定語(yǔ)從句 - 2022年高考英語(yǔ)備考糾錯(cuò)筆記

03定語(yǔ)從句 2022英語(yǔ)備考糾錯(cuò)筆記糾錯(cuò)-關(guān)系詞的漏用或關(guān)系詞的誤用(1)【誤】There are many people think that wealth is better than health.【正】 There are many people who/that think that wealth is better than health.【正】 There are many people thinking that wealth is better than health.分析此句是there be句型，故判斷“think that''用作定語(yǔ)；先行詞是people,從句中 缺少主語(yǔ)，故用who/that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在分詞ihinking。(2)【誤】I still remember the days when I spent with farmers in the countryside.【正】I still remember the days (that/which) I spent with farmers in the countryside.分析先行詞是thedays,從句動(dòng)詞spent缺少賓語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導(dǎo)定 語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可省略。(3)【誤】 All the books which were borrowed from the library must be returned on time.【正】 All the books that were borrowed from the library must be returned on time.分析當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞被all, some, any, no, few等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that。(4)【誤】Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, who is quite unexpected.【誤】Until now, we have raised 50,00() pounds for the poor children, as is quite unexpected.【正】Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, which is quite unexpected.分析考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞并非children,而應(yīng)為整個(gè)主句所述的內(nèi)容， 另as在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常用于肯定，而which可用于否定，故本題應(yīng)用which 來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。注意造成以上錯(cuò)誤主要因?yàn)橐韵聨c(diǎn)：(1)對(duì)先行詞判斷不準(zhǔn)，特別是當(dāng)先行詞被其他句子成分分離開時(shí)。(2)不清楚關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別。(3)不了解特殊關(guān)系詞的區(qū)別，如關(guān)系代詞as與which, that與which的區(qū)別。針對(duì)以上錯(cuò)因，可從以下幾方面著手：(1)準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞，解題時(shí)，如遇過(guò)長(zhǎng)過(guò)繁的句子，應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)簡(jiǎn)化，將干擾項(xiàng)移除.(2)找對(duì)先行詞后，將其代入定語(yǔ)從句，一般而言，代入之后，不需加介詞的，應(yīng)用 關(guān)系代詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句，而需要加介詞的，則用關(guān)系副詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)。(3)加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)，如：關(guān)系詞何時(shí)可省略，特殊先行詞之后的定語(yǔ)從句，特 殊關(guān)系詞的用法區(qū)別等。糾錯(cuò)二關(guān)系代詞與替代詞的重:復(fù)或與普通代詞的誤用(1)【誤】 He was the lost boy that his parents were looking for him everywhere.IE He was the lost boy that his parents were looking for everywhere.分析定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞作從句中動(dòng)詞look for的賓語(yǔ)，而him與關(guān)系代詞that指 代的內(nèi)容重疊，均是the lost boy,因此him多余，需刪除。(2)【誤】They were deeply moved, most of them were with tears in their eyes.【正】 They were deeply moved, most of whom were with tears in their eyes.正They were deeply moved, and most of them were with tears in their eyes.【正】 They were deeply moved, most of them with tears in their eyes.分析分析句式可知，此處是“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”型的定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞指人，故用 whom引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。此句還可以改為并列句或獨(dú)立主格形式。注意造成以上錯(cuò)誤主要是由于幾個(gè)方面掌握不牢而致。(1)關(guān)系代詞的作用：既指代先行詞又起連接句子的作用，因此關(guān)系代詞與指代同為先 行詞的代詞不能重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在定語(yǔ)從句中。(2)定語(yǔ)從句的定義：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的句子叫作定語(yǔ)從句，定義中 要求把握幾點(diǎn)：首先要有主句，其次關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的為從句，再次從句要修飾主句中的某個(gè)名 詞或代詞，因此要知曉定語(yǔ)從句與并列句或其他句式的區(qū)別，才能避免錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生。糾錯(cuò)三定語(yǔ)從句中主謂不一致或與其他結(jié)構(gòu)的誤用(1)【誤】This is one of the rooms that was damaged in the fire.【正】 This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.分析句意：這個(gè)房間是那次大火中被燒毀的房間之一。在。ne of.結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞 為of后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞，從句謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但當(dāng)先行詞是“theonly/veryoneof+復(fù)數(shù) 名詞”時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)則用單數(shù)形式。比較：This is the only one of the rooms that was damaged in the fire.這就是那次大火中唯一一個(gè)被燒毀的房間。(2)【誤】The university in France that I am applying for having its own requirement.【正】The university in France that I am applying for has its own requirement.分析此題中that 1 am applying for為定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞the universityo該句主語(yǔ) 為the university,缺少謂語(yǔ)，且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。注意造成以上錯(cuò)誤一是由于對(duì)先行詞，特別是特殊先行詞把握不好，二是定語(yǔ)從句 起了干擾作用。因此在解題時(shí)，首先要找對(duì)先行詞，并要學(xué)會(huì)簡(jiǎn)化句式結(jié)構(gòu)，化繁為簡(jiǎn)，這 需要我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)訓(xùn)練時(shí)多分析、多積累。