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目 錄
摘 要 1
關(guān)鍵詞 1
1 前言 2
1.1 研究意義 2
1.2 國內(nèi)外研究狀況 3
1.2.1 產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)單一.................................................................................................3
1.2.2 高新技術(shù)應(yīng)用少.............................................................................................3
1.2.3 行業(yè)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不健全.....................................................................................3
1.2.4 施藥技術(shù)落后.................................................................................................4
1.2.5 缺乏完整和系統(tǒng)的機(jī)械施藥技術(shù)規(guī)范.........................................................4
1.3 設(shè)計(jì)要求及目標(biāo) 5
1.3.1 設(shè)計(jì)要求.........................................................................................................5
1.3.1 設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo).........................................................................................................5
2 總體設(shè)計(jì) 6
2.1 整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu) 6
2.2 工作原理 6
2.3 技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì) 7
2.3.1 機(jī)械安全性設(shè)計(jì).............................................................................................7
2.3.2 液泵的選型.....................................................................................................8
2.4 電氣安全性設(shè)計(jì) 9
2.4.1 電氣裝置.........................................................................................................9
2.4.2 蓄電池.............................................................................................................9
2.5 整機(jī)和主要部件的設(shè)計(jì) 9
2.5.1 總質(zhì)量.............................................................................................................9
2.5.2 噴霧性能.........................................................................................................9
2.5.3 連續(xù)工作時(shí)間...............................................................................................10
2.5.4 耳旁噪聲.......................................................................................................10
2.5.5 過濾裝裝置...................................................................................................10
2.5.6 藥液箱...........................................................................................................11
2.5.7 噴頭噴霧量...................................................................................................11
2.5.8 裝配質(zhì)量.......................................................................................................12
2.5.9 鏈輪傳動(dòng)部分計(jì)算.......................................................................................12
2.5.10 軸的計(jì)算.....................................................................................................13
2.5.11 可靠性.........................................................................................................14
3 注意事項(xiàng) 14
4 結(jié)論 15
參考文獻(xiàn) 16
致 謝 17
小型電動(dòng)移動(dòng)式噴霧機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué) 生：方 劍
指導(dǎo)老師：李 明
(湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)東方科技學(xué)院，長沙 410128)
摘 要：用于植保的中小型噴霧機(jī)，其發(fā)展趨勢是由電動(dòng)型取代機(jī)動(dòng)型，由可移動(dòng)式取代便攜式，由機(jī)載噴桿取代手持噴桿。目前，機(jī)動(dòng)型噴霧機(jī)得到廣泛應(yīng)用，但其發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的噪音和振動(dòng)給操作者帶來危害，同時(shí)要消耗價(jià)格昂貴的燃料，發(fā)展趨勢不容樂觀。電動(dòng)型噴霧機(jī)不僅省力、經(jīng)濟(jì)，而且更符合環(huán)保要求，因此其取代機(jī)動(dòng)型噴霧機(jī)也是必然趨勢。該移動(dòng)式電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)采用蓄電池作為動(dòng)力源，葉片泵為液泵，并配有兩個(gè)弧形噴桿。充電一次可連續(xù)噴霧作業(yè)5小時(shí)，噴霧效率可達(dá)到3～4畝/小時(shí),完全滿足農(nóng)藝和植保防治要求。
關(guān)鍵詞：電動(dòng)；噴霧；移動(dòng)；噴霧機(jī)
Design of an Small Size Electromotion Movable Sprayer
Student: Fang Jian
Tutor:Li Ming
(College of Oriental Science&Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China)
Abstract：For plant protection, the atomizer's development trend is that electromotion movable sprayer will be replaced by the motor type. But the engine of the motor type atomizer makes noise and vibration,which bring harm to its operatoer. At the same time, the motor type atomizer consumes expensive fuel. Electric type atomizer is not only saving labour and lightweght, but also more according with environmental protection requirement. As a result, the electric type atomizer, inevitabally, replace the motor type atomizer. Charging the storage battery one time could completely satisfied a continuous spray assignments of 5h. It is enough to satisfy the needs for plant prevention and cure.
