0118-制育秧缽機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【全套6張CAD圖】
0118-制育秧缽機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【全套6張CAD圖】,全套6張CAD圖,育秧,設(shè)計(jì),全套,cad
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告
題目 制育秧缽機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
一、 題依據(jù)及意義?
本次設(shè)計(jì)的目的是為了能綜合運(yùn)用本專業(yè)所學(xué)知識，融會貫通。鞏固大學(xué)四年來所學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識和專業(yè)知識,并運(yùn)用所學(xué)的冷沖機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)知識,解決機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中的實(shí)際問題,提高分析問題,解決實(shí)際問題的能力.?
目前，建設(shè)社會主義新農(nóng)村是我國的一項(xiàng)政策。在建設(shè)社會主義新農(nóng)村的過程當(dāng)中，提高農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的生產(chǎn)效率、降低農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的成本是不容忽略的。從這一個(gè)方面來說，本課題制育秧缽機(jī)的改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)響應(yīng)國家政策，是有利于農(nóng)村發(fā)展的，具有長遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展前景。
另一方面，通過本次設(shè)計(jì)提高外語、專業(yè)、計(jì)算機(jī)的綜合能力，創(chuàng)新開發(fā)研究能力及嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)墓ぷ髯黠L(fēng)，提高實(shí)際工作能力。著重是培養(yǎng)綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識獨(dú)立分析、設(shè)計(jì)、解決實(shí)際生產(chǎn)問題和其它一些綜合能力，特別是工作能力，養(yǎng)成良好的工作態(tài)度、工作作風(fēng)。另外，還可進(jìn)一步熟悉有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范，能夠熟練使用有關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)手冊和熟悉編寫技術(shù)文件和設(shè)計(jì)說明書，進(jìn)一步提高科技寫作的能力，加強(qiáng)對沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)的了解。
本次設(shè)計(jì)，根據(jù)給定的舊式育秧缽機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)，分析其工藝性及經(jīng)濟(jì)性，創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)新的更合理的育秧缽機(jī)。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中，先進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)調(diào)研，全面了解育秧缽機(jī)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和主要技術(shù)參數(shù)，從而使我在設(shè)計(jì)過程中具有較強(qiáng)的針對性，才能在設(shè)計(jì)正確合理的基礎(chǔ)上敢于創(chuàng)新。
二、 國內(nèi)外研究概況及發(fā)張趨勢（含文獻(xiàn)綜述）
(一)國內(nèi)外研究概況
中國是個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)大國，在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中培育良好的秧苗是一個(gè)重要的環(huán)節(jié)。育苗技術(shù)是農(nóng)業(yè)科技一直關(guān)注的。隨著現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的發(fā)展，良好的育苗器械是培育好育苗的關(guān)鍵。因此育秧缽機(jī)的研究與發(fā)展在近些年取得了顯著的成就。下面是對育秧缽機(jī)相關(guān)資料的整理。?
1.浙江理工大學(xué)機(jī)械工程系博士研究生楊文珍對圓盤式精密播種制缽機(jī)運(yùn)動學(xué)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。針對圓盤式精密播種制缽機(jī)缽體的定位精確、沖壓機(jī)構(gòu)和缽盤機(jī)構(gòu)之間運(yùn)動配合緊湊，易發(fā)生干涉等問題，在分析圓盤式精密播種制缽機(jī)工作原理的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合新的精密播種制缽工序，對制缽機(jī)的沖壓機(jī)構(gòu)和缽盤機(jī)構(gòu)分別進(jìn)行運(yùn)動分析；研究兩者的配合規(guī)律，推導(dǎo)出相應(yīng)的位移方程，并在VB6.0平臺上進(jìn)行運(yùn)動學(xué)仿真模擬，得到了避免機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)生干涉條件和滿足機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動要求的參數(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了圓盤式精密播種制缽機(jī)的精密播種和營養(yǎng)缽體制造功能。機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動仿真表明：沖壓制缽的時(shí)間在一個(gè)運(yùn)動周期內(nèi)所占的比例應(yīng)少于58.4%，制缽機(jī)可以避免干涉，實(shí)現(xiàn)精密播種和制造營養(yǎng)缽。
