高一英語人教版必修2《Unit 3 Computers》期末知識(shí)梳理

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111 人教新課標(biāo)版高一必修二Unit 3 Computers期末知識(shí)梳理 一、訓(xùn)練導(dǎo)入 I.考綱單詞 寫出下列考綱詞匯的詞性和漢義(如果不止一個(gè)詞性學(xué)生自行增補(bǔ)詞性及相應(yīng)漢義) 1.operator 2.revolution 3.solve 4.reality 5.personal 6.total 7.network 8.explore 9.anyhow 10.goal 11.happiness 12.download 13.signal 14.appearance 15.character II.核心短語 1．from then__________從那時(shí)起 2．__________a way 在某種程度上 3．__________the help of 在……的幫助下 4．__________a result 結(jié)果 5．deal__________處理；安排；對(duì)付 6．watch__________看守；監(jiān)視； 7．have…….in___________有……共同之處 8．what’s__________而且 9．get__________集合；聚集 10．make__________補(bǔ)足；整理；擬補(bǔ) 11．work__________作為……而工作 12．__________size 按面積計(jì)算 13．________high quality 質(zhì)量好 14．__________one’s interest in培養(yǎng)對(duì)……的，興趣 15．give__________捐獻(xiàn)，泄漏 16．pick__________挑出，認(rèn)出 17.pay attention__________注意 18．go__________時(shí)光流逝； 19．consist____________……由……組成 20．____________one’s own 屬于某人自己的 二、知識(shí)精講 I.重點(diǎn)詞匯 1. sum n. 金額; 款項(xiàng); 總數(shù); 總和 [典例] 1). He was fined the sum of 200. 他被處以200英鎊罰金。 2). The sum of 5 and 3 is 8. 5加3的和是8。 [重點(diǎn)用法] in sum簡(jiǎn)言之; 總而言之 sum sb/sth up形成對(duì)某人[某事物]的看法 2. advantage n.優(yōu)點(diǎn)；優(yōu)勢(shì)；有利條件 [典例] 1). He has the advantage of a steady job. 他有工作穩(wěn)定的有利條件。 2). They took full advantage of the hotel's facilities. 他們充分利用旅館的設(shè)備。 [重點(diǎn)用法] take advantage of 對(duì)……加以利用；欺騙 to sb.’s advantage 對(duì)某人有利 have /get/win an advantage over （of）勝過；優(yōu)于 3. goal n. 球門；進(jìn)球得的分；目標(biāo) [典例] 1). He headed the ball into an open goal. 他乘虛把球頂入球門 2). We won by three goals to one 以三比一獲勝。 3). You’d better set a goal before you start. 開始前最好設(shè)定一個(gè)目標(biāo)。 [重點(diǎn)用法] score/kick a goal 得[踢進(jìn)一球得]一分 keep goal守球門 life goal/ one’s goal in life生活目標(biāo) achieve / realize one’s goal實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo) 4. signal n. 信號(hào), 手勢(shì), 聲音, 暗號(hào) v. 發(fā)信號(hào); 用信號(hào)傳達(dá); 用信號(hào)與……通訊 [典例] 1). A red light is usually a signal for/of danger. 紅燈通常是危險(xiǎn)的信號(hào)。 2). He signaled (to) the waiter to bring the menu. 他示意要服務(wù)員把菜單拿來。 [重點(diǎn)用法] signal to sb/sth for sth 用信號(hào)傳達(dá)（某信息）; 用信號(hào)與（某人）通訊 signal with…用……發(fā)信號(hào) 5. arise vi.（arose, arisen）出現(xiàn)； 發(fā)生 [典例] 1). A new difficulty has arisen.出現(xiàn)了新的困難。 2). Accidents arise from carelessness.疏忽大意往往會(huì)引起事故的發(fā)生。 [重點(diǎn)用法] arise from /out of由……引起；由……產(chǎn)生 II.重點(diǎn)詞組 1. in common 共同的；共有的；共用的 [典例] I have nothing in common with Jane. 我和簡(jiǎn)毫無共同之處。 [短語歸納] have nothing in common 無共同之處 have little in common 幾乎無共同之處 have something in common 有一些共同之處 have a lot in common 有許多共同之處 2. in a/one way 在某種程度上, 從某種意義上說 [典例] 1). In a way, his English has improved. 從某種程度上來說, 他的英語有進(jìn)步。 2). She's been through a bad patch recently. 她最近經(jīng)歷了一段困難時(shí)期。 [短語歸納] in the way 造成阻礙 on the/one’s way (to) 在(去…)的路上 by the way 順便提一下 in no way 決不 all the way 自始自終;完全地 in this way 用這種方法 與in a way同義的詞組有in one way 和in some ways。 3. watch over 看守; 監(jiān)視; 照看 [典例] 1). Could you watch (over) my clothes while I have a swim? 我游泳時(shí)你看著我的衣物行嗎? 2). He felt that God was watching over him. 他感覺到上帝保佑著他. [短語歸納] watch out (for) 當(dāng)心; 注意 watch for sb./sth. 觀察等待 keep a watch on 監(jiān)視 under the close watch 在嚴(yán)密的監(jiān)視下 4. make up 化妝；化裝；捏造，虛構(gòu)（故事，詩等） [典例] 1). She spent an hour making (herself) up before the party. 她在聚會(huì)前化妝用了一個(gè)小時(shí)。 2). Stop making things up! 不要胡編了! [短語歸納] make up for補(bǔ)償 be made up of = consist of由……組成 make for有利于……，有助于……；走向；沖向 make it及時(shí)趕到，辦成功 make it up和解；講和 make known使知曉；傳達(dá) make out理解；懂得；辨認(rèn)出 III.重點(diǎn)句型 1. By the1940s工had grown as large as a room, and I wondered if I would grow any larger! 到20世紀(jì)40年代，我已經(jīng)長到一個(gè)大房間那么大，我不知道我會(huì)不會(huì)繼續(xù)長大。 [解釋] 1). as large as．．．“有……大”，后面常加數(shù)詞．例如： This playground is as large as 500squaremeters． 這個(gè)操場(chǎng)有500平方米那么大。 2). I wondered if．．“我不知道(奇怪)是否……”，是一個(gè)常見句式，常用于口語，表示一種委婉或客氣的語氣。例如： I wondered if you would mind giving me a hand. 2. However，this reality also worried my designers．可是這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)也困擾著我的設(shè)計(jì)者們。 [解釋] however adv．盡管；盡管如此，可是；仍然。表示轉(zhuǎn)折；可放在句首、句中或句尾，但用逗號(hào)隔開。例如： I meant to go abroad last year. However, I changed my mind later. 我本打算去年出國，但是后來改變了主意。 三：語法突破： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法 概 念 表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，且該動(dòng)作的結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成影響，此時(shí)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 They haven’t been told the exciting news yet, have they? 他們還沒有被告訴這個(gè)令人激動(dòng)地消息，對(duì)嗎？ 現(xiàn) 在 完 成時(shí) 被 動(dòng) 語 態(tài) 的 構(gòu) 成 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的肯定式。