Key words: electromotion; mist spray ; movable; sprayer
1 前言
隨著農(nóng)業(yè)高速發(fā)展，高效農(nóng)藥的應(yīng)用以及人們對生存環(huán)境要求的提高，農(nóng)藥使用技術(shù)與施藥器械面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn)。目前，我國農(nóng)藥生產(chǎn)技術(shù)已處于世界先進(jìn)水平，但施藥機(jī)具和技術(shù)的水平卻嚴(yán)重滯后。現(xiàn)代農(nóng)用機(jī)械朝著讓人們省時(shí)、省工的方向發(fā)展，把大量的勞動(dòng)力從繁重的勞動(dòng)中解放出來，有機(jī)會從事二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)。目前常用的噴霧機(jī)多為手動(dòng)或者由內(nèi)燃機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，前者勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大、生產(chǎn)率低；后者因?yàn)榘l(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的噪音和振動(dòng)給操作者帶來危害，同時(shí)要消耗價(jià)格昂貴的燃料。移動(dòng)式電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)，由貯液桶、濾網(wǎng)、聯(lián)接頭、抽吸器（小型葉片泵）、連接管、噴桿、噴頭依次聯(lián)接連通構(gòu)成，抽吸式的一個(gè)小型葉片泵，其電路經(jīng)電機(jī)及開關(guān)與電池電聯(lián)接，電池盒裝于貯液桶下方。移動(dòng)式電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是由于取消了抽吸式吸筒，從而有效地消除了農(nóng)藥外濾傷害操作者的弊病，并且省力，且電動(dòng)泵壓力比人手動(dòng)吸筒壓力大，增大了噴灑距離和范圍。在增加少量成本的情況下，不僅大大提高了工作效率，而且減輕了作業(yè)者作業(yè)過程中的負(fù)擔(dān)，還給作業(yè)者的安全提供了有力的保障，大可謂一舉多得，由此可以看出，移動(dòng)式電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)發(fā)展?jié)摿薮螅谐蔀橹髁髦脖ＴO(shè)備的趨勢。
1.1 研究意義
我們國家屬于一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)大國，全國農(nóng)藥噴霧機(jī)市場旺盛，根據(jù)全國30個(gè)省級植保站統(tǒng)計(jì)預(yù)測分析，2007年全國農(nóng)藥需求總量為27.72噸，2008年全國需求量為769.59萬噸，同比上漲160%。除草劑需求上漲比上年增長5.11%，而目前人們對綠色有機(jī)食品和環(huán)境保護(hù)意識的上漲，預(yù)計(jì)明年農(nóng)藥械包括電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)具有良好的市場前景。
目前農(nóng)村使用最多的手動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)和機(jī)動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)，雖品牌繁多，但都屬于五六十年代定型的“工農(nóng)--16”和“WFB--18”。無論結(jié)構(gòu)形式還有技術(shù)性能都很落后。在施藥時(shí)“冒泡滴漏”導(dǎo)致中毒現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重；二是產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量差，面對市場經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的建立和發(fā)展，企業(yè)必然面臨著更加激烈的市場競爭。不少企業(yè)，尤小型個(gè)體企業(yè)和家庭作坊式企業(yè)為了占據(jù)市場，拼命在降低成本上打主意，偷工減料，以次充好，導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量連年下降，導(dǎo)致手動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)使用時(shí)藥液滴漏，零件易損壞，機(jī)具使用壽命短；三是噴灑部件單一，大部分手動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)僅配備一種徑向進(jìn)液式圓錐噴霧頭，且噴頭質(zhì)量差，壓力不均勻，霧化不好，藥效低，對土地的污染嚴(yán)重，功率低下。而移動(dòng)式電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)與手動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)相比具有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)；電噴屬于微水噴霧，壓力大而勻，噴霧性能穩(wěn)定可靠，藥液利用率高，節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力，且為機(jī)載噴桿，有效避免施藥時(shí)“冒泡滴漏”導(dǎo)致中毒的現(xiàn)象，保護(hù)了勞動(dòng)者的安全。雖說目前電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)價(jià)格偏高，市場競爭力一般，但隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和農(nóng)民收入提高以及植保服務(wù)日益社會化，以及國家對它的支持，移動(dòng)式電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)將具有更大的發(fā)展空間。