2.上海市農(nóng)機(jī)局的下屬農(nóng)機(jī)研究所研制的ZB810型棉花育苗制缽機(jī)，機(jī)構(gòu)緊湊、性能良好、適應(yīng)田間作業(yè)。制成的缽體表面光滑、外緊內(nèi)松、符合農(nóng)業(yè)要求。育苗移栽后的棉花可全苗早發(fā)，增加伏前桃和伏桃，比其他移苗增產(chǎn)20%以上，勞動效率提高1-2倍。
3.我國制育秧缽機(jī)的發(fā)展歷程和美國、日本等發(fā)達(dá)國家有一定的距離。我國在70年代才開始研制水稻傳統(tǒng)育秧的半機(jī)械化及機(jī)械化插秧機(jī)和拔秧機(jī)。80年代后，引進(jìn)日本技術(shù)，研制了帶土苗育秧和插秧機(jī)械，而對播種機(jī)械研究較少。
4.隨著機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展及加工技術(shù)與工藝的現(xiàn)代化，出現(xiàn)了輕便，可在不同時(shí)制育各種秧苗的制缽機(jī)。ＥＢ－４２型制缽機(jī)邊是其代表，這中制缽機(jī)是棉花、玉米、烤煙和蔬菜等農(nóng)作物實(shí)施營?養(yǎng)缽育苗移栽機(jī)械化技術(shù)的先進(jìn)適用機(jī)具，屬于種植業(yè)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械。該機(jī)由?減速機(jī)構(gòu)、攪土機(jī)構(gòu)、間歇定位機(jī)構(gòu)、曲柄滑塊沖壓等機(jī)構(gòu)組成。
(二)新老育缽機(jī)的比較
?????? 育秧缽最早是用手工制造的，其步驟如下：
（1） 將肥料和土壤攪拌均勻，用篩子篩細(xì)；
（2） 將上述土壤放入一個(gè)模子中；
（3） 用一沖頭將土壤沖緊，沖頭下部有一凸頭；
（4） 再將模子托起，育秧缽被沖出；
1.老式制缽機(jī)
這種制作方法很像制作蜂窩煤。它的動作過程是這樣的：電動機(jī)1?經(jīng)帶傳動、齒輪傳動將動力和運(yùn)動傳給齒輪7。齒輪7一方面通過偏心銷使運(yùn)動經(jīng)由連桿8傳動滑動支架作上下移動，另方面齒輪7又由一對錐齒輪將運(yùn)動傳到端面凸輪離合器11（它和軸用導(dǎo)向鍵聯(lián)接，不僅能隨陬轉(zhuǎn)動，而且還能在軸上移動）。若端面凸輪在旁邊固定著的從動滾子10的強(qiáng)制下，向上抬起并壓縮彈簧，離合器11就處在脫開狀態(tài)，在其下面的齒輪9（和軸空套）就不會轉(zhuǎn)動。當(dāng)端面凸輪繼續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)到凸輪凹面與從動滾子10接觸時(shí)，端面凸輪就會在彈簧力的作用下向下推移。是離合器嚙合，運(yùn)動就經(jīng)過齒輪9帶動轉(zhuǎn)盤轉(zhuǎn)動。當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)到一定位置時(shí)，凸輪會再次轉(zhuǎn)到凸輪面與滑輪接觸，此時(shí)凸輪又會在滑輪的強(qiáng)制下使離合器再次脫開，齒輪9就會停止轉(zhuǎn)動。這一過程恰好轉(zhuǎn)盤轉(zhuǎn)過60°，而被定位銷20銷住，也就是在轉(zhuǎn)盤停頓的時(shí)間里，滑動支架正好帶著固定在它上面的壓緊沖頭和沖出沖頭在模孔中作一次上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動，以完成壓緊和沖出一只育秧缽的過程。
???這種制缽機(jī)有如下的缺點(diǎn)：
（1） 結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、零件較多；
（2） 容易損壞、不易維修；
（3） 造價(jià)較高。
2..新方案的形成???
在設(shè)計(jì)新的制缽機(jī)時(shí)有下面幾點(diǎn)值得改進(jìn)：
（1） 育秧缽機(jī)的壓制壓力較小，用手制造時(shí)估計(jì)沖擊壓力約為100公斤左右，故壓緊機(jī)構(gòu)可以設(shè)計(jì)得簡單一些；
（2） 老式制缽機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)盤是間歇運(yùn)動，是靠端面凸輪離合器實(shí)現(xiàn)的。凸輪每轉(zhuǎn)動60°就停頓一次，機(jī)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，凸輪不易制作，且容易失效，造價(jià)也高。如果有辦法在轉(zhuǎn)盤轉(zhuǎn)動的同時(shí)進(jìn)行壓緊和沖出動作，就可以取消定位裝置和端面凸輪離合器專職，這樣，動作和機(jī)構(gòu)都比較簡單、也不容易失效；
（3） 攪拌叉19可以直接裝在齒輪9的軸上、省掉一對錐齒輪；
（4） 用轉(zhuǎn)盤的方法將?？邹D(zhuǎn)位，此方法比較見大，應(yīng)該保留；
（5） 傳動機(jī)構(gòu)比較簡單，如有可能當(dāng)然還可以設(shè)計(jì)得更簡單一些。
???這樣，在參考老式制缽機(jī)的基礎(chǔ)上加以改進(jìn)，就形成了一個(gè)新?的設(shè)計(jì)方法。
3、 研究內(nèi)容及實(shí)驗(yàn)方案
1.研究內(nèi)容
電動機(jī)的選擇，傳動件的設(shè)計(jì)，執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)及設(shè)備零部件等的設(shè)計(jì)。
2.實(shí)驗(yàn)方案
（1）先查閱相關(guān)資料，掌握育秧缽機(jī)的大體機(jī)構(gòu)；
（2）對其運(yùn)動及受力參數(shù)進(jìn)行分析計(jì)算；
（3）主要零件的強(qiáng)度校核；
四、目標(biāo)、主要特色及工作進(jìn)度
目標(biāo)：1）每小時(shí)能生產(chǎn)3000個(gè)左右；2）結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、體積小、拖動功率小、維修方便、造價(jià)低。
主要特色：
結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、生產(chǎn)效率高、拆裝方便、較好的制造工藝，性能穩(wěn)定。
工作進(jìn)度：
1、 收集資料、外文資料翻譯、開題報(bào)告 (第1周—第2周)
2、 傳動方案的確定 (第3周—第4周)
3、 參數(shù)確定及設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 (第5周—第7周)
4、 制育秧缽機(jī)裝配圖設(shè)計(jì)及零部件圖設(shè)計(jì) (第8周—第15周)
5、 撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文 (第8周—第15周)
五、參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 楊文珍,陸秋君,趙勻. 圓盤式精密播種制缽機(jī)運(yùn)動學(xué)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì).