糾錯(cuò)四定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)合考查時(shí)造成的誤用【誤】Could it be in the restaurant that you had dinner with me yesterday where you lost your handbag?【正】 Could it be in the restaurant where you had dinner with me yesterday that you lost your handbag?分析本句中where引導(dǎo)的為定語(yǔ)從句，而that為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的連接詞，如顛倒誤用 則導(dǎo)致句子結(jié)構(gòu)混亂、語(yǔ)義不明?！咀⒁狻吭斐梢陨襄e(cuò)誤主要是因?yàn)槎ㄕZ(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)合考查時(shí)，不能進(jìn)行分辨而致。 在解此類題型時(shí)，耍首先判斷哪一部分為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)的是句子中的一個(gè)完整成分, 詳參“特殊句式”），然后再判斷是否為定語(yǔ)從句。二.真題演練一、單句語(yǔ)法填空1. （2020全國(guó)卷Hl）In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.【答案】：whose【解析】：句意：中國(guó)古代有一位畫家，他的畫幾乎栩栩如生。此處為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先 行詞artist,且先行詞在從句中作定語(yǔ)。2. （2020江蘇高考）Many lessons are now available online, from students can choose for free.【答案】：which【解析】：句意：現(xiàn)在許多課程都可以在網(wǎng)上找到資源，學(xué)生們可以從中免費(fèi)選擇。此 處是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是many lessons,關(guān)系詞在從句中作介詞from的賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng) 使用關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)。3. （2020天津高考）Dr. Rowan,secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.【答案】：whose【解析】：句意：羅文博士的秘書兩周前辭職了，他現(xiàn)在只能自己打字。secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾Dr. Rowan,引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作定語(yǔ)，應(yīng) 用關(guān)系代詞whoseo4. （2018天津高考）Kate,sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.【答案】：whose【解析】：句意：凱特已經(jīng)去澳大利亞工作了。我們?cè)诖髮W(xué)的時(shí)候，我和她的姐姐共住 一室。句中先行詞為Kate,在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作名詞sister的定語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系代詞whoseo5. （2018江蘇高考）Self-driving is an area China and the rest of the world are onthe same starting line.【答案】：where【解析】：句意：自動(dòng)駕駛是一個(gè)中國(guó)和世界其他國(guó)家都在同一起跑線的領(lǐng)域。句中先 行詞為an area,在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系副詞whereo6. （2018全國(guó)卷 II ）1 arrived early at Byron Bay we were supposed to meet.【答案】：where【解析】：句意：我們?cè)缭绲氐竭_(dá)了 Byron海灣，我們應(yīng)該在那里相見。where指代先 行詞Byron Bay,在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。7. （2018浙江高考）Then I got to the point I was staying up really late at night toget my work done.【答案】：where【解析1句意：接著我到達(dá)了這樣的一個(gè)地步：我熬夜一直到深夜來(lái)完成任務(wù)。point 在此表抽象地點(diǎn)，故用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。8. （2018：HIII）Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.【答案】：whose【解析1句意：因?yàn)槲覀兊呐Γ覀兊呐畠簡(jiǎn)讨螊I的確決定把一大袋子玩具捐獻(xiàn)給 一個(gè)女孩，她的母親因?yàn)榧膊]有錢讓她度假。whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的先行詞 girl,作后面mother的定語(yǔ)。9. （2018北京高考）Now Mr Anderson has set up an online campaign to donate money for Mr Smith and other homeless people in the area,by yesterday had received £ 8,000.【答案】:which【解析】：句意：現(xiàn)在安德森先生發(fā)起了一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)動(dòng)給史密斯和本地區(qū)其他無(wú)家可歸 的人們捐款，到昨天為止已經(jīng)收到了 8,000英鎊。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面 的 an online campaign, 故填 whicho10. （2018天津高考）One chilly night I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains withsome students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream.【答案】：when【解析I前面的night是一個(gè)表時(shí)間的名詞，設(shè)空后面的句子不缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，缺少 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，故填when。11. （2018浙江高考）Many westerners come to China cook much less than in theirown countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.【答案】：who/that設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞westerners,在從句中作主語(yǔ)， 所以用who/thato12. （2018全國(guó)卷 I ）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.【答案】：ihat/which【解析】：此處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的先行詞a study,從句中缺少主語(yǔ)，所以用that/whicho13. （2019江蘇高考）We have entered into an age dreams have the best chance ofcoming true.【答案】：when【解析】：句意：我們已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)夢(mèng)想最有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的時(shí)代。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句， 先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞an age,在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。14. （2019浙江高考）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives offlight in the dark.【答案】：thal/which【解析】：此處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞a piece of cloth,而且在從句中作主語(yǔ)，所以 用that或which來(lái)引導(dǎo)。15. （2019天津高考）Their child is at the stage she can say individual words butnot full sentences.