1.2 國內(nèi)外研究狀況
新中國成立后，我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械行業(yè)得到了快速發(fā)展，我國噴霧機(jī)械和施藥技術(shù)的開發(fā)可追朔到20世紀(jì)30年代，為防治農(nóng)作物病蟲害，實(shí)現(xiàn)糧棉、油料、水果等作物的高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)做出了積極貢獻(xiàn)。但是從總體上來說，我國植保機(jī)械性能和施藥技術(shù)水平落后，無法滿足當(dāng)今農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和環(huán)境保護(hù)要求，具體表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面。
1.2.1 產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)單一，專業(yè)化、系列化程度低
歐美發(fā)達(dá)國家的植保機(jī)械發(fā)展自20世紀(jì)40年代起，就已逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)專業(yè)化、系列化，大田作業(yè)有農(nóng)作物專用噴霧機(jī)，蘋果、梨、葡萄等果園有專用噴霧機(jī)?。與此形成鮮明對比的是目前國內(nèi)植保機(jī)械種類較少，產(chǎn)品單一，基本上以手動(dòng)和小型機(jī)具為主。據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)部門統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國現(xiàn)有手動(dòng)植保機(jī)械的社會保有量約為6000萬臺；背負(fù)式和擔(dān)架式機(jī)動(dòng)噴霧噴粉機(jī)及電動(dòng)霧噴霧機(jī)的社會保有量為300多萬臺；大型植保機(jī)械保有量4萬臺多。另一方面，專用植保機(jī)械還沒有發(fā)展起來，大多利用同一種機(jī)具進(jìn)行多種不同的施藥作業(yè)，尤其是這些器械所使用的噴頭只有少量幾種，無法滿足農(nóng)作物病蟲害防治對施藥器械多樣化的需求。
1.2.2 高新技術(shù)應(yīng)用少
現(xiàn)代微電子技術(shù)、儀器與控制技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)等許多高新技術(shù)現(xiàn)已在發(fā)達(dá)國家植保機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中廣泛地應(yīng)用心，并朝著智能化、光機(jī)電一體化方向快速發(fā)展，以實(shí)現(xiàn)病蟲害防治作業(yè)的高效率、高質(zhì)量、低成本和操作者的舒適性和安全性。然而，目前我國植保機(jī)械產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、技術(shù)陳舊、科技含量低；發(fā)達(dá)國家植保機(jī)械研制開發(fā)中廣泛采用的低容量寬噴幅噴灑、全密封自動(dòng)混藥、寬噴幅風(fēng)送防飄移、機(jī)器視覺技術(shù)、靜電噴霧技術(shù)、自動(dòng)對靶噴霧技術(shù)、GPS和GIS技術(shù)等高新技術(shù)在國內(nèi)植保機(jī)械中很少得到應(yīng)用，由此導(dǎo)致了國內(nèi)植保機(jī)械主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)水平只有達(dá)國家20世紀(jì)六七十年代的水平，也僅有少數(shù)產(chǎn)品達(dá)到國際20世紀(jì)80年代末90年代初水平。
1.2.3 行業(yè)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不健全