浙江大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)（農(nóng)業(yè)與生命科學(xué)版）31（3）：346～350,2005
[2] 楊文珍,趙 勻,陸秋君. 精密播種制缽機(jī)計(jì)算機(jī)分析與設(shè)計(jì).中國農(nóng)機(jī)化2004(1):31～34
[3] 韓豹，馬守義，韓許.2Z-2型玉米缽育苗移栽機(jī)的研制.現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè).1996(11):1～3
[4] 楊文珍,趙勻,李革,俞高紅.播種制缽機(jī)的研究與展望.農(nóng)機(jī)化研究.20031(1):56～57
[5] 趙學(xué)田.自動機(jī)械自學(xué)入門. 北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社，1982
[6] Patton W.J. Mechanical Power Transmission .New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1980
[7] 濮量貴，紀(jì)名剛.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).7版.北京：高等教育出版社，2001
[8] Mechanical Drive (Reference Issue).Machine Design. 52(14), 1980
[9] 龐啟淮.小功率電動機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)手冊.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1996
[10] 王世剛，張秀親，苗淑杰.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐.哈爾濱：哈爾濱工程大學(xué)出版社，2003
[11] 徐灝.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊.2版. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2001
[12] 陸玉,何在洲,佟延偉.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì).3版. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2000
[13] 孫桓，陳作模主編.機(jī)械原理.6版. 北京：高等教育出版社，2001
[14] 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊編委會.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊.新版.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2004
[15] 林景凡，王世剛，李世恒.互換性與質(zhì)量控制基礎(chǔ). 北京：中國科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，1999
[16] 劉鴻文.材料力學(xué).3版. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1992
制育秧缽機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
摘要：老式制育秧缽機(jī)由蜂窩煤成型機(jī)改進(jìn)得來，體積龐大，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，成本高，效率低。本設(shè)計(jì)從老式制育秧缽機(jī)出發(fā)，在傳動系統(tǒng)和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)上都做了很大的改進(jìn)。本機(jī)每小時(shí)能生產(chǎn)3000個(gè)缽體，可廣泛應(yīng)用于玉米、蔬菜、瓜果等秧苗的制缽。該機(jī)采用單相電動機(jī)做動力源，可在廣大的農(nóng)村使用，不用擔(dān)心需要較高的動力電壓的問題。文中較詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)了制育秧缽機(jī)的傳動系統(tǒng)和執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，對各個(gè)零件做了具體的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸設(shè)計(jì)，并對受載荷較大的零件進(jìn)行了精確的校核。包括齒輪、帶輪、軸和軸承等零部件的校核。該機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)大量運(yùn)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件，大大縮短了設(shè)計(jì)工作量和降低了生產(chǎn)制造周期及成本。主要設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容有：方案的確定；電機(jī)的選擇；各軸的轉(zhuǎn)速、功率和轉(zhuǎn)矩計(jì)算；帶、齒輪、及錐齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算；軸的最小直徑；帶、齒輪、及錐齒輪的尺寸計(jì)算以及方案圖、裝配圖和零件圖的繪制。
關(guān)鍵詞：制育秧缽機(jī) 缽體 傳動系統(tǒng) 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)
Design of the legacy of seedlings
Abstract: The old system of seedlings from the legacy of improvement in the briquettes machine, the size, structure complex, high cost and low efficiency. The design of the legacy from the old system of starting seedlings in the transmission system and executing agencies have done on a lot of improvement. The machine can produce per hour legacy of 4000, can be widely applied to corn, vegetables, fruits and other seedlings of the legacy system. The aircraft uses a single-phase motors to power source, can be used in the vast rural areas, need not worry about a higher power voltage problem. In a more detailed design of the system for the seedlings Bowl drive system and implementing agencies, the various parts to do a specific size of the structure design, and in the larger load of spare parts for the precise calibration. Including gear, pulley, and axle bearings and other parts of the check. The extensive use of the aircraft design standard parts, greatly reducing the workload of the design and lower manufacturing costs and manufacturing cycle. Main design elements include: the determination of the project, choice of Motor and the speed of every axial, the calculation of power and torque, the design and calculation of the belt or gear and the Bevel gear, the smallest diameter of axis, calculation to the size of belt wheel and gears and Bevel gear and protracting the drawing of the project and the assemblage and the part.
Key words: the legacy of the legacy of seedlings Bowl transmission system Implementing agencies
Signature of the Supervisor:
II
Low-cost wind power can provide a new wind turbine
Abstract: The first generation of commercial proliferation of enhanced wind turbine (DAWT) in New Zealand has just begun trial operation two years, if the developers to achieve the expected results, this new design of wind machines to be significantly reduced cost of wind power.
New Zealand in the distance about 100 km Aokelannan the Waikaretu on top of a hill, a revolutionary new wind turbine is a two-year trial operation. The wind machines and the appearance of conventional wind turbine completely different compared to its height of 17 m, much like a Juwu squatted on the Peak, and the conventional wind turbine is a slender body, tall and towering over the top of the hill.
This is put into operation the first generation of commercial proliferation of enhanced wind turbine (DAWT: diffuser augmented wind turbine), if the developers to achieve the expected results, will lead to significant reduction in the cost of wind power. During the trial the new wind turbine technology, can also test the proliferation of Central Cover new materials, high-strength fibers to strengthen the steel reinforced concrete. Such wind turbine on the ground referred to as "concrete wind turbine." In business, it is called Vortec7 of wind machines, because it has a 7 m in diameter rotor.
Wind machines from nearly 100 small investors, set up a private company - Vortec Energy Limited responsible for the design and construction, the company raised 3.5 million U.S. dollars development of the prototype. Vortec Energy Limited is currently being further raise about 700 million dollars to build two sets of rotor diameter of 20 m of the unit. One of the new units will be in areas of high wind speed test, probably in the vicinity of Wellington, New Zealand, the average wind speed in another area. South Australia state government said that the design has a lot of interest in Adelaide and will speed up the installation of an average wind speed near the crew, because the state government that is a rare wind of renewable energy, the need to promote technical breakthroughs-state advantage of the more Lower average wind speed resource development.
Two new type of rotor diameter of 20 m of the unit after the successful operation, Vortec Energy Limited will consider the possibility of Nasdaq Stock Exchange. Vortec7 unit performance data show that the rotor diameter of 20 m below the design to 0.031 U.S. dollars / kWh the price of Internet access, it will enable New Zealand and wind power can compete existing power plants, and other new methods of power generation compared to more Competitive. If Vortec function of wind power generation in this price level, in the development of wind power will rapidly become a powerful new force.
Vortec Energy Limited is the backing of entrepreneurs Robin Johannink, he successfully operating a series of operations, but also Pacific Lithium (an extract from seawater lithium companies) backing. Johannink, said Vortec technology is an international product, but the technology in the New Zealand stock market was on the recognition and attention is not too high, in this difficult market. Therefore Vortec Energy Limited is considering the Nasdaq in New York Stock Exchange listing is likely to achieve in 1999.
A proliferation of technology
U.S. aerospace giant Grumman Space Company (now Northrop Grumman Corporation) spent eight years developing the proliferation of technology and a proliferation of enhanced wind turbine technology patents. It was the spread of a detailed analysis of fluid dynamics and the use of a 5 m in the wind tunnel model confirmed the results. The proliferation of wind turbine rotor in the lower reaches, and its role as a wing, the rear rotor in a low-voltage parts. This "suction effect" effective in around the rotor speed multiplied. Conventional wind turbine rotor can only be effective use of wind around 60 percent. show a pattern of proliferation.
The proliferation of economy is the key to the lowest cost to maximize the size. Wind tunnel studies show that in 45-degree-proliferation structure, the wall of surface wind flow may be two slot maintained by the jet. In the prototype, the total size of the spread of further reduction, through the use of general and exports in diameter than 30 percent of the arc structure, enhance the hardness of Central enclosures. So that the design has been chosen to receive the minimum amount of material the size of the greatest proliferation.
Vortec Energy Limited was awarded the Northrop Grumman Corporation with the proliferation of technology for a period of 20 years of global patents and 20 patents since the right to update the permit. Northrop Grumman Corporation to retain their own internal use of the proliferation of technology rather than enhance the commercial market for wind rights. Kenneth Foreman, former Grumman Space research team leader, Vortec Energy Corporation for technical advice, Vortec Energy Limited access to the Grumman Space Research Group eight years on all the records, test reports and patents.
2 materials technology
Grumman Space Research Group in the development of proliferation-enhancing technologies in the face of a problem is that commercial-scale wind turbine materials must have high strength and long life, low cost features. Have aluminum, glass fiber, steel and reinforced concrete for the traditional assessment and accounting, but the wind can not meet the requirements of economic development. In all the assessment materials, the most desirable is reinforced concrete, but the use of traditional reinforced concrete, the size of the spread of the wind-rated output can only meet 70 kW. As small-scale units can not enhance the diffusion of technology business development.
New Zealand in the use of reinforced concrete towers and the construction of ocean-going boats such equipment has a long history. On this basis, the structural engineer Alexander and Associates in 20 years has developed a new product - high-strength fibers to strengthen the steel reinforced concrete. This new material bending strength is three times the low-carbon steel, basically do not need maintenance. This new material could be economic to build the proliferation of larger, so that there is sufficient wind machines and conventional wind turbine output of the competition.
Prototype rotor diameter of 7 m, height of 17 m, the highest output for 1 MW. Will be the construction of two units using the rotor diameter of 20 m, high 52 m, and efforts to 3 MW.
The proliferation of the use of two-tier 3 m × 1m × 30mm of high-strength steel fiber reinforced concrete slab of reinforced composite formed. First laminate along the complex framework of the necessary two-way Wancheng surface and fixed in place. The second laminate on top, bending, and then filling in the foundation board surface two-way lock. Qu then these panels bonded together, and the hardened edge of dealing with a proliferation of segment. Complete assembly of the proliferation of good before the Academy of Engineering, University of Auckland in the single-plate assembly and a good segment of the spread of the stress test samples.
3 equipment balance
In addition to enhancing the proliferation of technology and materials technology, wind machines are all conventional. Rotor equipped with a fixed pitch of the four leaves, leaves for the welding of the steel structure, the surface material for glass fiber. David Brown through a rotor speed gearbox or a conventional driver's 1 200min-1, 400V of the ABB company's synchronous generator, inverter generators running. Rotor, gearbox and generator () from the U.S. New World Power Company (New World Power) to provide.
Frequency AC-DC rectifier first, and then the inverter for AC 50 Hz, the step-up transformer into the local electricity company 11 kV power grid. Rectifier / converter equipment from Auckland company Santon Technology Co., Ltd. design and manufacture, the company battery chargers and speed drive manufacturers have years of experience.
Taking into account the proliferation of size, needs a large and stable foundation to prevent the wind loads and seismic, Lodging. Equipment was installed to a large-diameter circular orbit, the wind machine can along its 360-degree rotation, the rotating device on track with the wind control system for electrical devices (). This arrangement provides the foundation for stability.
Because this type of wind turbine could avoid the proliferation of high winds and a protective cover from the rotor impact on the ability of strong winds, which do not need to control a simple design of the rotor blade pitch. This makes this type of wind turbine is very suitable for use in windy areas, and maintenance is very small.
4 design advantages
The proliferation of enhanced wind machines compared with conventional wind turbine has many advantages, including:
Low noise. Conventional wind turbine noise from the maximum speed at the top of the rotor and blade-through to the pillars. In Vortec unit, the rotor was a high-density material covered by the (proliferation of), which prevent the noise from the rotor end of the field radiation and therefore did not, as with conventional equipment, a major pillar of the noise.
Less land. On the same terms of energy output, Vortec unit compared with conventional wind turbine requires less space, reducing the land purchase and rental costs.
Without affecting the landscape. Vortec unit easily painted various colors, when watched from a distance when integrated with a variety of backgrounds, equipment Dunzuo the shape and undulating mountain village is coordination.
Decay may gust. The proliferation of increase in output at the same time, but also as a way throttle, the peak wind gust decay, thus reducing the rotor to withstand the fluctuations and drive away from the stress.
Birds less impact. Despite the wind function painted different colors to reduce the visual impact, but the bird flew near the very eye-catching, no birds impact of the rapidly rotating blades of the wind machine accident.
Infrastructure costs and low-cost power generation. Wind machines use a very simple set pitch leaves, or do not need to pitch control brake control system. This will significantly reduce maintenance costs, particularly in New Zealand's strong winds, and the equipment available to ensure a high rate.
5 prospects
Rotor diameter of 7 m prototype wind turbine will be conducted six months of trial operation, the control system carefully debug and verify the design parameters. Initial measurements showed that the wind turbine rotor wind speed increased about 1.72 times, and this Grumman Space Research Group in the calculation of 0.5 m and their model on the results of wind tunnel test match.
Vortec Energy companies have access to New Zealand Science and Technology Research Fund of the Ministry of business development funding of about 350,000 U.S. dollars to pay for six months the cost of the trial period.
Surveillance and testing programme of technical support from the Industrial Research Ltd (Industrial Research Ltd.) Advisory Group and the University of Auckland (Auckland Uniservices) provide, in addition to the invitation of the British wind energy consulting international experts Garrad Hassan independent inspection and monitoring unit Vortec7 the trial operation Plan.
Table 1 gives the Vortec unit future development programmes.
If the pilot programme of the results coincides with the expected future proliferation of enhanced wind machines will become a global wind power development plan a major part, can be widely used in other developing regions. Support the technology although investors to bear high-risk, but it may be high returns.
能提供低成本風(fēng)電的新型風(fēng)力機(jī)
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【摘要】第一代商用擴(kuò)散體增強(qiáng)型風(fēng)力機(jī)(DAWT)在新西蘭剛開始兩年試運(yùn)行，如果開發(fā)者的預(yù)期結(jié)果得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，這種新設(shè)計(jì)的風(fēng)力機(jī)可促使風(fēng)電成本大幅度降低。
在距新西蘭奧克蘭南約100km的Waikaretu的一座小山頂上，一臺革命性的新型風(fēng)力機(jī)正在進(jìn)行為期兩年的試運(yùn)行。這座風(fēng)力機(jī)的外觀與常規(guī)風(fēng)力機(jī)相比完全不同，其高度為17m，很象一巨物蹲在山頂上，而常規(guī)風(fēng)力機(jī)則為一細(xì)長體，高高地矗立在山頂上。
這是投入運(yùn)行的第一代商用擴(kuò)散體增強(qiáng)型風(fēng)力機(jī)(DAWT: diffuser augmented wind turbine)，如果開發(fā)者的預(yù)期結(jié)果得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，將導(dǎo)致風(fēng)力發(fā)電成本大幅度降低。在試驗(yàn)新的風(fēng)力機(jī)技術(shù)的同時(shí)，也可以試驗(yàn)擴(kuò)散體環(huán)罩的新材料、高強(qiáng)鋼絲纖維加強(qiáng)的鋼筋混凝土。此種風(fēng)力機(jī)在當(dāng)?shù)乇环Q為"混凝土風(fēng)力機(jī)"。在商業(yè)上，它被稱為Vortec7型風(fēng)力機(jī)，因?yàn)樗幸粋€(gè)7m直徑的轉(zhuǎn)子。
風(fēng)力機(jī)由近100家小型投資商組建的私人公司-Vortec能源有限公司負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)，該公司籌集了350萬美元開發(fā)原型機(jī)。Vortec能源有限公司目前正在進(jìn)一步籌集約700萬美元，擬建設(shè)兩臺轉(zhuǎn)子直徑為20m的機(jī)組。其中一臺新機(jī)組將在高風(fēng)速地區(qū)試驗(yàn)，很可能在新西蘭的惠靈頓附近，另一臺在平均風(fēng)速區(qū)。南澳大利亞州政府已對設(shè)計(jì)表示了很大的興趣并將在Adelaide附近加速安裝平均風(fēng)速機(jī)組，因?yàn)橹菡J(rèn)為風(fēng)力是一種少有的可再生能源，需要從技術(shù)上突破來帶動州內(nèi)占優(yōu)勢的較低平均風(fēng)速資源的開發(fā)。
兩臺新型的轉(zhuǎn)子直徑20m的機(jī)組成功地運(yùn)行后，Vortec能源有限公司將考慮在Nasdaq股票交易所上市的可能性。Vortec7機(jī)組的性能數(shù)據(jù)表明，轉(zhuǎn)子直徑20m的設(shè)計(jì)能夠以低于0.031美元/kWh的價(jià)格上網(wǎng)，它將使風(fēng)力發(fā)電可與新西蘭現(xiàn)有的電廠相競爭，與其它新的發(fā)電方式相比，更具競爭力。如果Vortec型風(fēng)力機(jī)能以這種價(jià)格水平發(fā)電，在風(fēng)電開發(fā)中它將迅速成為一股強(qiáng)大的新生力量。
Vortec能源有限公司的后盾是企業(yè)家Robin Johannink，他成功地經(jīng)營著一系列業(yè)務(wù)，也是Pacific Lithium公司（一家從海水中提取鋰的公司）的后盾。Johannink先生講Vortec技術(shù)是一項(xiàng)國際產(chǎn)品，但該技術(shù)在新西蘭股票市場上所獲得的認(rèn)可和重視還不太高，難以在此上市。因此Vortec能源有限公司正在考慮在紐約的Nasdaq交易所上市，很可能在1999年實(shí)現(xiàn)。
1 擴(kuò)散體技術(shù)
美國的航天巨頭Grumman空間公司（現(xiàn)在的Northrop Grumman公司）花費(fèi)了8年時(shí)間開發(fā)擴(kuò)散體技術(shù)并擁有擴(kuò)散體增強(qiáng)型風(fēng)力機(jī)技術(shù)的專利。它進(jìn)行了擴(kuò)散體流體動力學(xué)的詳細(xì)分析，并使用一5m的模型在風(fēng)洞中證實(shí)了分析結(jié)果。擴(kuò)散體位于風(fēng)力機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子的下游，其作用就象一個(gè)機(jī)翼，在轉(zhuǎn)子后部產(chǎn)生低壓部位。這種"抽吸效應(yīng)"有效地使轉(zhuǎn)子周圍的風(fēng)速成倍增加。常規(guī)的風(fēng)力機(jī)只能有效地利用轉(zhuǎn)子周圍風(fēng)速的60%左右。<圖01>示出了擴(kuò)散體的流態(tài)。
擴(kuò)散體經(jīng)濟(jì)性的關(guān)鍵在于以最低成本獲得最大的尺寸。風(fēng)洞研究表明在45度擴(kuò)散體結(jié)構(gòu)中，內(nèi)壁附面流可由兩級風(fēng)槽射流所維持。在該原型中，擴(kuò)散體的總尺寸進(jìn)一步減少，通過采用總長與出口直徑比為30%的弧形結(jié)構(gòu)，環(huán)罩硬度增強(qiáng)。使已選擇的設(shè)計(jì)以最低的材料用量獲得了最大的擴(kuò)散體尺寸。
Vortec能源有限公司獲得了Northrop Grumman公司頒發(fā)的擁有擴(kuò)散體技術(shù)、為期20年的全球?qū)＠麢?quán)及此后20年專利更新權(quán)的許可證。Northrop Grumman公司保留了它們自己內(nèi)部使用擴(kuò)散體增強(qiáng)技術(shù)而不用于風(fēng)能商業(yè)市場的權(quán)利。Kenneth Foreman,原Grumman空間公司研究小組的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，為Vortec Energy公司的技術(shù)咨詢，Vortec能源有限公司獲得了Grumman空間公司研究小組8年研究的所有記錄、試驗(yàn)報(bào)告及專利。
2 材料技術(shù)
Grumman空間研究小組在開發(fā)擴(kuò)散體增強(qiáng)技術(shù)中所遇到的一個(gè)問題是商業(yè)規(guī)模風(fēng)力機(jī)材料必須具有強(qiáng)度高、壽命長、成本低的特點(diǎn)。曾對鋁、玻璃纖維、鋼和傳統(tǒng)鋼筋混凝土進(jìn)行過評估和核算，但都不能滿足風(fēng)力機(jī)經(jīng)濟(jì)開發(fā)的要求。在所有評估的材料中，最可取的是鋼筋混凝土，但使用傳統(tǒng)的鋼筋混凝土，擴(kuò)散體尺寸使風(fēng)力機(jī)額定出力只能達(dá)到70kW。由于機(jī)組規(guī)模太小無法對擴(kuò)散體增強(qiáng)技術(shù)進(jìn)行商業(yè)開發(fā)。
新西蘭在使用鋼筋混凝土建造水塔和遠(yuǎn)洋快艇之類設(shè)備方面有悠久歷史。在此基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)構(gòu)工程師Alexander和Associates在20年中開發(fā)了一種新型的產(chǎn)品-高強(qiáng)鋼絲纖維加強(qiáng)的鋼筋混凝土。這種新材料的抗彎強(qiáng)度是低碳鋼的3倍，基本上不需要維修。這種新材料可以經(jīng)濟(jì)地建造較大的擴(kuò)散體，從而使風(fēng)力機(jī)有足夠的出力和常規(guī)風(fēng)力機(jī)相競爭。
原型機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子直徑為7m，高度為17m，最高出力為1MW。將要建設(shè)的兩臺機(jī)組使用20m直徑的轉(zhuǎn)子，高52m，出力為3MW。
擴(kuò)散體使用兩層3m×1m×30mm的高強(qiáng)鋼絲纖維加強(qiáng)的鋼筋混凝土板復(fù)合而成。第一層板沿著復(fù)雜的框架彎成所需的雙向曲面，并固定就位。第二層板放在頂部，彎曲成形，然后在基礎(chǔ)板上灌漿鎖定雙向曲面。再將這些曲面板粘結(jié)到一起，并對其邊緣進(jìn)行硬化處理構(gòu)成擴(kuò)散體扇形段。完整的擴(kuò)散體裝配好之前，在奧克蘭大學(xué)工程院對單塊板和裝配好的擴(kuò)散體扇形段樣品進(jìn)行了應(yīng)力測試。
3 設(shè)備平衡
除了擴(kuò)散體增強(qiáng)技術(shù)和材料技術(shù)外，風(fēng)力機(jī)全部是常規(guī)的。轉(zhuǎn)子配備有定節(jié)距的4個(gè)葉片，該葉片內(nèi)為焊接鋼架構(gòu)，表面材料為玻璃纖維。轉(zhuǎn)子通過一David Brown升速變速箱驅(qū)動一常規(guī)的1 200min-1、400V的ABB公司生產(chǎn)的同步發(fā)電機(jī)，發(fā)電機(jī)變頻運(yùn)行。轉(zhuǎn)子、變速箱和發(fā)電機(jī)（<圖02>）由美國的新世界電力公司(New World Power)提供。
變頻交流電先整流成直流電，然后逆變?yōu)?0Hz的交流電，經(jīng)升壓變壓器送入當(dāng)?shù)仉娏镜?1kV電網(wǎng)。整流器/換流器設(shè)備由奧克蘭公司Santon技術(shù)有限公司設(shè)計(jì)和制造，該公司對電池充電器和變速驅(qū)動器的制造有多年經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
考慮到擴(kuò)散體的尺寸，需要一大型穩(wěn)定的地基防止在大風(fēng)載荷下和地震時(shí)倒伏。設(shè)備被安裝到一大直徑環(huán)行軌道上，風(fēng)力機(jī)可以沿它旋轉(zhuǎn)360度，軌道上的旋轉(zhuǎn)裝置裝有迎風(fēng)控制系統(tǒng)的電動裝置（<圖03>）。這種布置提供了穩(wěn)定的基礎(chǔ)。
由于該種風(fēng)力機(jī)可以避開大風(fēng)且擴(kuò)散體罩具有保護(hù)轉(zhuǎn)子不受大風(fēng)影響的能力，因而轉(zhuǎn)子設(shè)計(jì)簡單不需要控制葉片節(jié)距。這使得該種風(fēng)力機(jī)非常適合在大風(fēng)地區(qū)使用，且維修量很小。
4 設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
擴(kuò)散體增強(qiáng)型風(fēng)力機(jī)與常規(guī)風(fēng)力機(jī)相比有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，包括：
噪音低。常規(guī)風(fēng)力機(jī)噪音來自速度最高的轉(zhuǎn)子頂部，并通過葉片傳向支柱。在Vortec機(jī)組中，轉(zhuǎn)子被一種高密度材料所覆蓋（擴(kuò)散體），它防止了噪音從轉(zhuǎn)子末端向外輻射，因此沒有像用常規(guī)設(shè)備時(shí)大的支柱產(chǎn)生的噪音。
用地少。就同樣的能源輸出而言，Vortec機(jī)組與常規(guī)風(fēng)力機(jī)相比需要較少的用地，減少了土地購置和租用費(fèi)用。
不影響景觀。Vortec機(jī)組很容易地涂上各種顏色，當(dāng)從遠(yuǎn)距離觀看時(shí)能與各種背景相融合，設(shè)備蹲坐的外形與起伏的山村很協(xié)調(diào)。
可衰減陣風(fēng)。擴(kuò)散體在增加出力的同時(shí)，也作為阻風(fēng)門，衰減陣風(fēng)的峰值，因而減少了轉(zhuǎn)子所承受的轉(zhuǎn)距波動和驅(qū)動器上的應(yīng)力。
鳥類撞擊少。盡管風(fēng)力機(jī)能涂上不同的顏色降低了視覺影響，但對于飛到附近的鳥類卻很醒目，不會出現(xiàn)鳥類撞擊快速旋轉(zhuǎn)的風(fēng)力機(jī)葉片的事故。
基建費(fèi)用和發(fā)電成本低。風(fēng)力機(jī)使用了非常簡單的定節(jié)距葉片，不需要節(jié)距控制制動器或控制系統(tǒng)。這將大幅度降低維修費(fèi)用，特別是在新西蘭的大風(fēng)地區(qū)，并將確保很高的設(shè)備可用率。
5 發(fā)展前景
轉(zhuǎn)子直徑為7m的原型風(fēng)力機(jī)將要進(jìn)行6個(gè)月的試運(yùn)行，對控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)調(diào)試并驗(yàn)證設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)。初步測量數(shù)據(jù)表明，風(fēng)力機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子風(fēng)速增強(qiáng)了約1.72倍，這與Grumman空間公司研究小組的計(jì)算和它們在0.5m模型上進(jìn)行的風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)結(jié)果相吻合。
Vortec Energy公司已獲得新西蘭科學(xué)與技術(shù)研究基金業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展部的資助約350000美元，用以支付6個(gè)月試驗(yàn)期的費(fèi)用。
監(jiān)視和試驗(yàn)方案的技術(shù)支持由工業(yè)研究有限公司(Industrial Research Ltd.)和奧克蘭大學(xué)咨詢小組(Auckland Uniservices)提供，另外還邀請了英國國際風(fēng)能咨詢專家Garrad Hassan獨(dú)立檢驗(yàn)和監(jiān)督Vortec7機(jī)組的試運(yùn)行計(jì)劃。
表1給出了Vortec機(jī)組未來的開發(fā)方案。
如果試驗(yàn)方案產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果與預(yù)期的相吻合，將來擴(kuò)散體增強(qiáng)型風(fēng)力機(jī)將成為全球風(fēng)電開發(fā)方案的一個(gè)主要部分，可廣泛用于其它待開發(fā)的地區(qū)。支持該技術(shù)的投資者雖承受高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但它可能獲得高的回報(bào)。
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