【答案】：where【解析】：stage ”階段”，后接定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)該用 關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。16. （2019北京高考）The students benefitting most from college are those aretotally engaged （參與）in academic life, taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources （資源）.【答案】：who【解析】：先行詞為those,指大學(xué)生們，通常用who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而不用ihal。17. （2018全國(guó)卷 II ）The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005一when the government started a soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations tofarmers-and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.【答案】：that/which【解析】：設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，且在從句中作主語(yǔ)，前面的“a soil-testing program”是 指物的先行詞，故填that/which。18. （2018北京高考）She and her family bicycle to work,helps them keep fit.【答案】：which【解析】：句意：她和家人騎自行車去上班，這幫助他們保持健康。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從 句，且在從句中作主語(yǔ)，指代前面整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容，故用which。19. （2019天津高考）Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.【答案】：where/in which【解析】：句意：數(shù)學(xué)模型也揭示了食物網(wǎng)可能是不穩(wěn)定的，在那里，頂部捕食者的微 小變化可能導(dǎo)致整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的巨大影響。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞food webs,在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故填where或in which。20. （2019天津高考）The book turns out to be one has appealed to the world formore than 350 years.【答案】:that【解析】：設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為不定代詞one,設(shè)空處在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故 用that引導(dǎo)。21. （2019浙江高考）you can imagine, the trip is no piece of cake.【答案】：As【解析】：句意：正如你能想象的，這趟騎行之旅并不容易。此處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從 句，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)位于句首，故用as引導(dǎo)。二.短文改錯(cuò)1. （2020全國(guó)卷 II ）Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.【答案】：what-which【解析】：逗號(hào)后的從句為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞your letter,在從句中作主語(yǔ), what不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。故將what改為whicho2. （2020全國(guó)卷HI Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.答案：what>that【解析】：此處含有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是all ihe food,關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，指 物，可用that或which；但當(dāng)先行詞被all修飾時(shí)，只能用that,不能用which,而what不 能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，所以將whal改為that。3. （2019 BIII）This indicates that there is a certain way where quantity is represented in their brain.【答案】：去掉 where 或 where>that/in which【解析】：當(dāng)way作先行詞，若定語(yǔ)從句中缺少方式狀語(yǔ)，則用in which或Ihat引導(dǎo)， 也可省略引導(dǎo)詞。故去掉where或?qū)here改為that/in which。4. （2019江蘇高考）But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during that they remained weak and marginal creatures.【答案】：thatwhich【解析】：句意：但在整整200萬(wàn)年的時(shí)間里，人類享受著所有這些優(yōu)勢(shì)，在這期間， 他們?nèi)匀皇侨跣〉倪吘壣?。在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用關(guān)系代詞that, 此處修飾先行詞2 million years,指物，故將that改為which（,5. （2019江蘇高考）Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, which she fell asleep each night when she was young.【答案】:which前加to【解析】：句意：他的女兒梅利莎覺得挽救他的音樂是非常值得的，因?yàn)樗r(shí)候每天 晚上都是伴著音樂入睡的。本句是“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞 music,可理解為 回1 asleep to music "伴隨音樂入睡”，將介詞to提前，故在which前加to。6. （2019北京高考）A decade of data breaches （數(shù)據(jù)侵入）of personal information has led to a situation which scammers can easily learn your mother's name, and far more.【答案】：whichwhere【解析】：句意：十多年來(lái)個(gè)人信息的數(shù)據(jù)泄露導(dǎo)致詐騙者很容易就能知道你母親的名 字，甚至更多。當(dāng)先行詞是situation, point, case等詞，且關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用 where引導(dǎo)。7. （2018全國(guó)卷 I ）They also had a small pond which they raised fish.【答案】：which>where或which前加in【解析】：本句是含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句，先行詞是pond,引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ), 故將which改為where或在其前加in。8. （2018-JtM）Imagine a future which most adults own individual self-driving vehicles.【答案】：which>where或which前力口 in【解析】：句意：想象一個(gè)未來(lái)，那里很多成年人擁有自己的無(wú)人駕駛汽車。which引 導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而該從句中缺:少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故將which改為where或 在which前加in«9. （2021 河南省南陽(yáng)市第一中學(xué)高三上學(xué)期第二次月考）1因a place which we all gather, no matter what our interests, and no matter what ages, young and old, rich and poor.【答案】：which»where【解析】：這是一個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞為place,在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用whereo