產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和使用監(jiān)控體系不完善發(fā)達(dá)國家在20世紀(jì)就制訂了一系列植保機(jī)械行業(yè)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)控體系，其主要內(nèi)容涉及植保機(jī)械企業(yè)、銷售及售后產(chǎn)品安全質(zhì)量問題的處理方式，以及政府對相關(guān)法律法規(guī)的實(shí)施進(jìn)行監(jiān)控的規(guī)定等。與此同時(shí)，相關(guān)法律還規(guī)定植保機(jī)械還必須進(jìn)行定期檢驗(yàn)，只有年檢合格后方可進(jìn)行噴霧作業(yè)。進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)70年代后，則將植保機(jī)械列入特種農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械行列，有專門的管理機(jī)構(gòu)和部門。然而，國內(nèi)植保機(jī)械的一些關(guān)鍵技術(shù)質(zhì)量指標(biāo)與國外現(xiàn)有的通行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相差甚遠(yuǎn)，不適應(yīng)當(dāng)前植保機(jī)械發(fā)展要求，不能與國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接軌；另一方面，國內(nèi)對植保機(jī)械產(chǎn)品監(jiān)控力度不夠，缺乏嚴(yán)格市場管理，致使許多假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品充斥市場，不僅嚴(yán)重干擾了我國植保機(jī)械的正常市場秩序，而且還損害了廣大農(nóng)民切身利益和人身安全。
1.2.4 施藥技術(shù)落后，農(nóng)藥和施藥器械的研究缺乏有機(jī)結(jié)合
農(nóng)藥的科學(xué)使用涉及農(nóng)藥制劑、噴灑機(jī)具、施藥方法、生物行為、毒理學(xué)、氣象學(xué)以及環(huán)境科學(xué)等許多方面的高度綜合性的應(yīng)用工藝學(xué)。防治水平的提高依賴于施藥機(jī)具和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，機(jī)械施藥技術(shù)的先進(jìn)與否對農(nóng)藥在農(nóng)作物的沉積率，農(nóng)藥施用量和利用率，消除對操作人員的危害以及對環(huán)境污染有著重要影響。至今我國許多地方仍沿用20世紀(jì)50年代的大容量淋雨式噴霧法，由于施藥技術(shù)落后，致使大量噴灑農(nóng)藥不到位或不均勻，藥劑不能充分地發(fā)揮作用，并造成了大量農(nóng)藥的浪費(fèi)和環(huán)境水土資源污染。另一方面，長期以來國內(nèi)從事農(nóng)藥藥劑和施藥器械的研究人員缺乏聯(lián)系和合作，二者之間缺乏有機(jī)結(jié)合，這也是導(dǎo)致我國施藥技術(shù)落后的重要原因之一。
1.2.5 缺乏完整和系統(tǒng)的機(jī)械施藥技術(shù)規(guī)范
當(dāng)今許多發(fā)達(dá)國家對于農(nóng)藥的使用以及廢棄的農(nóng)藥和使用過的農(nóng)藥容器的安全處理都有詳細(xì)且明確規(guī)定。目前，國內(nèi)機(jī)械施藥還沒有形成一套完整的技術(shù)規(guī)范，農(nóng)民得不到相應(yīng)規(guī)范的施藥方法的指導(dǎo)，一般根據(jù)農(nóng)藥使用手冊中規(guī)定農(nóng)田面積確定藥液的數(shù)量或根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行噴施，這與現(xiàn)代施藥技術(shù)所要求的根據(jù)農(nóng)作物不同的發(fā)育階段和病蟲害種群密度，來選擇施藥機(jī)械種類、農(nóng)藥劑型和噴霧方法相去甚遠(yuǎn)。由此帶來了農(nóng)藥利用率低，防治工效低，病蟲害防治效果差、作物藥害、操作者中毒和污染環(huán)境等一系列問題。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，目前我國平均每公頃的用藥量是以色列、日本的1／8—1／4，美國和德國的1／2，但農(nóng)產(chǎn)品殘留卻是他們的數(shù)倍，甚至數(shù)十倍，同時(shí)農(nóng)藥有效利用率最高不足30％，流失量卻高達(dá)60％～70％。
1.3 設(shè)計(jì)要求及目標(biāo)
1.3.1 設(shè)計(jì)要求
該設(shè)計(jì)執(zhí)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Q/TYBF01-2007
表1 技術(shù)參數(shù)
Table 1 Technical parameter
1
噴霧液泵形式
葉片泵
2
噴頭形式
8個(gè)切向進(jìn)液式扇形金屬噴頭
3
外形尺寸（長×寬×高）
865×391×1034mm
4
整體質(zhì)量
40kg
5
常用工作壓力
1～1．6MPa
6
最高工作壓力
2MPa
7
藥箱容量
20L
8
噴霧量
1.2～1.8L/min
9
配套動(dòng)力
型式、型號
電池 DC24V
電機(jī)額定功率
40W
10
充電器
輸入
AC 100～240V\50Hz
輸出
DC 24V\1A
1.3.2 設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)
該噴霧機(jī)以蓄電池為能源，電動(dòng)機(jī)為動(dòng)力源，葉片泵為抽液加壓裝置。蓄電池裝在噴霧機(jī)內(nèi)，按下電源開關(guān) ，電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)液泵壓液，打開手動(dòng)開關(guān)即可噴灑藥液。
(1) 密封性能
將藥液箱裝入額定容量的清水，蓋好藥液箱蓋，將藥液箱分別向前、后、左、右方向傾斜45，藥液箱內(nèi)的液體無滲漏現(xiàn)象。
電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)在工作壓力范圍內(nèi)噴霧時(shí)，除噴孔外，個(gè)部件及其連接處均沒有滲漏現(xiàn)象。在噴霧開關(guān)或截流閥處于“斷”或“關(guān)閉”位置時(shí)，各件部件及其連接處均無滲漏現(xiàn)象。