由“have ／has ＋been ＋及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 Her motorbike has been stolen.她的摩托車被盜了。 He has been sent to work in the factory.他已經(jīng)被派去在那個(gè)工廠工作。 All the offices have been linked by computer.所有的售票處由計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)工作。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式。由“have ／has ＋not＋been ＋及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 The task has not been finished yet.任務(wù)尚未完成。 She has not been told about the matter.沒有人告訴她這件事。 They have not been heard from.沒有收到他們的來信。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一般疑問式。由“Have ／Has ＋主語＋been＋及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 ─Has her work been finished？她的工作完成了嗎？ ─Yes，it has．是的，完成了。 ─Have the cars been repaired？這些汽車修好了嗎？ ─No，they haven't．不，還沒有。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的特殊疑問式。由“疑問詞＋have／has＋主語＋been＋及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。例如： How long has her work been finished？她的工作完成有多久了？ Who has been helped by the new computer？誰已經(jīng)得到了這臺(tái)新計(jì)算機(jī)的幫助？ How many new words have been learned by the students？這些學(xué)生已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了多少單詞？ What has been bought by Tom?湯姆已經(jīng)買了什么東西? Who have been helped by the new computer?誰已經(jīng)得到這種新計(jì)算機(jī)的幫助? Where has the car been repaired?這輛小汽車已經(jīng)在哪里修理好了? 現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí) 被 動(dòng) 語 態(tài) 的 主 要 用 法 1．表示被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在說話之前（即現(xiàn)在的過去），強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。 The door has been locked．門被鎖上了。（結(jié)果是現(xiàn)在沒有人能進(jìn)去） Many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river.世界上許多偉大的城市都是依河而建的。 St Petersburg has also been the center of many important events in history.圣彼得堡也是歷史上許多重大事件的中心。 2．表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能將持續(xù)下去，常與for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用，或用于How long．．．？句型中。 They have been told about it for many times．有人告訴他們這事很多次了。（可能還會(huì)有人告訴他們） How long has the machine been used？這機(jī)器使用有多久了？ She hasn't been heard from since then.從那時(shí)候起，她就沒來過信。 使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)需要注意的問題 1．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)有兩個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，即 have ／has和been，兩者缺一不可。 This work has been finished, you may have a rest.這項(xiàng)工作已被完成，你可以休息一會(huì)兒。 This film has been put on for half an hour.這場(chǎng)電影已放映了半個(gè)小時(shí)。 2．注意與一般過去時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別。 一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)時(shí)候，其結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在沒有影響；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)盡管發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重說明該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。例如： The house was built last year．這房子是去年建造的。 The house has been built．這房子已經(jīng)建好了。 3．由finish，buy，start，begin，post，return，borrow， join，marry，open等詞構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語如for four days，how long等連用，而要改換動(dòng)詞或時(shí)態(tài)。 但這類動(dòng)詞的否定式可表示動(dòng)作的持續(xù)過程，具有延續(xù)性，因而可與since或for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間段連用。例如： No books have been bought since last week．自上周以來，沒有人來買過書。 4．短語動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)不可分割的整體，在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中要保持完整性，不可省略短語動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞。 The orphan has been well looked after．這位孤兒一直受到很好的照顧。 【考題印證】 1.（2011天津卷,3）In the last few years thousands of films all over the world. have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being produced 【解析】B考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。句意為“在過去的幾年時(shí)間里，全世界制作了成千上萬部電影?！眎n the last few years在過去的幾年時(shí)間里，其實(shí)是從過去算到現(xiàn)在，是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志。選B。 2.（2010福建28）Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they before leaving their hometowns. A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised 【解析】D現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài) 【真題體驗(yàn)】 1.（2009福建，22） -Why does the Lake smell terrible? -Because large quantities of water . A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted 2.（09全國卷I，26） His sister left home in 1998, and since. A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of C. had not heard of D. has not heard of 【答案解析】 1.【解析】D考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)和主謂語一致。根據(jù)前一分句可知所填動(dòng)詞表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，時(shí)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，動(dòng)詞與主語是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主語是large quantities of water，其中心詞是quantities，是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，選D。 