（通用版）2019中考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講義

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞學(xué)員姓名： 年級(jí)：九年級(jí) 輔導(dǎo)科目：英 語(yǔ) 學(xué)科教師： 授課日期授課時(shí)段08：00-10:00授課主題非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞教學(xué)內(nèi)容課前回顧1. 單詞默寫(xiě)2. 作業(yè)講解知識(shí)梳理知識(shí)點(diǎn)1：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一、動(dòng)詞不定式（重點(diǎn)）1、結(jié)構(gòu)及特征：動(dòng)詞不定式的基本形式是“to + 動(dòng)詞原形”，有時(shí)可以不帶to。動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ)，但可以擔(dān)任除謂語(yǔ)外的任何成分主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，所以我們又稱之為非謂語(yǔ)形式。動(dòng)詞不定式仍保留動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，即它可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。2、動(dòng)詞不定式的用法：動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。1） 作主語(yǔ)      例如：To learn English well is not easy. 或  It is not easy to learn English well.    【說(shuō)明】動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往用it作形式主語(yǔ)，這種句型可歸納為下面的句型：    It is + adj.+ 動(dòng)詞不定式    如果要說(shuō)明不定式表示的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，可以用for+sb.     It is + adj.+ for sb. To do sth. 辨析：It's for sb.和 It's of sb.A. for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。 B. of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 It's very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了?！菊f(shuō)明】for 與of 的辨別方法： 用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如： You are nice.(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通。 或者: To study two languages is hard for him。 因此應(yīng)用for。)2）作表語(yǔ)    My wish is to become a teacher. 補(bǔ)充：常見(jiàn)可用不定式做表語(yǔ)的名詞（ambition、job、dream、wish、way、aim）3）作賓語(yǔ)    Most of us like to watch football matches. 補(bǔ)充：當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think、find、believe等動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常用it做形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式to do為該句的真正賓語(yǔ)。常構(gòu)成以下句型（sb think/find/believe+ it+adi+to do sth）4）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)    He told me to be here on time.5）作定語(yǔ)    I have nothing to say about that thing.6）作狀語(yǔ)    He stopped to have a look.補(bǔ)充：對(duì)作狀語(yǔ)的不定式to do 提問(wèn)，用疑問(wèn)代詞why【說(shuō)明】動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式：not + to + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成    例如：He asked me not to make such a mistake. 3、不定式的否定形式： Tell him not to shut the window 典型例題 Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案：B. tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth. 4、動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問(wèn)詞連用：疑問(wèn)詞who, what, which和疑問(wèn)副詞when, where, how, why等后面可以按動(dòng)詞不定式，構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，可以在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。例如：(1) He doesnt know how to use the machine.   (不定式作賓語(yǔ))            (2) How to use the machine is a question. (不定式作主語(yǔ))             (3) The question is when to go there. (不定式作表語(yǔ)) 5、省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式1）使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make：2）感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。注意：在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。 A. I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. B. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night.3）would rather，had better + do 【難點(diǎn)】6、不定式的特殊句型： 1）tooto：太而不能 He is too excited to speak. 2）enough to do：足以做 The child is old enough to go to schooll. 3）so as (not) to do/in order(not) to: 表示目的Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 7、不定式的難點(diǎn)： 用作介詞的“to”：look forward to 渴望; pay attention to 注意; be/get used to 習(xí)慣等等。 二、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式：  1動(dòng)詞的-ing形式用作動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語(yǔ)形式，由動(dòng)詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成，它在句中起名詞的作用，可以在句子中用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)Walking is good exercise. 走路是很好的運(yùn)動(dòng)2）動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)My favorite sport is swimming. 我最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是游泳。3） 動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)Jim dislikes eating chocolate. 吉姆不喜歡吃巧克力。She cant help crying at a sad movie. 她看了憂傷的電影禁不住要哭。【說(shuō)明】 有些動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)后只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。例如：admit, finish, forgive, give up, mind, practise, be good at, do well in, can't help, keep on, feel like, be used to, look forward to, prefer to,等?！居洃浛谠E】“Le pm KFC AD”：look forward to、enjoy、practice、mind、keep、finish、cinsider、Admit 、deny 2動(dòng)詞的-ing形式用作現(xiàn)在分詞：-ing分詞通常用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或者正在進(jìn)行。這種用法通常用在下列動(dòng)詞中：see, hear, find, smell, watch, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe例如：1）There we found him watching TV. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他在那兒看電視。 2）I heard someone knocking at the door. 我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有人在敲門(mén)。 3比較：1）共同點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)和動(dòng)詞的-ing形式都被稱之為非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，因此它們一般都可以放在句中除了謂語(yǔ)之外的其他位置。2）區(qū)別動(dòng)詞不定式的基本含義是表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面的動(dòng)作還未發(fā)生，此外，若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了也用不定式，而-ing分詞的基本含義一般則表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行。動(dòng)名詞的基本用法是該結(jié)構(gòu)用在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓短語(yǔ)或介賓短語(yǔ)。3）接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同： begin to do begin doing start to do start doing 4）動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同 ：A.stop to do stop doing B. forget to do forget doing C. remember to do remember doing D. try to do try doing E. go on to do go on doing F. continue to do continue doing隨堂練習(xí)1. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A. having written B. to be writtenC. being written D. written2. You were brave enough to raise objection at the meeting.Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done3. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not do5. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning6. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lost7. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating8. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing9. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone10. European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world.A. making B. makes C. made D. to make11. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading12. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make13. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to studyC. to be studying D. to have been studying14. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out15. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. SufferingC. To suffer D. Suffered16. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen17. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun18. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _.A. it what to do with B. what to do it withC. what to do with it D. to do what with it19. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen.A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked20. She looks forward every spring to _ the flower-lined garden.A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in21. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _.A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to22. What do you think made Mary so upset?_ her new bike.A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing23. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _.A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remainC. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars24. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to choose.A. to be chosen B. to choose fromC. to choose D. for choosing25. _ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.A. Being founded B. It was foundedC. Founded D. Founding26. Fishing is his favorite hobby, and _.A. hed like to collect coins as well B. he feels like collecting coins, tooC. to collect coins is also his hobby D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure27. Finding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searching thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help28. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving _ their products more competitive.A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made29. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university.A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in30. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _.A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improvedC. where; improving D. when; improving31. The discovery of new evidence led to _.A. the thief having caught B. catch the thiefC. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught32. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given33. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung34. Sandy could do nothing but _ to his teacher that he was wrong.A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit35. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ some schools for poor children.A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up36. _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having37. With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B. setting C. to settle D. being settled38. In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting39. In order to make our city green, _.A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plantC. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees40. How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers.A. to solving, making B. to solving, madeC. to solve, making D. to solve, made41. The teacher asked us _ so much noise.A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make42. _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player.A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given43. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting答案詳解:1. D。表示“被動(dòng)、完成”用過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)。2. D。regret doing sth 表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事感到“后悔”；regret to say / tell / inform / announce 用以報(bào)告令人不快之事，表示對(duì)將要說(shuō)的話感到“遺憾、抱歉”，主語(yǔ)通常是 I / we, regret 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。3. C。agree 只能接不定式，在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)之后發(fā)生，用一般式，選 C。4. A。根據(jù)句型 tell sb (not) to do sth，排除 C 和 D；當(dāng)不定式的動(dòng)詞是前面已出現(xiàn)過(guò)的相同的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，通常省略 to 后的內(nèi)容，只保留 to, 所以只有 A 對(duì)。5. B。make sb do sth 的被動(dòng)式為 sb be made to do sth(某人被迫做某事)。6. C。考查過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)。Lost in thought=As he was lost in thought。be lost in thought(沉思)是固定搭配；這類(lèi)習(xí)慣表達(dá)還有 be caught in the rain(遭雨淋), be dressed in red(穿著紅衣), be seated(就座)等。7. C。本句是 warn sb (not) to do sth 的被動(dòng)式。8. C。因 The Olympic games 與 play 是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，排除 A 和 D；不定式的被動(dòng)式，表示未來(lái)的動(dòng)作，排除 B。表示“被動(dòng)、完成”，用過(guò)去分詞。9. B。would love / like 后面只能接不定式，排除 C 和 D。表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，后接不定式完成式，故選 B。10. A?，F(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。11. D。 句中 read 意為“有某字樣”，a message pinned to the door 意為“釘在門(mén)上的一張紙條”，a message 與 read 是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用現(xiàn)在分詞。12. B。考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)平衡性。not to make it more difficult是與 to make it easier 形成對(duì)比的否定結(jié)構(gòu)，兩者在句中作表語(yǔ)。13. A。由 studied 可知，他曾到國(guó)外留過(guò)學(xué)，“留學(xué)”這個(gè)動(dòng)作已結(jié)束并發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作(is said)之前，所以要用完成式。14. A。此句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,句中的 that 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，它代表 the plan 并在從句中作 see 的賓語(yǔ)，the plan 與 carry out 是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此，用過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。即卻ee the plan carried out the next year.15. A。句意為“這條河已經(jīng)遭受如此嚴(yán)重的污染，現(xiàn)在要想清理也許為時(shí)已晚了”。suffer 發(fā)生在 clean up 之前，且有 already 暗示，無(wú)疑要用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作狀語(yǔ)。16. B。remain 作“尚需”解，要接不定式作表語(yǔ)，see 與 it(形式主語(yǔ)，指whether they will enjoy it)是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此用不定式的被動(dòng)式。17. D?！斑B詞+分詞”作狀語(yǔ)，依然由句子主語(yǔ)與分詞的關(guān)系來(lái)確定，主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。the research 與 begin 是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用過(guò)去分詞 begun。18. C。do with 與 what 連用是一個(gè)很有用的結(jié)構(gòu)，可以表示“處置”、“利用”等。19. B。find 后可接現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，但不接不定式。he 與 smoke 是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用 -ing 形式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，故選 B。20. D。look forward to 中 to 是介詞，后接動(dòng)詞要用動(dòng)名詞。若選 B，應(yīng)在其后加 to 才行。21. C。不定式作定語(yǔ)，the person 是 send it 的對(duì)象，可理解為 to send it to the person。22. C。用完整的句子應(yīng)這樣回答：Losing her new bike made Mary so upset.23. D。因?yàn)?remain 是不及物動(dòng)詞，其過(guò)去分詞無(wú)被動(dòng)含義，所以要用 remaining(剩下的) 作定語(yǔ)，修飾 20 dollars。24. B。句意是“有五雙可供選擇，我拿不定主意從中選擇哪一雙”，而不是選擇五雙。25. C。Harvard(哈佛大學(xué))與 found(建立)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且早在1636年已建立，故用過(guò)去分詞。26. D?？疾榉侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)平衡性。因 and 連接兩個(gè)并列的簡(jiǎn)單句，前一分句用-ing 形式作主語(yǔ)，后一分句也應(yīng)用 -ing 形式作主語(yǔ)。27. D。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子主語(yǔ)。Finding her car stolen 的邏輯主語(yǔ)顯然是 she，故選 D。意為：她發(fā)現(xiàn)她的車(chē)被人偷了，她就趕緊報(bào)警求援。28. A。不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。“使產(chǎn)品更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性”是“正在努力的目的”。29. C?！斑B詞+分詞”作狀語(yǔ)。his parents 與 lack money(缺錢(qián))是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，又因?yàn)?lack 是及物動(dòng)詞，不用介詞，故選C。30. A。that 引導(dǎo)的從句與 problem 是同位語(yǔ)。need, want, require 等表示“(某物)需要做某事”時(shí)，后接動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)式或接不定式的被動(dòng)式都可以。31. C。lead to(導(dǎo)致、使)中的 to 是介詞，后接動(dòng)名詞；邏輯主語(yǔ) the thief 與catch 是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故選 C。32. A。given 作介詞，意為“鑒于、考慮到”，可接名詞或 that 從句。33. B。hang 表示“懸掛”時(shí)，可用作及物或不及物動(dòng)詞，此處填 hanging 或 hung 均可，但不能填 being hung，因?yàn)樗硎緞?dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，而此處表示的是一種懸掛的狀態(tài)。34. A。介詞后接動(dòng)詞一般要用動(dòng)名詞，但 but / except 等介詞后卻可以接不定式，前面有行為動(dòng)詞 do 時(shí)不帶 to，無(wú) do 時(shí)要帶 to。35. B。devote卼o?把貢獻(xiàn)給；致力于)中 to 是介詞，應(yīng)接-ing 形式；all 是 devote 的賓語(yǔ)，he had 是省略了關(guān)系代詞 that 的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾 all。注意，千萬(wàn)不要以為 had to 是“不得不”，后接動(dòng)詞原形，而去選 A，那就中了命題人的圈套了。36. A。不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。句意為：為了下午多睡一會(huì)，Bob 關(guān)掉了鬧鐘。37. C?！靶庐?dāng)選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過(guò)”是因?yàn)椤坝性S多問(wèn)題要解決”，表示“有要”用不定式作定語(yǔ)。38. A。mean to do 打算做，mean doing 意味著。句意為：在英國(guó)的某些地方搭不上公共汽車(chē)意味著要再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。39. D。“使城市綠化”是“我們(we)”的目的。40. B。key to(的關(guān)鍵)中 to 是介詞，應(yīng)接動(dòng)名詞；又因名詞 demand 與 make 是被動(dòng)關(guān)系(make demands 提出要求)，另有 by 這一標(biāo)志詞暗示，用過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)。        41. D。ask，tell, want 等后要接帶 to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，其否定式是在不定式前加 not。即 ask sb (not) to do sth 叫某人(不要)做某事。42. D。give 與其邏輯主語(yǔ) he 是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，用過(guò)去分詞，故選 D，Given time=If he is given time。43. D。catch sb. doing sth. 意為碰巧撞見(jiàn)某人正在做某事。歸納總結(jié)1. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞難點(diǎn)課后作業(yè)1. 整理 錯(cuò)題2. 回家作業(yè)1. Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music.A. making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard2. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed3. The man insisted _ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A. find B. to find C. on finding D. in finding4. The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked5. You were silly not _ your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked6. Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to run7. When flint _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced8. “We cant go out in this weather,” said Bob, _ out of the window.A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked9. My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills.A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take10. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited11. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M.A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known12. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party.A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change13. _ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to stay another two days off the farm.A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted14. I dont know whether you happen _ , but Im going to study in the U. S. A. this September.A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard15. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left.A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told16. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time _ the exam.A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing17. _ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesnt seem big at all.A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared18. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A. Not completing B. Not completedC. Not having completed D. Having not completed19. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming.A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget20. According to a recent U. S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week _ TV.A. to watch B. to watching C. watching D. watch21. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.A. cause B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused22. The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt23. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded24. Having been attacked by terr