(2) 藥業(yè)箱蓋連接可靠性
藥業(yè)箱蓋與藥業(yè)箱口連接牢固，密封可靠。戴手套時(shí)不用工具能方便打開并能牢固的擰緊。
2 總體設(shè)計(jì)
2.1 整機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)
該噴霧機(jī)，由機(jī)架、貯液桶、濾網(wǎng)、聯(lián)接頭、抽吸器（小型電動(dòng)泵）、連接管、噴桿、噴頭等構(gòu)成，抽吸是一個(gè)電動(dòng)葉片泵，它經(jīng)開關(guān)與電池電聯(lián)接，蓄電池裝于貯液桶底部。電動(dòng)機(jī)的使用，相對機(jī)動(dòng)式噴霧機(jī)而言，大大降低了工作時(shí)的震動(dòng)和噪音，加之機(jī)載噴桿的設(shè)置，有效地消除了農(nóng)藥外濾傷害操作者的弊病，并且省力，高效。霧化效果好，噴霧效率高。
圖1 移動(dòng)式電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)
Fig l Knapsack electric sprayer
2.2 工作原理
該噴霧機(jī)以蓄電池為能源，電動(dòng)機(jī)為動(dòng)力源，葉片泵為抽液加壓裝置。蓄電池裝在噴霧機(jī)內(nèi)，按下電源開關(guān) ，電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)液泵壓液，打開手動(dòng)開關(guān)即可噴灑藥液。
2.3 技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)
2.3.1 機(jī)械安全性設(shè)計(jì)
(1) 密封性能
將藥液箱裝入額定容量的清水，蓋好藥液箱蓋，將藥液箱分別向前、后、左、右方向傾斜45，藥液箱內(nèi)的液體無滲漏現(xiàn)象。
電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)在工作壓力范圍內(nèi)噴霧時(shí)，除噴孔外，個(gè)部件及其連接處均沒有滲漏現(xiàn)象。在噴霧開關(guān)獲截流閥處于“斷”或“關(guān)閉”位置時(shí)，各件部件及其連接處均無滲漏現(xiàn)象。
(2) 藥業(yè)箱蓋連接可靠性
藥業(yè)箱蓋與藥業(yè)箱口連接牢固，密封可靠。戴手套時(shí)不用工具能方便打開并能牢固的擰緊。
(3) 噴射部件的耐壓性能
該噴霧機(jī)設(shè)有兩個(gè)機(jī)載弧形噴桿。噴桿圖如下：
圖2 噴桿
Fig 2 Four eyes nozzle
1-支撐桿 2-支架桿 3-雙噴軟管 4-噴頭 5-連接桿 6-滑塊1 7-藥液出口管
8-滑塊2 9-調(diào)節(jié)螺栓 10-弧形調(diào)節(jié)板
每個(gè)噴桿配有4個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)切向扇形金屬噴嘴。噴嘴圖如下：
圖3 噴嘴
Fig 3 Four eyes
其具有良好的耐壓性能，以2倍最高工作壓力（8MPa），對其進(jìn)行耐壓試驗(yàn)，噴頭及桿身沒有滲漏，變形和破裂現(xiàn)象。
2.3.2 液泵的選型
選用PV2R型葉片泵，其工作原理：葉片泵轉(zhuǎn)子旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，葉片在離心力和藥液的作用下，尖部緊貼在定子內(nèi)表面上。這樣兩個(gè)葉片與轉(zhuǎn)子和定子內(nèi)表面所構(gòu)成的工作容積，先由小到大吸液后再由大到小排液，葉片旋轉(zhuǎn)一周時(shí)，完成兩次吸液與排液，從而將液體連續(xù)的吸入和排出。
圖4 葉片泵
Fig 4 Vane Pump
1-左泵體 2-左配流盤 3-轉(zhuǎn)子 4-葉片 5-定子
6-右配流盤 7-右泵體 8-軸
2.4 電氣安全性設(shè)計(jì)
2.4.1 電氣裝置
電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)的電氣系統(tǒng)安裝到位，極性正確。其配位線與電流量相適應(yīng)，確保電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)工作時(shí)安全、可靠。該機(jī)電氣系統(tǒng)采用了防水措施，藥液箱、噴射部件均不帶電，其絕緣電阻值大于2MG。
2.4.2 蓄電池
電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)的蓄電池滿足相應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求。密封鉛酸蓄電池滿足JB/T10262的要求。電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)配備10Ah電池。
圖5 配電接線
Fig 5 Circuit diagram of power distribution
2.5 整機(jī)和主要部件的設(shè)計(jì)
2.5.1 總質(zhì)量
整機(jī)質(zhì)量為40kg，加入額定容量的清水后，電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)整機(jī)的總質(zhì)量不應(yīng)大于80Kg。
2.5.2 噴霧性能
霧化原理：用機(jī)械的方法，即利用機(jī)械的過程來產(chǎn)生霧滴。
共方法有：（1）將加任的管流藥披導(dǎo)向?yàn)樯⑸涞纳淞?