2.【解析】B.句意為：他的妹妹在1998年離開家，自從那時(shí)就沒有音訊了。用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定結(jié)構(gòu)。 四、單元自測(cè) 第一節(jié) 單項(xiàng)選擇 1．Our game of basketball ________.We had been playing for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily. A．has interrupted? ??B．had interrupted C．was interrupted? ??D．had been interrupted 2．He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his ________ was seen at its best when he worked with others. A．a(chǎn)dvantage????? ??B．a(chǎn)ppearance C．qualification?? ??D．character 3．After more than ten minutes' break，the speaker________the story from where he left off. A．kept on? ????B．went on C．made up? ???D．took up 4．__________ he didn't help me with my work.Instead，just __________. A In a way; in my way B．On a way; on the way C．In the way; on the way D．By the way; on my way 5．The board are discussing the possible ________ they can take of the present economic situation. A．notice?? ????B．a(chǎn)dvantage C．use? ????D．best 6．We can't ________ on having good weather for the outing. A．evaluate? ???B．calculate C．predict? ????D．conclude 7．—The tree is so tall. —Yes.It ________ nearly 20 metres. A．measures????? ??B．is measured C．measure????? ???D．to be measured 8．—What a beautiful day! —Yes，it's ________ that I'd like to take a walk. A．such nice weather? ??B．so a nice weather C．such a nice weather? ?D．so nice weather 9．Milu deer，a species with large horns，which used to be ________ in China long ago，is a rare animal nowadays. A．ordinary????? ??B．common C．popular????? ???D．usual 10．It was generally believed that the show was not as successful as expected，but ________，I think it was a great success. A．personally????? ??B．directly C．publicly????? ???D．secretly 11．—I have been worried about the possible danger of driving on a railway line. —Do not be afraid；God will ________ us. A．turn over????? ??B．watch over C．go over????? ???D．look over 12．—Irene won the first place in the physics competition. —So what？I don't like science，________. A．a(chǎn)nyway????? ???B．therefore C．though????? ???D．otherwise 13．Once new difficulties ________ in our new job，we should learn to use our brains to solve them. A．rise????? ???B．cause C．raise?? ????D．a(chǎn)rise 14．The problem facing us is so serious that we have to ______ it first. A．take interest????? ??B．deal with C．make with?? ???D．work on 15．The woman moved about outside the operation room，because her son ________ on. A．was being operated???? ?B．is operated C．had been operated?? ?D．was operated 第二節(jié) 完形填空（共20小題，每小題1.5分；滿分30分） 閱讀下面的短文，從短文后所給各題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。 I took up skydiving in my twenties. At the time the accident happened, I'd done just 30 jumps. The airfield was quiet when I 1 . On board were Chris, who was taking a tourist, and Ants, the cameraman. Chris indicated I should exit first and the other three would 2 . Later I knew it was this 3 that saved my life. At 12,000 feet Chris rolled up the door and nodded that it was time for my exit. I put my foot on a step just beside the door, and in a(n) 4 the propeller blast (螺旋槳?dú)饬? threw me against the 5 of the plane, half in, half out. I pushed and got my other leg out of the door, but in doing so I found myself 6 down the body of the plane towards the tail. My parachute (降落傘) got caught and my 7 and legs were pushed backwards, powerless, in the strong wind. I was strangely 8 . To a skydiver, being at 12,000 feet is a good thing. Altitude is your friend；being close to the ground is deadly and will kill you. Ants appeared and 9 slowly towards me, his legs held by Chris in the door. Ants reached out and got hold of my foot. With the weight partly off, I found myself falling away from the plane, 10 freed. I waved and smiled to indicate I was fine. It was actually very 11 . If any one of a number of factors had been different, I would have 12 . I could have hit the plane with my head. If I had been the last to exit, the pilot alone would have been unable to free me, and even if he had been aware that I was 13 underneath the plane, he would still have had to land at some point. Blue Skies, Black Death is the skydivers' mantra (咒語)．On the one hand, there's the freedom and 14 of the open sky. But in order to 15 this joy, you must accept that there is usually only one result if something goes wrong. 