立式切碎機(jī)設(shè)計【塊根莖物料如馬鈴薯地瓜蘿卜瓜果的切碎加工】
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南華大學(xué)機(jī)械工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)Study and Improvement for Slice Smoothness in Slicing Machine of Lotus Root De-yong YANG ,Jian-ping HU , En-zhu WEI , Heng-qun LEI ,and Xiang-ci KONG Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology Ministry of Education Jiangsu Province Jiangsu University . Zhenjiang .Jiangsu Province .P.R.China212013Tel.: +86-511-8;Fax:+86-511-8yangdy163.comJinhu Agricultural Mechanization Technology Extension Station . Jinhu countyJiangsu Province .P.R.China 211600Abstract: Concerning the problem of the low cutting quality and the bevel edge in the piece of lotus root, the reason was analyzed and the method of improvement was to reduce the force in the vertical direction of link to knife. 3D parts and assemblies of cutting mechanism in slicing machine of lotus were created under PRO/E circumstance. Based on virtual prototype technology, the kinematics and dynamics analysis of cutting mechanism was simulated with ADAMS software, the best slice of time that is 0.2s0.3s was obtained,and the curve of the force in the vertical direction of link to knife was obtained. The vertical force of knife was changed according with the change of the offset distance of crank. Optimization results of the offest distance of crank showed the vertical force in slice time almost is zero when the offset distance of crank is -80mm. Tests show that relative error of thickness of slicing is less than 10% after improved design, which is able to fully meet the technical requirements. Keywords: lotus root; cutting mechanism; smoothness; optimization 1 Introduction China is a country of producing lotus toot, lotus root system of semi-finished products of domestic consumption and external demand for exports is relatively large. In order to improve efficiency, reduce labor intensity, the group work, drawing on the principle of the artificial slice based on the design and development of a new type of lotus root slice (Bi Wei and Hu Jianping, 2006). This new type of slice solved easily broken cutting, stick knives, hard to clean up and other issues, but the process appears less smooth cutting, and some have a problem of hypotenuse piece of root. In this paper, analyzing cutting through the course of slice knife, the reasons causing hypotenuse was found, and the corresponding improvement of methods was proposed and was verified by the experiments.2 Structure of Cutting Mechanism of Slicing Machine Cutting mechanism of the quality of slice lotus root is the core of the machine, the performance of its direct impact on the quality of slice. Virtual prototyping of cutting mechanism of slice lotus root (Fig.1) was built by using PRO/E, and mechanism diagram of the body is shown in Fig.2. Cutting principle of lotus slicer adopted in the cardiac type of slider-crank mechanism was to add materials inside, which can be stacked several lotus root, lotus root to rely on the upper part of the self and the lower part of the lotus press down, so that it arrives in the material under the surface of the baffle. While slider-crank mechanism was driven by motor, the knife installed on the slider cut lotus root. In the slice-cutting process it was found that parallelism of the surface at both ends of part of piece lotus was not enough, which can not meet the