（2）借另一股射流(一股是空氣射流)將藥液射流沖散;
（3）借固體的機(jī)械作用將藥液射流擊碎。
噴霧角：將噴射部件安裝在適當(dāng)高度的支架上，噴頭向下，在額定的工作壓力下噴霧，用噴霧機(jī)噴頭的高度和在地面上噴出的霧跡的寬度通過式求得：
(1)
式中：h——噴霧機(jī)噴頭的高度，cm；
b——地面上噴出的霧跡的寬度，cm。
圖6 噴霧角
Fig 6 Spreading of spray
施藥面積：實(shí)際施藥的面積( 在行間和苗帶噴霧時(shí)指噴霧帶或苗行帶中的面積， 若農(nóng)藥的推薦用量是以作物種植面積為基準(zhǔn)的， 計(jì)算噴幅應(yīng)為行距或苗帶寬度),
施藥液量與噴頭噴量、 噴幅和噴施作業(yè)行進(jìn)速度的關(guān)系按下式計(jì)算:
(2)
式中: n—噴頭數(shù);
q一 噴頭的噴量, L / min ;
V— 施藥液量, L / hm ;
R—在機(jī)器噴幅寬度內(nèi)諸個(gè)噴頭的噴量, I/ min ;
W— 機(jī)器噴幅，m;
S— 前進(jìn)速度，km/ h ;
K一 常數(shù) 600
2.5.3 連續(xù)工作時(shí)間
電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)配備10Ah電池，在一次充足電后連續(xù)正常工作的時(shí)間達(dá)5h。
2.5.4 耳旁噪聲
電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)在正常工作時(shí)只有葉片泵工作會發(fā)出噪聲，在最高工作壓力下噴霧式，耳旁的噪聲不大于8Db(A).
2.5.5 過濾裝裝置
電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)設(shè)有二級過濾裝置。藥液箱加液口和出液口都設(shè)過濾裝置，桶口大過濾網(wǎng)邊可以邊加水邊稀釋農(nóng)藥。末級過濾裝置的網(wǎng)孔的尺寸為0.5mm。
圖7 過濾網(wǎng)
Fig 7 filter screen
圖8 噴頭濾網(wǎng)
Fig 8 The of filter screen of nozzle
2.5.6 藥液箱
(1)藥液箱上有6L,9L,12L,16L四個(gè)表示額定容量的水位線；
(2)藥液箱的實(shí)際容量為15.5L，大于額定容量的95%；
(3)藥液箱的加液口直徑為130mm。
2.5.7 噴頭噴霧量
藥箱裝入適量清水并稱出其重量W,測定噴霧1-3 min后機(jī)具重量，計(jì)算出每分鐘噴霧量，重復(fù)三次。
表2 噴霧量
Table 2 The spray rate of single shower nozzle
開始重量
（kg）
1min后
（kg）
2min后
（kg）
3min后
（kg）
噴霧量
L/min
1
70
68.74
57.55
46.5
1.2
2
70
67.67
56.56
45.28
1.26
3
70
68.86
57.62
46.4
1.14
平均噴霧量
1.2
2.5.8 裝配質(zhì)量
（1）整機(jī)零部件完整，無缺件，安裝方便；
（2）運(yùn)動(dòng)件操作靈活，無有卡死、磕碰現(xiàn)象；
（3）非運(yùn)動(dòng)件無明顯偏移、翹曲等現(xiàn)象；
（4）緊固件緊固可靠；
（5）電動(dòng)機(jī)、蓄電池和液泵安裝牢固、可靠，防潮得當(dāng)。
2.5.9 鏈輪傳動(dòng)部分計(jì)算：
（1） 選擇鏈輪齒數(shù)：
Z1=34 Z2=17 中心距：500mm
（2） 確定鏈節(jié)數(shù)
(3)
(4)
（3） 驗(yàn)算鏈速：
(5)
（4） 作用在軸上的壓力：
(6)
（3） 最后選定的鏈型號：12A-1X34 GB1243.1-83
2.5.10 軸的計(jì)算：
（1） 對于圓截面，扭轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度計(jì)算條件為：
(7)
(8)
(9)
（2）滾動(dòng)軸承的壽命計(jì)算：
(10)
(11)
2.5.11 可靠性
(12)
式中：
K—有效度（%）；
—故障排除時(shí)間之和，單位為h；
—純工作時(shí)間之和，單位為h；
代入數(shù)據(jù)k=95%。
3 注意事項(xiàng)
1 在下列情況下，必須立即充滿電后方可繼續(xù)使用：
（1）長期擱置不用（一般為三個(gè)月閑置時(shí)間）；
（2）用單噴頭（噴孔1×φ1.8）：10Ah電池噴水18桶，或單次充滿電連續(xù)使用5小時(shí)；
（3）用雙噴頭（噴孔2×φ1.5）：10Ah電池噴水25桶（約400升），或單次充滿電連續(xù)使用5.5小時(shí)；
（4）用四眼噴頭（噴孔4×φ1.0）：10Ah電池噴水30桶（約480升），或單次充滿電連續(xù)使用6小時(shí)。
4 水泵結(jié)構(gòu)比較精密，嚴(yán)禁私自拆卸水泵，盡量避免無水空運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，以免損壞內(nèi)部元件；避免外力沖擊。
5 噴霧作業(yè)時(shí)請注意以下事項(xiàng)：
（1）佩戴口罩；請不要逆風(fēng)作業(yè)；禁止對人、畜直按噴霧；
（2）嚴(yán)格控制施藥后的安全收割期。
6 不宜在環(huán)境溫度超過45°C或低于10°C下使用；
7 為避免電擊，請不要打開本機(jī)充電器外殼使用；
8 要充分使電池充電、放電。不得用有機(jī)溶劑（汽油、稀釋劑）、化纖類織物。
9 每天作業(yè)完成應(yīng)用清水噴霧10分鐘，同時(shí)用水清洗桶內(nèi)并倒干凈余液和泥漿沙子，徹底清洗泵內(nèi)殘留藥液。
10 必須使用本機(jī)噴霧器標(biāo)配的噴頭，或酌情慎用相類似的噴頭；使用其他噴頭時(shí)，可能會造成壓力不足或過剩、損壞泵元件和影響使用需求。使用時(shí)根據(jù)作業(yè)要求的不同，選用不同的噴頭。
11 請勿在危險(xiǎn)條件下使用本噴霧機(jī)，避免可能發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)事故。
12 慎重選用藥液。不要用噴霧器儲存或噴射易燃、易爆、危險(xiǎn)化學(xué)物品。
13 如果閉壓時(shí)間在5分鐘以上，請關(guān)閉電源開關(guān)。以免加速水泵密封件損壞。
4 結(jié)論
該設(shè)計(jì)的新型電動(dòng)噴霧機(jī)，壓力大、霧化好、電池耐用，使用方便?？梢詽M足農(nóng)村和城市多種使用要求。用于果園、茶林、糧棉蔬菜、花草、園藝、防疫、環(huán)衛(wèi)、倉儲、畜牧場、養(yǎng)殖場等各種環(huán)境，效果特優(yōu)。對于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，它帶給我的是有喜并有憂，有苦亦有樂。眾觀本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)全程，當(dāng)一個(gè)問題擺在你的面前，它認(rèn)識你，你卻無法認(rèn)出它來，并久久苦思仍是無從下手，這個(gè)時(shí)候你的滿臉就有散不開的愁云，一旦認(rèn)出它來，也會欣喜若狂，高興的一蹦三尺高。