1． A. jumped B. arrived C. woke D. dove 2． A. follow B. escape C. leave D. fly 3. A. trouble B. effort C. chance D. decision 4. A. minute B. way C. instant D. sense 5. A. left B. right C. top D. side 6. A. sliding B. knocking C. flying D. crawling 7. A. body B. arms C. head D. fingers 8. A. frightened B. anxious C. excited D. calm 9. A. ran B. moved C. stepped D. rushed 10. A. really B. hopefully C. certainly D. finally 11. A. funny B. ordinary C. clear D. serious 12. A. died B. laughed C. stopped D. returned 13. A. attached B adjusted C. covered D. connected 14. A. pride B. confidence C. excitement D. willingness 15. A. observe B. experience C. imagine D. discover A The secret of carrier pigeons’ unbelievable ability to find their way home has been discovered by scientists; the feathered navigators follow the roads just like we do. Scientists now believe the phrase “as the crow flies” no longer means the shortest most direct route between two points. They say it is likely that crows and other birds also choose AA—suggested routes, even though it makes their journeys longer. Scientists at Oxford University spent 10 years studying homing pigeons using global positioning satellite(GPS) and got a surprising result. The birds often don’t use the sun to decide their directions. Instead they fly along motorways, turn at crossing and even go around roundabouts(繞道), adding miles to their journeys. “It really has knocked our research team sideways to find that after a decade-long international study, pigeons appear to ignore their inbuilt directional instincts(本能) and follow the road system,” said Prof Tim Guilford, reader in animal behavior at Oxford University’s Department of Zoology. Guilford said pigeons use their own navigational system(導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)) when doing long distance trips or when a bird does a journey for the first time. “But once homing pigeons have flown a journey more than once, they can fly home on a habitual route, much as we do when we are driving or walking home from work,” said Guilford. “In short, it looks like it is mentally easier for a bird to fly down a road. They are just making their journey as simple as possible.” 1. What would be the best title of the passage? A. How Pigeons Find Their Ways Home B. Why Pigeons Can Fly Long Distance C. Birds Follow Roads As We Do D. Why Crows Fly the shortest Distance 2. Scientists used to think that homing pigeons often find their directions _______. A. by global positioning satellite B. by the sun C. by the road system D. by following other birds 3. Why do homing pigeons tend to follow the road system during their journey? A. Because they don’t have their inbuilt directional instincts now. B. Because their own navigational system doesn’t work. C. Because it is too hard to use their own navigational system. D. Because it is easier to make journey simple by following road system. B The word “conservation” has a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such a good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials: most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “l(fā)imitless” and could “l(fā)ast forever”. Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others. Fifty years ago, nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; wood was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation” had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today. For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about correcting the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should be made part of everybody’s daily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic math formulas. We need to know why all watersheds(上游集水區(qū)) need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to give their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, grown trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic(立方體的) volume above the earth. In a word, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can. 4. The author’s attitude towards the use of natural resources is _________. A. positive B. uninterested C. optimistic D. critical 5. According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that ________. A. they had no idea about scientific forestry B. they had little or no sense of environmental protection C. they were not aware of the importance of nature study D. they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials 6. To avoid repeating the mistakes of our forefathers, the author suggests that _______. A. we plant more trees B. natural sciences be taught to everybody C. environmental education be directed toward everyone D. we return to nature 7. How can you understand the underlined sentence in the last paragraph? A. Our living space on the earth is getting smaller and smaller. B. Our living space should be measured in cubic volume. C. We need to take some measures to protect space. D. We must preserve good living conditions for both birds and animals. 單元自測(cè)答案： 第一節(jié) 1-5CDDAB6-10BAABA11-15BADBA 第二節(jié) 1-5: BADCD 6-10: ABDBD 11-15: DAACB 第三節(jié) 1-7ABDDBCD 111