technical requirements for processing.Fig.1 Virtual prototyping of cutting mechanismFig.2 Diagram of cutting mechanism Study and improvement for slice smoothness in slicing machine of lotus root.3 The Cause of the Bevel Edge Uneven thickness and bevel edge of cutting were related with forces on the slice knife in the process of cutting. In accordance with cutting mechanism (Fig.2), without taking into account the friction and weight, the direction of force F of point C was along the link. Force F may be decomposed with a horizontal direction force component and a vertical direction force component. The horizontal force component pushed the knife moving for cutting, but the vertical force component caused the knife moving along the vertical direction. Because of the gap between the slider and the rail, the vertical force component made the blade deforming during the movement, and knife could not move along the horizontal direction to cut lotus root, which caused the emergence of bevel edge. Thus, to reduce or eliminate the vertical force component in the cutting-chip was key to solve the problem of bevel edge and improve the quality of cutting.When crank speed was 6990r/min, the horizontal and vertical direction of the force curve of point C connecting link and the blade hinge are shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4 respectively. As can be seen from the chart, with the crank speed improvement the horizontal and vertical direction of the force in point C also increased. The horizontal force changed relatively stable during 0s0.2s, which was conducive to cutting lotus, but the vertical force increased gradually. The more the vertical force was, the more detrimental to the quality cutting. Fig.3 Horizontal force of CFig.4 Vertical force of C4 Simulation and Optimization If improving flatness of the slicer, the structure was optimized to reduce the vertical force component, so as far as possible the level of cutting blade.When crank speed was 6090r/min the velocity curve and acceleration curve of the knife center of mass are shown in Fig.5 and Fig.6 respectively. According to the speed curve, the speed of the knife center of mass was relatively large in a period of 0.2s0.3s. In accordance with the requirements that the knife should have a higher speed during cutting lotus, so this period time was more advantageous to cutting than other terms. According to acceleration curve. When calculates by one cycle, the acceleration value was relatively quite small in the period of time, 0.15s0.3s compared with other time section. Which indicated that the change of velocity was relatively small, simultaneously the force of inertia was small, and the influence of vibration caused by the force was small to the slicer. Therefore,this period of time, 0.2s0.3s, to cut root piece was advantageous in enhances the cutting quality of lotus root piece.Fig.5 Velocity curve of center of mass of knife Fig.6 Acceleration curve of center of mass of knife Based on the above analysis, the vertical force component between link and the knife was the main reason for bevel edge. According to the characteristics of slider-crank mechanism, reducing the vertical force on the knife in the period of cutting time by altering crank offest was tried to enhance the quality of the cutting. When crank speed was 60r/min, the crank eccentricity was optimized. When the offest of the crank was 