對于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，我覺得畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)就是對我們大學(xué)四年來一次比較綜合和比較全面的檢測，是我們大學(xué)四年的最后一次閱兵，是對我們四年所學(xué)知識的檢測與歸納，也是我們從學(xué)生時(shí)代走上社會大家庭的最后一扇門。只有通過設(shè)計(jì)，才能發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，提出問題及解決問題，。也只有通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，我們可以知道自己的大學(xué)時(shí)期，到底學(xué)到了什么，又知道學(xué)到的東西，又有多少對我們的實(shí)踐具有指導(dǎo)作用，并能讓我們懂得怎樣去實(shí)現(xiàn)理論與實(shí)踐的結(jié)合。
雖然這次畢業(yè)也許我做的不是很好，或做的不是很成功，但至少我盡力了，雖說事情沒有完美，但我追求過完美，只奈本人所掌握的知識比較的有限，不能把這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)完美地展現(xiàn)在指導(dǎo)老師和各位評委老師的面前。但我不會妥協(xié)，在以后工作的日子里，我將繼續(xù)研究這次課題，我想總有撥開云層見太陽的那么一天。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 北京農(nóng)業(yè)工程大學(xué)主編.農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)[M].北京：中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社.1991.33-35
[2] 羅錫文.農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)學(xué)[M].北京：這個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)出版社.2002.25-26.105-106
[3] 第一機(jī)械工業(yè)部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械研究所.農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊[M].北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1972. 115-126
[4] 戴奮奮. 袁會珠.何雄奎.植保機(jī)械與施藥技術(shù)規(guī)范化[M].北京：中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)技術(shù)出版.2002.132-133
[5] 弋曉康.植保機(jī)械的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢[J].河南農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2006(04) . 238-242
[6] 羊林.吳春篤.汪建.綠色設(shè)計(jì)在植保機(jī)械中的應(yīng)用[J].農(nóng)機(jī)化研究,2008(03) . 332-333
[7] 鄭文鐘.應(yīng)霞芳.我國植保機(jī)械和施藥技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀、問題及對策[J].農(nóng)機(jī)化研究,2008(05).12-13
[8] 何雄奎.改變我國植保機(jī)械和施藥技術(shù)嚴(yán)重落后的現(xiàn)狀[J].農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào)，2004，第20卷（1）
[9] 楊學(xué)軍.嚴(yán)荷榮.徐賽章.劉仲植.保機(jī)械的研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2002(6). 15-16
[10] 袁會珠.何雄奎.王忠群.FAO農(nóng)藥施用機(jī)具的最低準(zhǔn)則.第一、二、三卷(英譯中),2002.25-26
[11] 郭輝.韓長杰.精準(zhǔn)施藥技術(shù)的研究與應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀[J].農(nóng)業(yè)科技與裝備,2009(4).155-156
[12] 羅成定.秦春芳.吳美方.植保機(jī)械的使用現(xiàn)狀及對策分析[J].中國農(nóng)機(jī)化,2008(2).332-333
[13] 傅錫敏.薛新宇.基于我國施藥技術(shù)與裝備現(xiàn)狀的發(fā)展思路[J].中國農(nóng)機(jī)化,2008(6) .25-26
[14] 傅錫敏.薛新宇.基于我國施藥技術(shù)與裝備現(xiàn)狀的發(fā)展思路[J].中國農(nóng)機(jī)化,2008(6) .73-78
[15] 劉豐樂.張曉輝.馬偉偉.劉雪梅.國外大型植保機(jī)械及施藥技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀[J].農(nóng)機(jī)化研究2010,32(3)
[16] 莽璐.祁力鈞.冀榮華.趙亞青.溫室自動(dòng)變量施藥系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)[J].中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2009(4) .26-28
[17] 邱白晶.李會芳.吳春篤. 史春建.周寧.變量噴霧裝備及關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的探討[J]．江蘇大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)，2004，25(2)：97-101．
[18] 何雄奎.劉亞佳.曾愛軍.農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化學(xué)[M].北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2003.26-28
[19] 張從.農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境保護(hù)[M].北京:中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,1999.3.86-88
