代詞”作主語時。三、謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)時的主謂一致三、謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)時的主謂一致單句填空單句填空1.(2016全國)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and were (be) too violent for use at the table.答案答案were根據(jù)句中的believed可知,此處描述的是過去的情況,應(yīng)用一般過去時;從句的主語是knives,謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故空格處填were。2.The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were (be) absent for different reasons.答案答案were結(jié)合空前的動詞時態(tài)可知,空格處應(yīng)用一般過去時,而a number of作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故空格處填were。語境運用語境運用3.About 60 percent of the students are from the south; the rest of them are (be) from the north and foreign countries.答案答案are根據(jù)空前的語境可知,空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài);“the rest+of+復(fù)數(shù)代詞”作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。故空格處填are。 單句改錯單句改錯4.Luckily I had all my money in my pocket, but the only clothes I had was those I had on; It felt very strange to travel without any luggage. waswere 答案答案waswerethe only clothes為主語,“I had”是其定語從句,之前省略了關(guān)系代詞,故was使用錯誤,應(yīng)改為were。下列情況作主語時下列情況作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù):1.集體名詞作主語時如果側(cè)重其中的個體成員,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);2.“(large) quantities of+可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時;3.地理名稱,如群島、山脈、海峽、瀑布等地理名詞作主語時;4.“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)/most/some/half+of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語時;5.以-s結(jié)尾的clothes,goods,contents,sales,the Olympic Games等作主語時;6.“several/few/a few/many/a great many/a good many/a number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時;用法精講用法精講7.“the+形容詞或過去分詞”作主語表示一類人時,謂語常用復(fù)數(shù),如the blind,the dead,the injured,the old;8.一些由兩個對應(yīng)部分組成一體的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語時,如chop-sticks,compasses,glasses,scissors,shoes,socks,trousers,boots等(若此類名詞被“a suit of/a pair of”修飾時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式則由單位詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定)。四、定語從句中的主謂一致四、定語從句中的主謂一致單句改錯單句改錯1.(2017山西重點中學(xué)協(xié)作體一模)As students, we often take exams at school, and sometimes we have many exams that is too difficult for us. isare 答案答案isare句意:作為學(xué)生,我們在學(xué)校經(jīng)常參加考試。有時我們會有很多對我們來說很難的考試?！皌hat is too difficult for us”為定語從句,先行詞為exams,引導(dǎo)詞在定語從句中作主語,故需將is改為are。語境運用語境運用單句填空單句填空2.Barbara is easy to recognize, as shes the only one of the girls who wears (wear) school uniform. 答案答案wearsthe only one是定語從句的先行詞(如果one前沒有修飾語the only,則girls為先行詞),關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語,空格處作為定語從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)在單復(fù)數(shù)方面與先行詞保持一致,且空格處表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作,因此應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。故空格處填wears。3.The university estimates that living expenses for international students are around $8,450 a year, which is (be) a burden for some of them.答案答案is句意:那所大學(xué)估計,國際學(xué)生的生活費用是每年8450美元左右,這對于其中的一些人來說是一種負擔(dān)。逗號后which引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語從句,先行詞為整個主句,空格處為定語從句的謂語動詞,應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式,而空格處描述的是客觀事實,因此應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。故填is。有的試題考查的是定語從句謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式,此時關(guān)系代詞who,that,as或which在從句中作主語,那么從句的謂語動詞應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致。在答題時,需要分析好句子結(jié)構(gòu),找準定語從句的先行詞,判斷好關(guān)系詞在從句中的具體作用,并結(jié)合主謂一致的相關(guān)知識才能確定答案。用法精講用法精講五、強調(diào)句型中的主謂一致五、強調(diào)句型中的主謂一致單句填空單句填空1.It is what the pupils do in their spare time that really prepares (prepare) them to take their place in society as citizens when they grow up.答案答案prepares題干整體上是強調(diào)句型,對主語從句“what the pupils do in their spare time”進行了強調(diào),而主語從句作主語時,謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式;結(jié)合空后的時態(tài)和語境可知,空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。故空格處填prepares。語境運用語境運用2.It is you, rather than he, that are (be) to blame for the accident.答案答案are該句是強調(diào)句型,對主語you進行了強調(diào),故空格處的單復(fù)數(shù)形式與you保持一致;結(jié)合語境可知,空格處填are。強調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+who/that+其他”。在強調(diào)句中,如果被強調(diào)的部分是句子的主語,則who/that之后的謂語動詞應(yīng)與被強調(diào)的主語保持一致。在做相關(guān)試題時,需要先判斷題干整體上是否屬于強調(diào)句型,然后再結(jié)合主謂一致知識進一步分析判斷。用法精講用法精講技巧點撥技巧點撥時態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致是高考中的重要考查項目。如:例1The sun was setting when my car broke (break)down near a remote village.例2Hes been given six months to live if he doesnt quit drinking (drink).例3People stepped on your feet or pushed (push)you with their elbows, hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.例4All the visitors to this village were treated (treat)with kindness a week ago.例5This is the first time that I have come (come)here.例6She must had a lot of problems with the language.(改錯)hadhave1.在語篇型填空中,對于謂語動詞的考查主要是給出動詞原形,要求考生根據(jù)上下文用適當(dāng)?shù)男问教羁铡Ｗ龃祟愵}時,首先要弄