40mm, 20mm, 0mm, -20mm, -40mm, -80mm, -120mm respectively, the mechanism was simulated and the vertical force curves under different crank eccentricity were obtained, as shown in Fig.7.Fig.7 vertical force curves in different offest Fig.7 indicates that: When the eccentricity was positive, the vertical force on point C increased gradually in 0.2s0.3s with the increase of crank oddest: When the eccentricity was negative, the force decreased gradually first and then begun to increase along with -80mm. So when the offest was -80mm, the numerical of the force in 0.2s0.3s achieved the minimum and the quality of cutting was the best.When the crank rotated in the other speed, there were the same optimization results. Fig.8 show the curve of vertical force in the offest of 0mm and -80mm when the speed of crank was 80r/min. From the Fig.8 it is obvious that vertical direction of the force of point C in 0.2s0.3s reduced a lot when the eccentricity is -80mm. Therefore, the vertical force could be reduced by optimizing the slider-crank mechanism of eccentricity.Fig.8 Vertical force of C5 Experimental AnalysisThe relative error of thickness of lotus root piece reflects the quality of cutting. Which is generally controlled of 10%. There always existed bevel edge phenomenon and the relative error of thickness was about 15% before structural optimization and improvement, which was difficult to meet the technical requirements. The offset in the slider-crank mechanism was optimized, and its structure was improved according to the results of optimization. After improvement cutting test were done in the conditions of crank speed for 80110r/min and statistical data about the relative error of thickness was shown in Table.1. Four levels were separated in the experiment, three times for each level.Table 1 Relative error of thickness of slicingNOCrank speed (r/min)809010011016.6%6.4% 8.2%9.5%25.3%6.1%8.5%9.2%26.4%7.9%7.9%9.4%Average6.1%6.8%8.2%9.4% It is derived from Table.1 that the relative error of the thickness of slices could meet the technical indicators when the crank speed was 80110r/min, especially in the crank rotation speed 80r/min, 90r/min the relative error of thickness was less than 7%,and high quality was achieved.6 ConclusionThe vertical force component acted on the knife in the process of cutting was the main reason for surface formation and bevel edge, so the key of improving the quality was to reduce the vertical force. Through slice knife and velocity acceleration simulation analysis the best time for slicing, 0.2s0.3s, was obtained. By optimizing the offset of the crank the vertical force during cutting time was greatly reduced when the offset was -80mm. Experiments were made after improving the design of lotus root slicer, which results showed that by changing the offset of the crank, the relative error of the thickness could fully meet the requirements of less than 10%. So the problem was basically solved that the flatness was not ideal and was the issue of bevel edge.1References 1 Wei,B . jianping,H.: Study of lotus root slicing techniques and design of new model,Journal of agricultural mechanization research (12),112-114(2006)(in Chinese)2 Enzhu, w.:the simulation and optimization on the new slicing machine of lotus root based on virtual prototype technology .jiangsu university 2008)in Chinese)3 Ce ,Z .:mechanical dynamics .higher education press1999)4Xiuning ,C.:optimal design of machinery .zhejiang university press1999)5Liping,C.,yunqing,Z.,weiqun,R.: dynamic analysis of mechanical systems and application Guide ADAMS . Tsinghua university press ,Beijing(2005)Page 8 of 8南華大學(xué)機(jī)械工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)蓮藕切片機(jī)切片平滑度的研究和改進(jìn)楊德勇 胡建平 韋恩鑄 雷恒群 孔祥次農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)備和現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的國家重點實驗室江蘇省教育部 江蘇大學(xué).江蘇.鎮(zhèn)江中國 江蘇省 212013電話 +86-511-8:傳真+86-511-8yangdy163.com金湖農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)推廣站中國 江蘇省 211600摘要:針對蓮藕切削質(zhì)量不高和蓮藕片的斜邊問題,通過分析原因,改進(jìn)的方法就是減少刀在垂直方向的力。在Pro/E的環(huán)境下創(chuàng)建了蓮藕切片機(jī)的3D零件和裝配體?;谔摂M樣機(jī)技術(shù),切片機(jī)的運動學(xué)和動力學(xué)分析是在ADAMS軟件模擬實驗下實現(xiàn)的,獲得最佳的切削時間為0.2s0.3s,并且得到了刀在垂直方向上的力的曲線。刀在垂直方向上的力隨著曲柄偏移量的變化而改變。曲柄的偏移量優(yōu)化結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)曲柄的偏移量為-80mm時,在切削時間里的垂直方向上的力幾乎為零。測試結(jié)果表明,經(jīng)過改進(jìn)設(shè)計后,切片厚度的相對誤差小于10,這是能夠完全滿足技術(shù)要求的。關(guān)鍵詞:蓮藕;切削機(jī)制;平滑度;優(yōu)化1前言 中國是一個生產(chǎn)蓮藕的大國,蓮藕半成品系列食品的國內(nèi)消費和外部的出口需求量比較大,為了提高工作效率,減輕勞動強(qiáng)度,設(shè)計工作組,在借鑒人工切蓮藕片原理的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計和開發(fā)一個新型的切片機(jī)(畢偉,胡建平,2006年)。這種新型的切片機(jī)容易解決切片易斷,粘刀,難清理等問題,但過程中還是出現(xiàn)不平滑切削和一些斜邊的現(xiàn)象。本文通過對切削時刀片的分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些造成斜邊現(xiàn)象的原因,并提出了相應(yīng)的改進(jìn)方法,并通過實驗得到了驗證。2 切片機(jī)切削結(jié)構(gòu)原理蓮藕切片的切削原理是機(jī)器的核心,性能直接影響切片的質(zhì)量。在使用PRO / E平臺下建立了蓮藕切削原理的虛擬樣機(jī)(圖1),結(jié)構(gòu)本身的原理圖如圖2所示。蓮藕切片機(jī)的切削原理是通過核心的曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)往里面添加材料,它可以堆疊許多蓮藕,蓮藕依靠自己本身上部和下部的蓮藕,以便它能夠到達(dá)擋板的表面。曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)是由電機(jī)驅(qū)動,在滑塊上安裝刀片切蓮藕。但在切削過程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)在一塊蓮藕兩端面的平行度是不足夠的,這不能滿足加工的技術(shù)要求。圖1 蓮藕切削原理的虛擬樣機(jī)圖2 切片原理結(jié)構(gòu)圖切片機(jī)的蓮藕片平滑度的研究和提高。3 斜邊的原因厚薄不均勻和斜邊問題與刀片在切削過程中的力量有關(guān)。按照結(jié)構(gòu)原理(圖2),不考慮相互間摩擦和重量的因素,C點的力F的方向是沿鏈接方向。力F可以分解為一個水平方向的分力和一個垂直方向的分力。水平分力造成的刀沿垂直方向移動切削,但垂直方向上的力造成的刀沿垂直方向移動。由于滑塊和導(dǎo)軌之間的差距,垂直分力會使葉片在運動時變形,刀不能沿水平方向切蓮藕,導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)斜邊。因此,解決斜邊的問題和提高切削質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵是減少或消除切片時的垂直分力。 當(dāng)曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速為6090轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘,C點和刀片連接部位的水平和垂直方向的力曲線如圖3和圖4所示。從圖上可以看出,當(dāng)曲柄的速度提高后,C點水平和垂直方向的力也增加了,相對穩(wěn)定的水平力有利于切削蓮藕期間,但垂直方向上的力也逐漸增加。越多的垂直方向上的力,越不利于切削的質(zhì)量。圖3 C點的水平力圖4 C點的垂直方向上的力4 仿真和優(yōu)化如果提高切片的平整度,結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化可以減少垂直分力,所以盡可能的要刀片保持水平。當(dāng)曲柄速度6090轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘時,刀質(zhì)量中心的速度曲線和加速度曲線分別如圖5和圖6所示。根據(jù)速度曲線,在0.2s0.3s時間里,刀質(zhì)量中心的速度是比較大的。按照刀應(yīng)該有更高的速度來切削蓮藕的要求,這期間的時間切削比其他時間更有利。根據(jù)加速度曲線,一個周期計算,在0.15s0.3s的時間里,相比其他的時間段加速度值是相對比較小。這表明速度的變化相對較小,同時慣性產(chǎn)生的力小,切片機(jī)受力引起的振動影響小。因此,在0.2s0.3s里來切蓮藕有利于提高蓮藕片的切削質(zhì)量。圖5 刀片的質(zhì)量中心速度曲線圖6 刀片的質(zhì)量中心加速度曲線 基于上述分析,刀片和鏈接之間的垂直分力是造成斜邊的主要原因。根據(jù)曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的特點,在切削時間段通過改變曲柄偏移來減少對刀垂直方向上的力,從而提高切削質(zhì)量。當(dāng)曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速為60轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘,曲軸偏心率得到了優(yōu)化。當(dāng)曲柄偏移量分別為40mm,20mm,0mm,-20mm, -40mm, -80mm, -120mm時,在不同的偏移量下模擬其原理,獲得了垂直方向上的力曲線,如圖7所示。圖7 不同偏移下的垂直方向上的力曲線圖7表明:偏心率為正值時,在0.2s0.3s隨著曲柄偏移量增加,C點的垂直方向上的力逐漸增加;當(dāng)偏心率為負(fù)值時,隨著曲柄偏移量的增加,力開始下降,然后在-80mm處開始逐步增加。所以,當(dāng)偏移量為-80mm,力在0.2s0.3s的數(shù)值降到最低,這時切削質(zhì)量是最佳的。 當(dāng)曲柄在其他的速度旋轉(zhuǎn),有相同的優(yōu)化結(jié)果。圖8顯示的是曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速為80轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘、曲軸偏移量為0mm到-80mm時,垂直方向上的力。從圖8可以看出,當(dāng)偏移量為-80mm時,C點垂直方向的里在0.2s0.3s大大減少。因此通過優(yōu)化曲柄偏移量可以減少垂直方向上的力。圖8 C點的垂直方向上的力5 實驗分析蓮藕片的厚度相對誤差反映了切削質(zhì)量,一般控制在10。在結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化和改進(jìn)前,總是存在斜邊現(xiàn)象,厚度相對誤差約為15%左右,這是難以滿足的技術(shù)要求。對曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的偏移量進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,并根據(jù)優(yōu)化的結(jié)果,它的結(jié)構(gòu)有了一些改進(jìn)。改進(jìn)后的曲柄,在速度的條件為80110轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘時,切削試驗出來的厚度相對誤差的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)如表1所示。從四個速度層次進(jìn)行分析實驗,每個速度層次進(jìn)行三次實驗。表 1 切片厚度相對誤差 序號曲柄速度(轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘)809010011016.6%6.4% 8.2%9.5%25.3%6.1%8.5%9.2%26.4%7.9%7.9%9.4%平均6.1%6.8%8.2%9.4%來自表1的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,當(dāng)曲柄速度為80110轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘時,切片厚度相對誤差能滿足各項技術(shù)指標(biāo),尤其是當(dāng)曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)速度為80轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘和90轉(zhuǎn)/分鐘時,厚度相對誤差低于7,達(dá)到了較高的切削質(zhì)量。6 總結(jié) 切削的過程中,表面不平整和斜邊的主要原因是作用在刀組件上的垂直分力,因此提高質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵是減小垂直方向上的力。通過刀片質(zhì)量中心速度和加速度模擬分析曲線得到,0.2s0.3s是切片的最佳時間。通過優(yōu)化曲柄的偏移量,當(dāng)偏移量為-80mm時,垂直方向上的力在切削時間大大減小。經(jīng)過實驗改進(jìn)蓮藕切片機(jī)后,實驗結(jié)果表明,通過改變曲柄偏移量,厚度相對誤差不到10,完全能夠滿足要求。因此,平整度不理想和斜邊問題基本解決。參考文獻(xiàn)1 胡建平.蓮藕切片技術(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)和新的模型設(shè)計. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究(12),112114.20062 韋恩鑄.基于虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)的新型蓮藕切片機(jī)仿真優(yōu)化.江蘇大學(xué),20083 張 策.機(jī)械動力學(xué).高等教育出版社,19994 陳秀林.機(jī)械優(yōu)化設(shè)計.浙江大學(xué)出版社,1999.5 陳麗萍,鄭云群,容微群.機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)分析和應(yīng)用指南ADAMS.北京:清華大學(xué)出版 社,2005第 7 頁 共 7 頁本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書信息與機(jī)電工程系 填寫時間:2015年 1 月 12 日課題名稱 立式切碎機(jī)學(xué)生姓名專業(yè)、學(xué)號11機(jī)械116707011畢業(yè)設(shè)計基本要求、重點需要研究的問題 基本要求:工作原理正確,能用于主要塊根莖物料,如馬鈴薯/地瓜/蘿卜/瓜果的切碎加工 完成總裝圖及零件圖(可運用CAXA電子圖板或AutoCAD2004繪圖) 完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書一份計劃進(jìn)度安排第1設(shè)計周:收集資料、知識準(zhǔn)備;第23設(shè)計周:方案設(shè)計;第4設(shè)計周:總體結(jié)構(gòu)草圖;第510設(shè)計周:結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、設(shè)計計算、總體裝配圖、零件圖設(shè)計;第1113設(shè)計周:設(shè)計說明書(論文)編寫。應(yīng)收集的資料及主要參考文獻(xiàn)指導(dǎo)教師(簽名): 職稱: 系(教研室)主任(簽名):分管院長(簽章):本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計開題報告設(shè)計題目: 立式切碎機(jī) 專業(yè)年級: 機(jī)械專業(yè)2011級 學(xué) 號: 116707011 姓 名: 指導(dǎo)教師、職稱: 2015年 1 月 23 日1、 本設(shè)計課題的目的意義,主要及擬解決的關(guān)鍵性問題(附參考文獻(xiàn)) 中國是農(nóng)業(yè)大國,因此農(nóng)作物是中國重要的一部分。自古以來,中國的糧食總類很多,其中包括塊根莖物料,如馬鈴薯、地瓜、蘿卜、瓜果。中國人飯桌上或多或少都會出現(xiàn)以上塊根莖物料所制作而成的一道菜。所以如何更合理更簡單方便的處理塊根莖物料成為人們需要研究的一個課題。后來就出現(xiàn)了切碎機(jī)。切碎機(jī)是將大尺寸的固體原料切碎至要求尺寸或形狀的加工機(jī)械,它在農(nóng)品加工、中草藥加工、飼料加工等行業(yè)領(lǐng)域都有廣泛的應(yīng)用。切碎機(jī)按所切物料的形態(tài)不同可分為:莖稈類物料切碎機(jī)、塊狀類物料切碎機(jī)。依照要求,本課題針對塊狀類物料切碎機(jī)進(jìn)行研究。塊狀類物料切碎機(jī)按盤刀的方式不同可分為立式盤刀式切碎機(jī)、水平盤刀式切碎機(jī)和刀式切碎機(jī)。當(dāng)前的滾刀式切碎機(jī)其最主要的形式就是圓錐形滾刀式切碎機(jī),其主要用來切碎青綠物料和塊狀莖,其動刀片一般安裝在圓錐形滾筒上。當(dāng)滾筒旋轉(zhuǎn)時,料斗內(nèi)的物料就被切碎,成品通過動刀和滾筒之間的空隙進(jìn)入圓錐滾筒內(nèi),并沿著圓錐斜面從滾筒的大端排出。由于圓錐僅部分表面和喂料斗接觸,所以生產(chǎn)效率較低,但工作較可靠。根據(jù)簡易程度我們研究立式盤刀式切碎機(jī)(簡易式切碎機(jī))。立式簡易切碎機(jī)由喂入斗和裝有4把刀片的圓盤組成.圓盤與地面垂直.工作時,塊根裝在圓盤左的喂入斗內(nèi).當(dāng)圓盤旋轉(zhuǎn)時,盤上的刀片就將塊根切成薄片,由圓盤下方排出口(出料口)排出.這種型式的切碎機(jī),構(gòu)造簡單,使用方便,易于保養(yǎng)修理.1. 產(chǎn)品加工機(jī)械與設(shè)備,沈再春主編,中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社。2.機(jī)械設(shè)計手冊。3.其它相關(guān)參考資料。二、本設(shè)計課題的主要設(shè)計、預(yù)期設(shè)計結(jié)果主要設(shè)計內(nèi)容:按給定的物料和轉(zhuǎn)軸轉(zhuǎn)速,設(shè)計一套切碎系統(tǒng),切碎機(jī)工作完畢后查其切碎的情況。預(yù)期設(shè)計結(jié)果:切割系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計要符合手動立式簡易切碎機(jī)(設(shè)計)規(guī)范要求,基本滿足使用上的功能要求,兼顧節(jié)能環(huán)保要求,實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和功能的統(tǒng)一。擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題:1、主動軸和從動軸的協(xié)調(diào)性及剛度要求;2、滿足給定的切割要求;3、切割效果分析;三、設(shè)計方法和步驟、收集切碎機(jī)的資料,調(diào)查研究,通過分析比較、確定設(shè)計方案;、根據(jù)給定要求,進(jìn)行設(shè)計參數(shù)的計算;、運用AutoCAD和Photoshop繪圖等工具進(jìn)行設(shè)計。、進(jìn)行切碎效果試驗;、撰寫設(shè)計說明書4、 設(shè)計工作的總體安排及進(jìn)度第1設(shè)計周:收集資料、知識準(zhǔn)備;第23設(shè)計周:方案設(shè)計;第4設(shè)計周:總體結(jié)構(gòu)草圖;第510設(shè)計周:結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、設(shè)計計算、總體裝配圖、零件圖設(shè)計;第1113設(shè)計周:設(shè)計說明書(論文)編寫。五、指導(dǎo)教師審查意見:簽字: 年月日六、系(教研室)審查意見: 簽字: 年月日七、學(xué)院審查意見: 分管院長簽章: 年月日目 錄摘要- 2 -Abstract- 3 -第一章 前言- 4 -1.1 引言- 4 -第二章 選擇方案- 5 -2.1總體設(shè)計- 5 -2.2結(jié)構(gòu)及實現(xiàn)原理- 5 -2.3方案選擇- 6 -第三章 設(shè)計與計算- 7 -3.1電機(jī)選擇- 7 -3.2 傳動比選擇- 8 -3.3 軸的強(qiáng)度條件計算- 9 -3.4 精確校核軸的疲勞強(qiáng)度- 10 -3.5 軸承的校核- 13 -結(jié)束語- 15 -參考文獻(xiàn)- 16 -致謝- 17 -摘要 本研究以馬鈴薯等根莖物料為研究對象,通過對根莖物料特性的分析,確定切碎原理和方法,設(shè)計出動力消耗低、力度大小滿足切碎成型要求的根莖切碎機(jī)。推動我國目前綜合開發(fā)利用農(nóng)作物根莖物料資源的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和實際應(yīng)用。 通過對原始數(shù)據(jù)的分析、方案的論證比較和有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的分析計算,主要完成了切碎機(jī)的總體設(shè)計,電動機(jī)的選擇以及傳動方案的分析、比較與選擇等內(nèi)容。在此基礎(chǔ)上對切碎機(jī)機(jī)體的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸、驅(qū)動轉(zhuǎn)軸的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸、V帶傳動等設(shè)計應(yīng)用價值進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的計算和說明。 該機(jī)主要是由切碎機(jī)和喂入機(jī)構(gòu)、喂入槽、甩拋裝置、帶傳動、電動機(jī)組成。其原理是根莖物料由喂入槽喂入,在喂入機(jī)構(gòu)作用下將其壓實并卷入機(jī)構(gòu)。被動刀片組成的切碎器切碎,最后由拋送裝置拋出機(jī)外。關(guān)鍵詞:盤刀,切碎機(jī),根莖物料,喂入槽,拋送機(jī)AbstractIn this study, potato and other root material for the study, by the material properties of the roots of analysis to determine the principles and methods of shredding designed low power consumption, efforts to meet the size requirements for compression molding roots shredder. Promote the comprehensive development and utilization of Chinas current crop roots material resources of technological innovation and practical application. Through the analysis of raw data, analysis and calculation demonstrate Comparison Programme and the relevant data, mainly to complete the overall design of the shredder, the analysis of the motor and drive program selection, comparison and selection and so on. On this basis, the structure of the shredder body size, the drive shaft structure size, V belt drive, such as design value calculation and detailed description. This machine is mainly composed of a shredder and feeding mechanism, feeding trough, throwing throwing unit, belt drive, motor. The principle is that the material from the feeding trough feeding roots, in effect compacting the feed mechanism and the involvement of institutions. Passive fixed chopper blades consisting of chopped, and finally by throwing device thrown outside. Keywords: disc cutter, shredder, roots materials, feed trough, throwing machine第一章 前言1.1 引言近年來,發(fā)達(dá)國家中的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)高度機(jī)械化,通過先進(jìn)的技術(shù)形成了一些列配套的生產(chǎn)體系和配套機(jī)具。但中國是從解放后才開始發(fā)展自己的農(nóng)機(jī)化事業(yè)的,經(jīng)過這些年的發(fā)展,雖取得了進(jìn)步,但是由于中國領(lǐng)土疆域大,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展不平衡,農(nóng)機(jī)化水平差別較大,整體數(shù)據(jù)相當(dāng)于美國上世紀(jì)五十年代后期水平,處于現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的初級階段,農(nóng)機(jī)化事業(yè)任重二道院。而中國是農(nóng)業(yè)大國,因此農(nóng)作物是中國重要的一部分。自古以來,中國的糧食總類很多,其中包括塊根莖物料,如馬鈴薯、地瓜、蘿卜、瓜果。中國人飯桌上或多或少都會出現(xiàn)以上塊根莖物料所制作而成的一道菜。所以如何更合理更簡單方便的處理塊根莖物料成為人們需要研究的一個課題。后來就出現(xiàn)了切碎機(jī)。切碎機(jī)是將大尺寸的固體原料切碎至要求尺寸或形狀的加工機(jī)械,它在農(nóng)品加工、中草藥加工、飼料加工等行業(yè)領(lǐng)域都有廣泛的應(yīng)用。切碎機(jī)按所切物料的形態(tài)不同可分為:莖稈類物料切碎機(jī)、塊狀類物料切碎機(jī)。依照要求,本課題針對塊狀類物料切碎機(jī)進(jìn)行研究。塊狀類物料切碎機(jī)按盤刀的方式不同可分為立式盤刀式切碎機(jī)、水平盤刀式切碎機(jī)和刀式切碎機(jī)。當(dāng)前的滾刀式切碎機(jī)其最主要的形式就是圓錐形滾刀式切碎機(jī),其主要用來切碎青綠物料和塊狀莖,其動刀片一般安裝在圓錐形滾筒上。當(dāng)滾筒旋轉(zhuǎn)時,料斗內(nèi)的物料就被切碎,成品通過動刀和滾筒之間的空隙進(jìn)入圓錐滾筒內(nèi),并沿著圓錐斜面從滾筒的大端排出。由于圓錐僅部分表面和喂料斗接觸,所以生產(chǎn)效率較低,但工作較可靠。立式簡易切碎機(jī)由喂入斗和裝有4把刀片的圓盤組成.圓盤與地面垂直.工作時,塊根裝在圓盤左的喂入斗內(nèi).當(dāng)圓盤旋轉(zhuǎn)時,盤上的刀片就將塊根切成薄片,由圓盤下方排出口(出料口)排出.這種型式的切碎機(jī),構(gòu)造簡單,使用方便,易于保養(yǎng)修理. 按給定的物料和轉(zhuǎn)軸轉(zhuǎn)速,設(shè)計一套切碎系統(tǒng),切碎機(jī)工作完畢后查其切碎的情況。第二章 選擇方案2.1總體設(shè)計 原始參數(shù):(1)容重1.2噸/m; (2)作業(yè)形式:連續(xù); (3)物料名稱:塊莖類物料; (4)生產(chǎn)能力:2t/h。2.2結(jié)構(gòu)及實現(xiàn)原理 該機(jī)主要有傳動軸I和裝在其一端的傳動系統(tǒng),裝在其中部的切碎刀盤,裝在其一端的變速錐齒輪和傳動軸II上的變速錐齒輪和直齒輪及進(jìn)給軸III、IV,裝在支撐固定他們的機(jī)架下部的電動機(jī)。主傳動輪及傳動皮帶,加之安裝在機(jī)架上的喂料臺,進(jìn)料斗,機(jī)殼等構(gòu)成,切碎機(jī)構(gòu)由安裝在傳動軸一端的切碎刀盤及上的動刀片,加之固定在機(jī)架相應(yīng)位置上,能在刀盤轉(zhuǎn)動過程中,與動片構(gòu)成剪切動作的定刀片構(gòu)成。傳動軸安裝在機(jī)架上,動力由機(jī)架下部的電動機(jī)及其主動輪。 驅(qū)動傳動軸運轉(zhuǎn)使安裝在中部的切刀盤工作。機(jī)架上靠切碎刀盤一側(cè),制作了切碎機(jī)構(gòu)喂料臺、自動進(jìn)給輥壓輪及刀盤罩;位于傳動軸中部裝有機(jī)殼和進(jìn)料斗,二者用小螺桿連為一體;主動輪與從動輪間套有皮帶防護(hù)罩;機(jī)架下部制作了切碎,破碎物料的出料斗。其中,喂料臺,刀盤罩、機(jī)殼、進(jìn)料斗、皮帶防護(hù)罩、除掉都均連接在固定在機(jī)架上。這樣,就構(gòu)成一個圓盤刀式切碎機(jī)。使用時,將馬鈴薯等塊根莖物料放入偏置的料斗中,動刀片隨刀盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)和固定在機(jī)架上的定刀片配合,將物料切碎。2.3方案選擇 莖稈類物料的切割主要利用動,定刀之間的對切運動,宛如剪刀一樣,是根據(jù)剪切原理工作的。而塊狀類物料的切割是利用刀片的楔切作用,宛如加工金屬的車刀一樣,是根據(jù)切割原理工作的,這是因為切割時,動刀刃對物料通常不產(chǎn)生滑移,只是按照看砍切進(jìn)行切割。馬鈴薯與動刀刃之間的摩擦角為3540,遠(yuǎn)比莖稈類物料與動刀刃之間的摩擦角(1824)要大得多。塊狀類物料切碎機(jī)按盤刀的方式不同可分為立式盤刀式切碎機(jī)、水平盤刀式切碎機(jī)和刀式切碎機(jī)。當(dāng)前的滾刀式切碎機(jī)其最主要的形式就是圓錐形滾刀式切碎機(jī),其主要用來切碎青綠物料和塊狀莖,其動刀片一般安裝在圓錐形滾筒上。當(dāng)滾筒旋轉(zhuǎn)時,料斗內(nèi)的物料就被切碎,成品通過動刀和滾筒之間的空隙進(jìn)入圓錐滾筒內(nèi),并沿著圓錐斜面從滾筒的大端排出。由于圓錐僅部分表面和喂料斗接觸,所以生產(chǎn)效率較低,但工作較可靠。立式簡易切碎機(jī)由喂入斗和裝有4把刀片的圓盤組成.圓盤與地面垂直.工作時,塊根裝在圓盤左的喂入斗內(nèi).當(dāng)圓盤旋轉(zhuǎn)時,盤上的刀片就將塊根切成薄片,由圓盤下方排出口(出料口)排出.這種型式的切碎機(jī),構(gòu)造簡單,使用方便,易于保養(yǎng)修理. 按給定的物料和轉(zhuǎn)軸轉(zhuǎn)速,設(shè)計一套切碎系統(tǒng),切碎機(jī)工作完畢后查其切碎的情況。 根據(jù)課題我們選擇立式盤刀式切碎機(jī)。 簡易式切碎機(jī) 見圖2-1 圓盤上安裝4把動刀,通過電機(jī)帶動帶輪和帶使圓盤回轉(zhuǎn),物料從偏置的料斗進(jìn)入,切碎后,從卸料槽排出,這種切碎機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,使用方便,造價低廉。 2-1 1-進(jìn)料斗 2-六角螺栓 3-端蓋 4-固定臺 5-六角螺栓 6-彈簧墊圈 7-滾動軸承座 8-彈簧墊圈 9-六角螺栓 10-六角螺栓 11-出料口 12-支架 13-固定板第三章 設(shè)計與計算 3.1電機(jī)選擇 由于立式盤刀式切碎機(jī)要求功率較低,所以選擇小功率電動機(jī)。 小功率電動機(jī)也稱為分馬力電動機(jī),指連續(xù)工作定額不超過1.1KW的電動機(jī),小功率交流異步電動機(jī)分為三相異步電動機(jī)和單相異步電動機(jī)。其中,YS(JB/T 1009-2007)系列為取代AO2系列的三相異步電動機(jī),具有優(yōu)良的起動和運行性能,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,使用、維修方便,適合于使用三相電源的小型機(jī)械;YU(JB/T 1010-2007)系列為取代BO2系列的單相電阻起動異步電動機(jī),具有中等起動和過載能力,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,使用、維修方便,適合于使用單相電源的小型機(jī)械;YC(JB/T1 1011-2007)系列為取代CO2系列的單相電容起動異步電動機(jī),起動力矩大,起動電流小,適用于滿載起動的機(jī)械,如空壓機(jī)、磨粉機(jī)等;YY(JB/T 1012-2007)系列為取代DO2系列的單相電容運轉(zhuǎn)異步電動機(jī),具有較高的功率因數(shù)、效率和過載能力,但是起動力矩小,空載電流大,適用于空載或輕載起動的小型機(jī)械,如電影放映機(jī)、電扇等;YL(JB/T 7588-2010)系列為單相雙值電容異步電動機(jī),具有高轉(zhuǎn)矩、高效率、高功率因數(shù)的優(yōu)點,適用于要求起動力矩大的空氣壓縮機(jī)、木工機(jī)械、粉碎機(jī)及其他小型機(jī)械。 假設(shè)切割力F為100N n=1400r/min則T1=F*r=100*0.14=14Nm因為傳動比為3 所以T2=T1/3=4.7NmP=(T*n)/9550=(4.7*1400)/9550=0.689KW本課題研究的立式盤刀式切碎機(jī)為滿載起動的機(jī)械,所以考慮功率轉(zhuǎn)矩等選擇 YC90L4電機(jī)。 功率750W,轉(zhuǎn)速1400(r/min)。3.2 傳動比選擇 傳動比為帶輪1直徑比去帶輪2直徑=60mm/180mm=1:33.3 軸的強(qiáng)度條件計算通過軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計,軸的主要結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸,軸上零件的位置,以及外載荷和支反力的作位置均已確定,軸上的載荷(變矩和扭矩)已可以求得,因而可按彎矩合成強(qiáng)度條件對軸進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核計算.其作圖分析和計算步驟如下:已知 h=68mm L1=130.6mm L2=67mm計算:Fr1+Fr2=GFr1*L1-G(L1+L2)+Fa*h=0 Fa2=Fa1=1/2Fa=2.7NMc=Fr2*L1由以上式子得 Fa2=Fa1=2.7N Fa=5.4N Fr1=107.64N Fr2=-34.64N Mc=-34.64*130.6=-4523.98N*mm=0.6ca=前面已選項定軸為45鋼/正火,-1=60MPa/55MPa caP2, 所以按軸承1的受力大小驗算 年結(jié)束語 經(jīng)過一學(xué)期的準(zhǔn)備,從到圖書館搜集資料,整理資料我的畢業(yè)設(shè)計生活就要結(jié)束了?;厥走@段期間的設(shè)計過程,有很多感受很多收獲,這是對我大學(xué)知識的一個整體的檢驗,很嚴(yán)格,但是對我今后走向社會有很大的幫助,這這使我非常清楚的認(rèn)識到一項設(shè)計從開始到結(jié)束所經(jīng)歷的過程,也對這個過程有了很深刻的了解。這對我們今后的各類設(shè)計提供了一個最基本的設(shè)計基礎(chǔ),也使我認(rèn)識到到做一件事應(yīng)該堅持不懈,遇到困難應(yīng)該用于面對,并且認(rèn)真尋找解決的方法。這就是一個成長的過程,培養(yǎng)一種人生的態(tài)度。 通過對盤刀式立體切碎機(jī)的設(shè)計,我了解到切碎機(jī)的種類、工作原理以及工作過程,還了解到了各種切碎機(jī)的區(qū)別。在設(shè)計過程中,對以前學(xué)過的知識有了更深刻的理解,也罷學(xué)的不扎實的知識重新鞏固了一邊,發(fā)現(xiàn)以前不曾注意過的知識都十分有用,令我感受很深。 結(jié)束了這段畢業(yè)設(shè)計后,我覺得自己方面的能力都有所提高。通過本課題的設(shè)計,使自己學(xué)會綜合運用所學(xué)的機(jī)械設(shè)計、機(jī)械制圖等基礎(chǔ)知識解決實際問題。在課題進(jìn)行過程中,學(xué)會了掌握資料收集及整理的方法。獨立完成系統(tǒng)方案改造與設(shè)計工作,提高了綜合運用所學(xué)過的各科知識和培養(yǎng)分析問題的能力。使自己具有了一定的理論聯(lián)系實際的正確設(shè)計思想。更熟悉運用和查閱各種設(shè)計資料。掌握從事設(shè)計工作的具體步驟和方法。參考文獻(xiàn)1 高志,李威主編,機(jī)械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊 第4版 高等教育出版社,20122 毛謙德,李振清主編,袖珍機(jī)械設(shè)計師手冊.第二版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2000 3 成大先主編,機(jī)械設(shè)計手冊.第三版.第二冊.北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,1999 4 唐增寶,何永然,劉安俊主編,機(jī)械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計.第二版.武漢:華中理中大學(xué)出版社,1999 5 西北工業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)械原理及機(jī)械零件教研組編.孫桓,陳作模主編,機(jī)械原理.第六版.北京:高等教育出版社,2001 6 羅迎社主編,材料力學(xué).武漢:武漢理工大學(xué)出版社,2001 7 肖旭霖主編,食品機(jī)械與設(shè)備.北京:科學(xué)出版社,2006 8 石一兵主編,食品機(jī)械與設(shè)備.北京:中國商業(yè)出版社,1990 9 周良德,朱泗芳主編,現(xiàn)代工程圖學(xué).長沙: 湖南科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2000致謝畢業(yè)設(shè)計是對我們知識運用能力的一次全面的考核,也是對我們進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究基本功的訓(xùn)練,培養(yǎng)我們綜合運用所學(xué)知識獨立地分析問題和解決問題的能力,為以后撰寫專業(yè)學(xué)論文和工作打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。本次設(shè)計能夠順利完成,首先我要感謝我的母校農(nóng)林大學(xué)金山許愿,是她為我們提供了學(xué)習(xí)知識的土壤,使我們在這里茁壯成長;其次我要感謝機(jī)械專業(yè)的老師們,他們不僅教會我們專業(yè)方面的知識,而且教會我們做人做事的道理;尤其要感謝在本次設(shè)計中給與我大力支持和幫助的朱亨銀老師,每有問題,老師總是耐心的解答,使我能夠充滿熱情的投入到畢業(yè)設(shè)計中去;還要感謝我的同學(xué)們,他們熱心的幫助,使我感到了來自兄弟姐妹的情誼;最后還要感謝相關(guān)資料的編著者和給予我們支持的社會各界人士,感謝您們?yōu)槲覀兲峁┮粋€良好的環(huán)境,使本次設(shè)計圓滿完成。- 17 -
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