[20] 鄧巍.丁為民.何雄奎.變量噴施技術(shù)及其霧化特性評價(jià)方法綜述[J].中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2009(3)
致 謝
本文擬訂題目到定稿，歷時(shí)數(shù)十天。設(shè)計(jì)過程中遇到許多問題，在指導(dǎo)老師李明教授的悉心指導(dǎo)下，都得到了解決。
首先要向我的指導(dǎo)老師李明教授致以最誠摯的感謝。在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的整個(gè)過程中，李教授給了我許許多多的幫助和關(guān)懷。李教授學(xué)識淵博、治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，待人平易近人。在李教授的悉心指導(dǎo)下，我不僅對以前所學(xué)的知識更熟練更扎實(shí)，而且開闊了視野，理清了設(shè)計(jì)思路。同時(shí)李教授對工作的熱情、認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)、實(shí)事求是的態(tài)度，給我留下了深刻的印象，也是我以后參加工作的學(xué)習(xí)榜樣。在此謹(jǐn)向李教授表示衷心的感謝和深深的敬意！同時(shí)感謝學(xué)校給我提供了良好的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境和豐富的學(xué)習(xí)資源，感謝為我授課的各位老師，是他們的傳道、授業(yè)、解惑，讓我學(xué)到了知識，培養(yǎng)了能力。也感謝我的同窗同學(xué)，感謝他們的探討和交流，感謝他們的幫助和支持。
最后，祝愿老師們工作愉快，生活安康！
17
英文資料
High-speed milling
High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.
1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining
High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.
1.1 Increase productivity
High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.
1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality
High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.
1.3 Cutting reduce the heat
Because the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.
1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled parts
High-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.
1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processing
High-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of a hardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .
High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.
2 High-speed milling
High-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.
2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machining
General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:
General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:
High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magnetic bearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.
High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.
2.2 High-speed machining tool
High-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting tool
HRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.
2.3 High-speed processing technology
High-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fully play its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.
3 Die in high-speed milling processing of
Milling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,in
Mould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.
High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.
4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasure
Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.
Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..
Development trend of a numerical control technology
The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.
5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equipped
The efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.
In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.
According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes