1737_多功能電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
1737_多功能電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),多功能,電動(dòng),跑步,設(shè)計(jì)
南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文1緒論跑步是目前國(guó)際流行并被醫(yī)學(xué)界和體育界給予高度評(píng)價(jià)的有氧健身運(yùn)動(dòng),是保持一個(gè)人身心健康最有效、最科學(xué)的健身方式,也越來(lái)越受到大家喜愛(ài)。戶(hù)外長(zhǎng)跑曾經(jīng)是大眾最喜聞樂(lè)見(jiàn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式,沿著林蔭道呼吸著早晨清新的空氣,聽(tīng)著枝頭的鳥(niǎo)鳴,既能愉悅身心,又可鍛煉體魄。只是隨著都市的大氣變得污濁,生活節(jié)奏變得緊張,戶(hù)外長(zhǎng)跑變得不那么流行了,而跑步機(jī)則成了時(shí)下健身最熱門(mén)的健身器械。跑步機(jī)不僅可以讓我們免受汽車(chē)尾氣之苦,也使我們可以選擇自己方便的時(shí)間隨時(shí)鍛煉。電動(dòng)跑步機(jī),又名電動(dòng)跑臺(tái),是多年來(lái)國(guó)際流行的大眾健身器材,通過(guò)電機(jī)帶動(dòng)跑帶使人以不同的速度被動(dòng)地跑步或走動(dòng)。由于電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)上的電子輔助裝備功能非常多,鍛煉者可體驗(yàn)不同的跑步環(huán)境,如平地跑、上坡跑、丘陵跑、變速跑等,個(gè)人可以根據(jù)自己的鍛煉目的進(jìn)行鍛煉。跑步機(jī)在健身者運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)能顯示出跑步時(shí)的速度、時(shí)間、心率、熱量、節(jié)拍、距離等指標(biāo),使健身者能夠隨時(shí)根據(jù)自身的身體狀況調(diào)節(jié)訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度。跑步機(jī)雙面寬厚的跑帶帶給您草地般舒適感覺(jué),馬力強(qiáng)勁的電機(jī)帶給您澎湃恒久的動(dòng)力,靈敏的控制器配合芯片使您在跑步過(guò)程中隨心所欲,堅(jiān)固的鋼架以及防爆沖裝置使您的安全盡在掌握。電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)使您在繁忙的工作之余仍然可以盡享運(yùn)動(dòng)的樂(lè)趣.南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文2第一章. 總體方案設(shè)計(jì)1.1 基本功能跑步機(jī)的基本功能就是構(gòu)建一條運(yùn)動(dòng)的跑道(跑步帶),跑道的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與運(yùn)動(dòng)者的跑動(dòng)方向相反,但速度必須自動(dòng)保持一致,這樣就使得運(yùn)動(dòng)者能夠在原地進(jìn)行跑步鍛煉了。實(shí)現(xiàn)跑步機(jī)的功能,對(duì)跑步帶的驅(qū)動(dòng)與速度控制:通常使用直流電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng),直流電動(dòng)機(jī)通過(guò)半導(dǎo)體功率器件,使用脈沖寬度控制(PWM)方式實(shí)現(xiàn)調(diào)速。 1.2 構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì)多功能電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)主要由機(jī)架、電動(dòng)機(jī)、可調(diào)電源、跑步皮帶及儀表控制盤(pán)組成,其特征在于框架與支架垂直連接,前軸與后軸分別裝在框架的兩端,前滾筒與后滾筒分別用軸承套裝在前后軸上,跑步皮帶張緊繞裝在前后滾筒上,跑步皮帶下裝有支撐跑步板,從動(dòng)皮帶輪緊裝在前滾筒的一端,電動(dòng)機(jī)、可調(diào)電源,安裝在框架的前端,控制傳感器裝在電動(dòng)機(jī)上,速度傳感器安裝在緊靠在從動(dòng)皮帶輪的框架上,皮帶調(diào)節(jié)螺栓一端連接在電動(dòng)機(jī)外殼的孔板上,另一端連接在焊接于框架前端的孔板上,跑步機(jī)扶手架安裝于支架的頂端,儀表控制盤(pán)安裝于扶手架上。傳動(dòng)方式采用帶傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),傳動(dòng)級(jí)為一級(jí)。同時(shí)在支架上安有扭腰盤(pán)和伏地挺身架使機(jī)器實(shí)現(xiàn)其多功能性。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文31.3 功能原理的確定目前市場(chǎng)上比較常見(jiàn)的有傳統(tǒng)跑步機(jī)和電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)兩種。傳統(tǒng)跑步機(jī),俗稱(chēng)“被動(dòng)式跑步機(jī)”。 是我國(guó)上世紀(jì) 80 年代從國(guó)外引進(jìn)健身觀念時(shí)、為適應(yīng)當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)情而開(kāi)發(fā)的具有“中國(guó)特色”的過(guò)渡產(chǎn)物。它的動(dòng)力來(lái)源是使用者通過(guò)自身臂部、膝部、踝關(guān)節(jié)的活動(dòng),推動(dòng)跑步機(jī)而產(chǎn)生的運(yùn)動(dòng)。速度由運(yùn)動(dòng)者自己控制。這種運(yùn)動(dòng)方式,表面上看起來(lái)似乎能消耗更多的能量,但其造成的運(yùn)動(dòng)傷害也要比在大自然中跑步高出數(shù)倍。據(jù)北醫(yī)三院運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)專(zhuān)家林共周博士解釋?zhuān)涸隈R路上跑步,每跑 1000 米,每只腳就得撞擊地面約 1000 次左右。而在傳統(tǒng)跑步機(jī)上跑步,人體除自身重量產(chǎn)生的震蕩外,腳踝、膝部和臀部的肌肉,特別是肌腱,還要額外承擔(dān)向后的扭力來(lái)確保跑帶向后運(yùn)動(dòng)。由于扭力過(guò)度集中在韌帶、關(guān)節(jié)等幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵受力部位,更容易使受力部位肌腱組織產(chǎn)生慢性疲勞,造成損傷。很多傳統(tǒng)跑步機(jī)使用者,發(fā)現(xiàn)自己越是認(rèn)真鍛煉,腿部就越跑越粗,關(guān)節(jié)也越練越?jīng)]有力氣。傳統(tǒng)跑步機(jī)并不適合患有脊椎軟骨突出、膝關(guān)節(jié)炎、踝關(guān)節(jié)扭傷、骨肌腱炎、以及足底筋膜炎的人,因?yàn)殚L(zhǎng)期的跑步可能會(huì)加重慢性扭傷的情形或加速膝關(guān)節(jié)的老化。電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)是健身房及家庭較高檔的器材,這種跑步機(jī)能減輕傳統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)的沖擊,避免運(yùn)動(dòng)受傷,比自然跑步有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。跑步時(shí)后腳跟先著地,順著跑帶方向運(yùn)動(dòng)。手腳模仿跑步的動(dòng)作,前后揮動(dòng),從而使全身肌肉得到均衡的鍛煉。由于跑帶的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與腳步移動(dòng)的方向一致,韌帶部位的扭力就抵消了,跑起來(lái)非常舒適??祻?fù)者、兒童、老年人也可以保持身體平衡,從而集中精力安心鍛煉。如果增加運(yùn)動(dòng)量,可以加快舞動(dòng)手腳的速度。用電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)能消除關(guān)節(jié)的負(fù)載,不但能減肥健身,還有益于受傷后身體的恢復(fù)。它通過(guò)電機(jī)帶動(dòng)跑帶使人以不同的速度被動(dòng)地跑步或走動(dòng)。由于被動(dòng)地形成跑和走,從動(dòng)作外形上看,幾乎與普通在地面上跑或走一樣,但從人體用力上看,在電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)上跑、走比普通跑、走省去了一個(gè)蹬伸動(dòng)作。正是這一點(diǎn)使每一個(gè)在電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)上走跑的人感到十分輕松自如,可使人比普通跑步多跑 13 左右的路程,能量消耗也比普通走、跑為多。另外,由于電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)上的電子輔助裝備功能非常多,可體驗(yàn)不同的跑步環(huán)境。小結(jié):電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)就是構(gòu)造一條運(yùn)動(dòng)的跑帶,使運(yùn)動(dòng)者在原地進(jìn)行跑步鍛煉。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文4第二章. 電動(dòng)機(jī)類(lèi)型與參數(shù)的選擇2.1 類(lèi)型功率選擇當(dāng)人在跑步機(jī)上跑步或走路時(shí),跑步機(jī)所承載的重量是人體重的 0.82.5 倍,而馬力就是在這樣的載重量下,還能滿足并維持所選擇的速度,讓人可以在跑步機(jī)上走跑自如的驅(qū)動(dòng)力。通常跑步機(jī)一個(gè)馬力大概可提供 5060 公斤的承載重量,但跑步帶面積大小也和跑步機(jī)馬力有相當(dāng)直接的關(guān)系,跑步機(jī)的馬力越大,可以帶動(dòng)的跑步帶面積也越大,所以衡量效率及安全性后,一般建議,家用跑步機(jī)合宜的持續(xù)(continuous)馬力應(yīng)該至少 1.5 馬力以上,如果家人的體重有超過(guò) 80 公斤,則應(yīng)選 2.0 持續(xù)(continuous)馬力以上的跑步機(jī)。此跑步機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為 100 公斤,則電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)用電動(dòng)機(jī)ZYT42(NEMA)型永磁直流電動(dòng)機(jī)該型電動(dòng)機(jī)系大功率跑步機(jī)中配套的專(zhuān)用驅(qū)動(dòng)元件,經(jīng)一定的電磁、結(jié)構(gòu)派生處理也可適用于相應(yīng)的機(jī)械裝置中作為驅(qū)動(dòng)元件。該電動(dòng)機(jī)顯著的特點(diǎn):具有轉(zhuǎn)速精度高,當(dāng)人在跑步機(jī)上運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),是一個(gè)沖擊負(fù)載,該機(jī)在這種沖擊負(fù)載作用下一轉(zhuǎn)不差,保持同步轉(zhuǎn)速,如同在平地上一樣感覺(jué)。表現(xiàn)在調(diào)速方便(可無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速) ,調(diào)速范圍寬,低速性能(啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩大) ,運(yùn)行平穩(wěn),噪音低,效率高。直流電動(dòng)機(jī) PWM 調(diào)速原理圖如圖 2-1 所示。圖 2-1 直流電動(dòng)機(jī) PWM 調(diào)速原理圖南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文52.2 技術(shù)參數(shù)型號(hào) ZYT42/06 電壓 220 VDC功率 2.0 HP 電流不大于 9.8A轉(zhuǎn)速 34007% 轉(zhuǎn)向 逆時(shí)針絕緣等級(jí) F 級(jí)圖 2-1 電動(dòng)機(jī)外型圖L1=28.5 L2=272電動(dòng)機(jī)特性曲線:表 2-1 電動(dòng)機(jī)特性曲線南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文6小結(jié):跑步機(jī)屬于健康器材類(lèi)產(chǎn)品,由于跑步機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)必須滿足各種體重的人來(lái)使用。一般使用跑步機(jī)的目的有兩種:健身、減肥瘦身;如果是減肥瘦身的人來(lái)使用,因?yàn)樯眢w較肥胖,跑不快。因此驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的低速必須轉(zhuǎn)矩大才能使用。相反的,健身的人跑步快,但是重量輕,因此高速時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)矩需求較小,跑步機(jī)必須滿足家庭成員每一個(gè)人都能使用。因此調(diào)速范圍要寬廣,低速轉(zhuǎn)矩要大,才能滿足不同重量的人。目前跑步機(jī)使用的驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置以直流有刷電機(jī)為多,優(yōu)點(diǎn)是價(jià)格便宜。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文7第三章. 傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)工作機(jī)構(gòu)類(lèi)型選擇帶傳動(dòng),屬于定傳動(dòng)比勻速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。帶傳動(dòng)具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,成本低廉 能緩和載荷沖擊,運(yùn)行平穩(wěn),無(wú)噪聲,過(guò)載時(shí)將引起帶在帶輪上打滑,因而可防止其他零件的損壞,具有過(guò)載保護(hù)作用。3.1 設(shè)計(jì)步驟及參數(shù)選擇初始條件:選擇電機(jī)為專(zhuān)門(mén)為跑步機(jī)生產(chǎn)的永磁直流電動(dòng)機(jī),傳動(dòng)功率 P=1.5KW,主動(dòng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速為 n1=3400r/min 傳動(dòng)比定為 i=2.1 由于多楔帶適于傳遞功率較大而又要求結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的場(chǎng)合,特別能適應(yīng)帶輪直徑小的傳動(dòng),所以擇之。以下計(jì)算過(guò)程所用到的表和圖來(lái)源: 卜炎主編. 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(上冊(cè)) ,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,19991、確定設(shè)計(jì)功率 PdPdK AP (3-1)KA工作情況系數(shù),根據(jù)跑步機(jī)使用的特性,選擇每天工作時(shí)間10 小時(shí),載荷變動(dòng)小。K A=1.1 見(jiàn)表 8-9Pd=1.1*1.5=1.65kw2、帶型號(hào)的選擇對(duì)于多楔帶的型號(hào)可根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)功率 Pd=1.65KW 和小帶輪轉(zhuǎn)速 n1=3400r/min 由圖 821 選取,選 PJ 型多楔帶。3、確定帶輪直徑 de1、de2(有效直徑)小帶輪有效直徑:由表 8-90demin=20mm,由表 8-91 選 de1=33.5mm大帶輪有效直徑:小帶輪節(jié)圓直徑dp1=de1+2e=33.5+2*1.2=36mm由表 8-90,e=1.2大帶輪節(jié)圓直徑 dp2=idp1=2*33.5=67mmde2=dp2-2e=67-2*1.2=64.6mm由表 8-91,選 de2=63mm4、計(jì)算帶速 v南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文8v=d p1n1 /(601000) m/s (3-2)注意:v 離心力、離心應(yīng)力FQ單位時(shí)間內(nèi)的應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù) Nv P=Fv/100 可知,P 一定時(shí),F(xiàn)張緊力一般 v 在 525 m/s,最大 30 m/s,在 815 m/s 較好V=*36*3400/60*1000=6.430m/s,合適。5、初定中心距 a0中心距的大小對(duì)帶傳動(dòng)的影響:a結(jié)構(gòu)大由于載荷變化引起帶的顫動(dòng)掉帶a帶的長(zhǎng)度在一定速度下,單位時(shí)間內(nèi)帶的應(yīng)力變化次數(shù) N 愈多,會(huì)加速帶的疲勞損壞;當(dāng)傳動(dòng)比 i 較大時(shí),包角 對(duì)于 V 帶傳動(dòng),中心距 a 一般可取2(d e1 d e2 )a 00.7(d e1d e2) (3-3)67.55a0193初定 a 0=150mm6、確定帶的有效長(zhǎng)度 Le Le0=2a0+/2(d e1d e2)+(d e2-de1)2/4a0=2*150+151.505+1.45=452.96mm由表 8-52,選 Le=450mm7、計(jì)算實(shí)際中心距 a中心距的變動(dòng)范圍考慮安裝調(diào)整和補(bǔ)償張緊力的需要(如膠帶伸長(zhǎng)而松弛后的張緊) ,尚需給中心距留有一定的調(diào)整余量。由表 8-54 知中心距的調(diào)整量為min=5,min=8.a=a0 +(Le- Le0)/2=150-1.48南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文9=148.52mm則 a1=153.52mm a2=140.52mm8、計(jì)算小帶輪包角 1 -(d e2-de1 )/a=3.14-0.199=2.94rad9、帶每楔所傳遞的額定功率及其增量由帶型,d e1=33.5mm,n 1=3400r/min 按表 8-55 用插值法計(jì)算的p0=0.14kw由 i=2, n1=3400r/min,有表 8-55 用插值法計(jì)算得p 0=0.02kw10、計(jì)算帶的楔數(shù)由表 8-56 用插值法計(jì)算 K =0.97,K L=0.78Z=1.65/(0.16*0.97*0.78)=13.63由表 8-51 選取 Z=1211、有效圓周力FT= Pd/v*103=0.26*103=260N12、作用在軸上的載荷為設(shè)計(jì)軸和軸承,需確定帶傳動(dòng)作在軸上的力 Fr得 Kr=1.57則 F r=1.57*260*0.995=406.16N南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文10多楔帶帶的選擇圖 3-1 多楔帶根據(jù)計(jì)算跑步機(jī)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)選擇 12PJ450 多楔帶3.2 多楔帶帶輪結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸選擇要求:質(zhì)量?。唤Y(jié)構(gòu)工藝性好;無(wú)過(guò)大的鑄造內(nèi)應(yīng)力;質(zhì)量分均勻,轉(zhuǎn)速高時(shí)要經(jīng)過(guò)動(dòng)平衡 ;輪槽工作面要精細(xì)加工(表面粗糙度一般為 3.2),以減少帶的磨損;各槽的尺寸和角度應(yīng)保持一定的精度,以使載荷分布較為均勻等。材料:帶輪的材料主要采用鑄鐵,常用材料的牌號(hào)為 HT150 或 HT200;轉(zhuǎn)速較高時(shí)宜采用鑄鋼(或用鋼板沖壓后焊接而成) ;小功率時(shí)可用鑄鋁或塑料。結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)帶輪由輪緣,輪輻和輪轂三部分組成1)實(shí)心式:帶輪基準(zhǔn)直徑小于 3d(d 為軸的直徑)時(shí)2)腹板式:帶輪基準(zhǔn)直徑小于 300350mm 時(shí)南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文113)輪幅式:帶輪基準(zhǔn)直徑大于 300350mm 時(shí)帶輪的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)主要是根據(jù)帶輪的基準(zhǔn)直徑選擇結(jié)構(gòu)形式,并根據(jù)帶的型號(hào)及根數(shù)確定輪緣寬度,根據(jù)帶的型號(hào)確定輪槽尺寸則小帶輪 D=33.5 選取實(shí)心式,大帶輪 D=63 選取腹板式小帶輪隨電機(jī)一起購(gòu)買(mǎi)。規(guī)格:P12PJ33.5以跑步機(jī)大帶輪 P12PJ63 為例確定其結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸:要求帶輪每毫米有效直徑的輪槽軸向圓跳動(dòng)公差值為 0.002mm.輪槽表面粗糙度Ra 的最大允許值為 3.2。槽距 e=2.340.03 槽角 =40 o0.5o 楔頂圓角半徑 rb,最小值為 0.2,槽底圓弧半徑 rt最大值為 0.4,檢驗(yàn)用圓球或圓柱直徑db=1.50.01,2X 公稱(chēng)值為 0.23,2N 最大值 1.22,f 最小值為 1.8,有效線差公稱(chēng)值 e=1.2 徑向跳動(dòng)公差 0.25,槽間直徑差值最大 0.16。n 槽數(shù)為 12。 。帶輪寬=11*2.34+1.8*2=29.34MM南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文123.3 帶傳動(dòng)的張緊裝置的選擇傳動(dòng)中心不可變時(shí),采用張緊輪 傳動(dòng)中心可調(diào)時(shí),采用滑軌+螺旋或者浮動(dòng)軸。表 3-1 張緊裝置本跑步機(jī)中心距是可調(diào)的:a=a0 + (Le- Le0)/2=150-1.48=148.52mm則 a1=153.52mm a2=140.52mm范圍在 140.52-153.52 之間,則通過(guò)螺栓的前后移動(dòng)來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)電機(jī)的前后移動(dòng),從南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文13而實(shí)現(xiàn)帶的調(diào)緊和放松。3.3.1 跑步機(jī)動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)原理圖如圖 3-2 所示小結(jié):多楔帶適于傳遞功率較大而又要求結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊的場(chǎng)合,特別能適應(yīng)帶輪直徑小的傳動(dòng)。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文14第四章. 外型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)4.1.基架的設(shè)計(jì)為了保證整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和減震系統(tǒng)的有效性,基架全部采用焊接結(jié)構(gòu)?;艿脑O(shè)計(jì)是整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ),也是其他設(shè)計(jì)的基準(zhǔn)。支架,滾筒的選擇,以及前后ABS 塑料罩等等,都是依據(jù)基架的尺寸和形狀設(shè)計(jì)的,所以設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)始首先考慮基架的設(shè)計(jì),進(jìn)行樣式,結(jié)構(gòu),還有尺寸的確定。主要是通過(guò)調(diào)研,看現(xiàn)有市場(chǎng)上的跑步機(jī)的基架結(jié)構(gòu)的流行設(shè)計(jì),在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行自己產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā),少走彎路,緊跟市場(chǎng),在尺寸的確定方面參考了人體運(yùn)動(dòng)工學(xué)推算,45cm 寬 X130cm 跑帶面積,以此保證給人以足夠的運(yùn)動(dòng)面積,為主要數(shù)據(jù)展開(kāi)對(duì)基架的設(shè)計(jì),再考慮電機(jī)的尺寸,傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)帶傳動(dòng)的中心距離,電機(jī)的安裝,前后滾筒的位置,PWM 調(diào)速電源的安裝位置,以及傳感器安裝位置的預(yù)留等等,設(shè)計(jì)了上圖的基架,在設(shè)計(jì)中特意將兩邊框設(shè)計(jì)了足夠的寬度,以此為鍛煉過(guò)程中短暫的休息提供兩腳踩放的位置,另外也為萬(wàn)一跑步機(jī)失靈發(fā)生意外,人可快速兩腳分開(kāi)脫離旋轉(zhuǎn)的跑帶,提供足夠的安全踩放位置。圖 4-1 基架南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文154.2 支架的設(shè)計(jì)支架設(shè)計(jì)分為上下兩部分通過(guò)插拔的形式安裝和拆卸,目的是包裝時(shí)節(jié)省空間,材料采用空心鋼管,連接為焊接,保證穩(wěn)定性。支架包括扶手,儀表安裝輔助支架,扭腰盤(pán)連接處等,仰臥起坐架直接焊接于輔助連桿上。與基架的連接采用螺栓連接,方便位置的調(diào)整和拆裝。底部安有橡膠墊和尾套,保證平衡,最重要的是實(shí)現(xiàn)減震的二級(jí)緩沖。圖 4-2 上支架南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文16圖 4-3 下支架圖 4-4 總支架南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文174.3 前后罩旋轉(zhuǎn)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)必須與執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)隔離,保證安全性,同時(shí)為了技術(shù)保護(hù)和美觀,前后罩使用 ABS 塑料,美觀,有質(zhì)感,能起到有效的防護(hù)作用。設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)為基架,通過(guò)螺釘與基架連接,方便安裝和維護(hù)維修。圖 4-5 前罩圖 4-6 后蓋小結(jié):整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)用美國(guó) SOLIDWORKS 公司的 SOLIDWORKS 進(jìn)行三維的實(shí)體設(shè)計(jì),使設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單化和設(shè)計(jì)化,可以把工作的精力都放在設(shè)計(jì)上而不是復(fù)雜的制圖上。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文18第五章.前后滾筒5.1 軸承的計(jì)算軸承類(lèi)型:深溝球軸承,軸承代號(hào):6301 軸承參數(shù):軸承內(nèi)徑:12,軸承外徑:37,軸承寬度:12,額定動(dòng)載荷:7480,額定靜載荷:4650,極限轉(zhuǎn)速:22000, 潤(rùn)滑方式:脂潤(rùn)滑。工作參數(shù):徑向載荷:406.16,軸向載荷:0,使用壽命:30000,工作轉(zhuǎn)速:1819.8,載荷系數(shù):1.5。計(jì)算結(jié)果:當(dāng)量動(dòng)載荷:609.24當(dāng)量靜載荷:609.24計(jì)算壽命:169505.2 軸結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)滾筒軸屬于固定心軸只承受彎矩 M0;不承受扭矩 T=0;軸的毛坯一般用圓鋼或鍛件。結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)滿足的基本要求a- 軸與軸上零件應(yīng)具有準(zhǔn)確的工作位置定位要求b- 軸上零件應(yīng)易于裝拆和調(diào)整安裝調(diào)整要求c- 軸上零件的固定應(yīng)牢固可靠緊固要求d- 軸應(yīng)具有良好的制造工藝性工藝要求e- 應(yīng)盡量減少應(yīng)力集中提高疲勞強(qiáng)度的要求軸的各部分結(jié)構(gòu)名稱(chēng)制造安裝要求為便于軸上零件的裝拆,常將軸做成階梯軸。為使軸上零件易于安裝,軸端和各軸段的端部應(yīng)有導(dǎo)角軸的形狀和尺寸力求簡(jiǎn)單,以便于加工軸上磨削的軸段有砂輪越程槽;需車(chē)制螺紋的軸段,應(yīng)有推刀槽;軸的材料南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文19軸常在交變應(yīng)力的作用下工作,其材料的要求是:強(qiáng)度高、剛度好、應(yīng)力集中的敏感度小,抗疲勞,加工性能好,有的軸表面要求也較高。軸的材料主要采用中碳鋼 35 或 45 鋼和合金鋼 20Cr 或 40Cr 等。最常用的是 45#鋼(含碳量.45) ,它具有較高的綜合機(jī)械性能。此設(shè)計(jì)采用 45#鋼。軸的設(shè)計(jì)包括兩個(gè)方面:* 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì):使軸具有合理的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀,良好的加工工藝性。* 強(qiáng)度計(jì)算:保證軸在載荷作用下不致斷裂或產(chǎn)生過(guò)大的變形。軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)* 軸的端部應(yīng)有 45 度倒角,以便安裝時(shí)對(duì)中,防止銳邊劃手。軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)主要根據(jù)以下幾個(gè)方面: 軸上零件的配置;軸上零件的固定;軸上零件的裝拆;軸的加工工藝性。軸上零件的固定可分為兩個(gè)方向:周向固定:傳遞扭矩和運(yùn)動(dòng)。采用過(guò)盈配合(軸承內(nèi)圈) 、軸向固定:防止零件在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)產(chǎn)生軸向移動(dòng)。采用圓螺母圖 5-1 滾筒結(jié)構(gòu)5.3 強(qiáng)度計(jì)算 由于心軸工作時(shí)只承受彎矩而不承受扭矩,所以在應(yīng)用上式時(shí),應(yīng)取 T=0。由于是固定心軸,考慮啟動(dòng),停止等影響,彎矩在軸截面上所引起的應(yīng)力可視為脈動(dòng)循環(huán)變應(yīng)力。所以固定心軸的許用應(yīng)力應(yīng)為 1.7 -1 。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文20最大彎矩 M=0.54/2*300=81N.M抗彎截面系數(shù) W=*d 4/64 =3.14*(0.012)4/64=2*10-8 強(qiáng)度=M/W=81/(*d 4/64)=81/2*10-8=40MPa材料采用 45 號(hào)調(diào)質(zhì)鋼許用彎應(yīng)力為 102MP 40102則通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)能承受足夠的工作強(qiáng)度。5.4 滾筒要求主動(dòng)滾筒的外圓全跳動(dòng)小于 0.33mm,從動(dòng)滾筒的外圓全跳動(dòng)小于 0.25mm。滾筒均采用 2.1mm 壁厚的優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼管,光潔度達(dá)到 0.8 以下。滾筒均有防靜電處理。滾筒外部經(jīng)防銹處理。圖 5-2 前滾筒南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文21圖 5-3 后滾筒小結(jié):滾筒要求做動(dòng)平衡調(diào)節(jié)、動(dòng)平衡精度高,噪音低。圖 5-4 滾筒的動(dòng)平衡調(diào)節(jié)南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文22第六章. 跑步板及跑步帶設(shè)計(jì)6.1 跑步板電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的跑步板,它由基板以及覆蓋在基板上或上下兩個(gè)表面的導(dǎo)電耐磨層構(gòu)成。導(dǎo)電耐磨層既可長(zhǎng)期承受跑步帶的摩擦,使用壽命高;又可隨時(shí)將摩擦產(chǎn)生的靜電荷通過(guò)底座導(dǎo)出,避免靜電對(duì)人體的舒適感和對(duì)跑步機(jī)造成的損害。基板由高密度或中密度纖維板制作,也可由其它材料制作。使用高密度或中密度纖維板時(shí),強(qiáng)度較高、重量較輕,成本較低,效果較好,本身也提供一部份的吸震功能,導(dǎo)電耐磨層可以在基板上噴涂導(dǎo)電耐磨涂料固化制成,也可以在基板上復(fù)合耐磨金屬板制成。導(dǎo)電耐磨涂料層工藝較簡(jiǎn)單,成本也較低。復(fù)合耐磨金屬板則更牢固。復(fù)合耐磨金屬板為復(fù)合銅板時(shí)效果更好,更耐磨。6.2 跑步帶跑帶要求雙層粘合跑帶,具有高傳導(dǎo)性,跑步帶國(guó)際防滑型,運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)安全可靠跑步機(jī),其實(shí)就是提供一個(gè)跑步的面積,所以絕對(duì)要在乎跑步帶面積的大小,左右寬度及前后長(zhǎng)度都要夠,否則無(wú)法自然邁開(kāi)步伐,跑起來(lái)彎扭不順暢,更容易跌倒。根據(jù)人體運(yùn)動(dòng)工學(xué)推算,45cm 寬 X130cm 長(zhǎng),應(yīng)是一個(gè)合宜的參考面積,然后再依個(gè)人的實(shí)際條件做增減。有不少?gòu)S商生產(chǎn)加碼跑步機(jī),跑臺(tái)加寬,左右踏條增大,以營(yíng)造物超所值的虛胖假象,但最重要的跑步帶面積并沒(méi)增加;所以焦點(diǎn)要放在跑步帶面積上。理論上來(lái)說(shuō),在相同的馬力條件下,如果跑步機(jī)所能提供的跑步帶面積越大,且整臺(tái)實(shí)際的占地面積越小,應(yīng)是較佳的設(shè)計(jì)。6.3 跑帶調(diào)整:兩個(gè)螺栓調(diào)整法圖 6-1 跑帶的調(diào)整如果跑帶偏向左邊,先取出鑰匙,拔下電源插頭。使用六角螺母扳手,以順時(shí)南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文23針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)跑臺(tái)左后側(cè)的滾筒調(diào)整螺栓四分之一轉(zhuǎn),還有以反時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)跑臺(tái)右后側(cè)的滾筒調(diào)整螺栓四分之一轉(zhuǎn)。勿過(guò)度鎖緊跑帶。完成后,插入跑步機(jī)的電源插頭與鑰匙,讓跑帶運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)幾分鐘。重復(fù)本段動(dòng)作,直到跑帶位在中央位置。如果跑帶偏向右邊,先取出鑰匙,拔下電源插頭。使用六角螺母扳手,以反時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)跑臺(tái)左后側(cè)的滾筒調(diào)整螺栓四分之一轉(zhuǎn),還有以順時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)跑臺(tái)右后側(cè)的滾筒調(diào)整螺栓四分之一轉(zhuǎn)。勿過(guò)度鎖緊跑帶。完成后,插入跑步機(jī)的電源插頭與鑰匙,讓跑帶運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)幾分鐘。重復(fù)本段動(dòng)作,直到跑帶位在中央位置。圖 6-2 跑帶左右偏調(diào)整方式要增加跑帶的張力時(shí),先取出鑰匙,拔下電源插頭。使用六角螺母板手,以順時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)跑臺(tái)后側(cè)的兩個(gè)滾筒調(diào)整螺栓各四分之一轉(zhuǎn)。跑帶張力適當(dāng)時(shí),應(yīng)該可以將跑帶的任何一邊移離跑臺(tái) 3-4。不能過(guò)度鎖緊跑帶。完成后,插入跑步機(jī)的電源插頭與鑰匙,讓跑帶運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)幾分種。重復(fù)本段動(dòng)作,直到跑帶張力適當(dāng)為止。要減少跑帶的張力時(shí),先取出鑰匙,拔下電源插頭。使用六角螺母扳手,以反時(shí)針?lè)较蛐D(zhuǎn)跑臺(tái)后側(cè)的兩個(gè)滾筒調(diào)整螺栓各四分之一轉(zhuǎn)。跑帶張力適當(dāng)時(shí),應(yīng)該可以將跑帶的任何一邊移離跑臺(tái) 3-4。不能過(guò)度鎖緊跑帶。完成后,插入跑步機(jī)的電源插頭與鑰匙,讓跑帶運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)幾分鐘。重復(fù)本段動(dòng)作,直到跑帶張力適當(dāng)為止。圖 6-3 跑帶張力大小調(diào)整方式南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文246.4 跑臺(tái)潤(rùn)滑油的填加a- 減小跑步帶和跑步板之間的摩擦力,保護(hù)跑步板表面的耐磨涂層,延長(zhǎng)跑帶、跑板的使用壽命。2、減少跑步機(jī)的電能消耗。3、讓用戶(hù)在運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)更流暢。品質(zhì)要求:1、耐高溫。2、黏度高。3、不易揮發(fā)。使用方法:1、掀開(kāi)左側(cè)跑步帶,將潤(rùn)滑油沿跑步帶方向倒在跑步板上,控制用量為 10 ml。2、右側(cè)同左側(cè)一樣操作方法。3、將跑步機(jī)通電運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)在 3 KM / H 以?xún)?nèi),人站上去隨著跑步帶一起運(yùn)動(dòng),用腳有意識(shí)的踏壓跑步帶下涂有潤(rùn)滑油的區(qū)域,使其在跑步板上散布均勻。使用頻率:6 個(gè)月加注 1 次潤(rùn)滑油注意事項(xiàng):不可過(guò)量使用,防止摩擦力太小后跑步帶和傳動(dòng)滾筒之間打滑影響正常使用。圖 6-4 跑步板和跑步帶南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文25小結(jié):跑步板和跑步帶的設(shè)計(jì)是設(shè)計(jì)的重點(diǎn),不光要提供一個(gè)寬敞舒適的跑步平臺(tái),還得考慮之間的摩擦問(wèn)題,還有摩擦產(chǎn)生的靜電問(wèn)題,盡量通過(guò)細(xì)節(jié)的設(shè)計(jì),提供一個(gè)真正的健康的鍛煉平臺(tái)。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文26第七章. 避震系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)跑步的“頭等大事 ”就是要保護(hù)好膝蓋 跑步鞋具有緩沖減震的效果就是這個(gè)道理。使用跑步機(jī)比起在戶(hù)外路跑最大的好處是:跑步機(jī)它提供了避震效果,大量消除每一步伐的反作用沖擊力,保護(hù)了膝蓋關(guān)節(jié)。跑步機(jī)的避震方式采用具彈性的橡膠墊將跑臺(tái)和底座框架墊隔開(kāi),使跑臺(tái)成懸吊狀態(tài),進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生吸收震動(dòng)的功能而達(dá)到避震的效果。因此避震效果是否可以有效的展現(xiàn)發(fā)揮,完全得看跑步機(jī)的基座結(jié)構(gòu)是否牢靠穩(wěn)固。所以采用了足夠牢固的鋼材規(guī)格,結(jié)構(gòu)撐架以焊熔連接,沒(méi)有采用螺栓,在基座結(jié)構(gòu)上再加上橡膠墊和橡膠尾套,使整個(gè)基架又對(duì)力產(chǎn)生一個(gè)緩沖,實(shí)現(xiàn)二級(jí)緩沖!本設(shè)計(jì)中跑步板采用高密度纖維板,本身也提供一部份的吸震功能,但厚度至少需有 2.5 公分以上,以確保在吸震同時(shí),不因沖擊而龜裂,另外在使用時(shí)可在跑步機(jī)的支撐點(diǎn)下,加鋪具有彈性的鋪墊,以增加避震效果?,F(xiàn)在高級(jí)跑步機(jī)的最大賣(mài)點(diǎn)之一就是避震系統(tǒng),所以設(shè)計(jì)和改進(jìn)跑步機(jī)避震系統(tǒng)首當(dāng)其沖,是設(shè)計(jì)思路和技術(shù)攻克的重點(diǎn)。“太空”牌跑步機(jī)減震系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)相當(dāng)敏感,站上跑步板,它會(huì)自動(dòng)測(cè)出你的體重,根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù),機(jī)器自動(dòng)調(diào)整適合你的減震指數(shù),避免膝蓋受傷。健身器目的是鍛煉身體,好的避震系統(tǒng)是跑步機(jī)的保障,如果沒(méi)有對(duì)力的多重緩沖,跑步機(jī)就成為了跑步的隱型殺手,在不自覺(jué)中會(huì)損傷關(guān)節(jié),而設(shè)計(jì)獨(dú)特的避震系統(tǒng)能給鍛煉者帶來(lái)草地般舒適感覺(jué),使在跑步機(jī)上的運(yùn)動(dòng)真正成為一種享受。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文27圖 7-1 支架減震圖 7-2 底座減震小結(jié):減震系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì),是電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的必需,減震系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)和考慮程度決定著所設(shè)計(jì)跑步機(jī)的檔次。高檔跑步機(jī)可以根據(jù)體重自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)減震系數(shù)。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文28第八章. 多功能設(shè)計(jì)8.1 扭腰盤(pán)設(shè)計(jì)圖 8-1 扭腰盤(pán)【特點(diǎn)】:采用 ABS 塑料+磁鐵制成,抗沖擊強(qiáng)度高,密度小,便于運(yùn)輸,完全可以替代鑄件,表面光潔度好,不用噴涂,可節(jié)省費(fèi)用 3-5 元,重量?jī)H是鑄件的 1/7,從運(yùn)費(fèi)上可節(jié)省 6/7,采用此產(chǎn)品綜合成本效益可降低 40%盤(pán)面突起直指病理反射區(qū)穴位,在扭腰同時(shí)進(jìn)行腳底按摩。附有磁鐵,有足療作用。身體隨著轉(zhuǎn)盤(pán)扭動(dòng),使腰部、跨部得到充分鍛煉,瘦腰美腿、保持身材。通過(guò)磁療,把磁波傳列到人體,在細(xì)胞內(nèi)發(fā)生旋渦狀的二次電流,排除多余脂肪及毒素。增強(qiáng)血液循環(huán),健美強(qiáng)身兩不誤。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文298.1.1 連接結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)直徑為 250mm,通過(guò)長(zhǎng)桿與支架相連 ,用時(shí)把鐵銷(xiāo)拔出,旋轉(zhuǎn)放在皮帶上方,即可使用,鍛煉完畢旋轉(zhuǎn)折疊,插上鐵銷(xiāo),則扭腰盤(pán)依附與支架上,可以進(jìn)行別的項(xiàng)目的鍛煉。圖 8.1.1 扭腰盤(pán)支架8.1.2 旋轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)此扭腰盤(pán)選用單向推力軸承和深溝球軸承配合完成對(duì)軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的支撐。單向推力軸承計(jì)算:軸承類(lèi)型: 單向推力球軸承(50000),軸承代號(hào): 51104 軸承參數(shù):軸承內(nèi)徑:20,軸承外徑:35,軸承寬度:10,額定動(dòng)載荷:11000,額定靜載荷:19800, 極限轉(zhuǎn)速:6700,潤(rùn)滑方式:脂潤(rùn)滑工作參數(shù):徑向載荷:0,軸向載荷:1000,使用壽命:3000,工作轉(zhuǎn)速:20,載荷系數(shù):1.1南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文30計(jì)算結(jié)果:當(dāng)量動(dòng)載荷:1100.00,當(dāng)量靜載荷:1100.00,計(jì)算壽命:833350深溝球軸承只是簡(jiǎn)單起個(gè)軸向固定和保持軸位置的固定的作用。圖 8.1.2 扭腰盤(pán)旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)構(gòu)圖 8.1.3 扭腰盤(pán)折疊圖南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文318.2 仰臥起坐架的設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)美國(guó)醫(yī)療協(xié)會(huì)報(bào)導(dǎo),做仰臥起坐對(duì)人體新陳代謝 有絕對(duì)的幫助,其可增進(jìn)肺部運(yùn)動(dòng)量因而提升免疫力。此設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,與支架焊接在一起,平穩(wěn)堅(jiān)固、使用簡(jiǎn)單,屬于很大眾化的設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)強(qiáng)化胸部、腰部大小肌肉,消除腹部贅肉最有效,在鍛煉中與跑步配合,使跑步機(jī)不再成為乏味的單一運(yùn)動(dòng)器械,而且結(jié)構(gòu)位置絲毫不影響跑步帶鍛煉。圖 8-5 仰臥起坐架小結(jié):多功能的設(shè)計(jì)表現(xiàn)在兩方面,一個(gè)是通過(guò)程序的設(shè)計(jì),設(shè)計(jì)不同的模式使鍛煉者可以進(jìn)行不同程度的鍛煉,另一個(gè)是添加附屬器件,比如此設(shè)計(jì)中扭腰盤(pán)和仰臥起坐架,但是不是功能越多越好,必須考慮彼此不影響,保證鍛煉的準(zhǔn)確性。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文32第九章.使用和維護(hù)9.1 跑步機(jī)的維護(hù)與保養(yǎng)1、在您第一次或定期使用本電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)時(shí),請(qǐng)用潤(rùn)滑劑涂在跑步帶的內(nèi)表面,以減少相互間的磨擦阻力,減輕電動(dòng)機(jī)的負(fù)荷。 2、經(jīng)常在跑步機(jī)的各部位用干凈的抹布清潔,除灰塵,以維護(hù)各零件正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的性能。 3、定期地使用一滴或二滴潤(rùn)滑油在輥軸軸承上,以保證軸承較好的滾動(dòng)性能。 4、定期地檢查跑步機(jī)的各個(gè)螺釘、螺栓及螺帽,若有松動(dòng),請(qǐng)立即用工具鎖緊固定。9.2 如何使用跑步機(jī)1 在練習(xí)跑步機(jī)之前,準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)比較簡(jiǎn)單,主要做一些腿部肌肉、關(guān)節(jié)的準(zhǔn)備活動(dòng)就可以了,比如側(cè)壓腿、活動(dòng)腳腕等。 2 如果想要跑步機(jī)練習(xí)變得活躍、豐富起來(lái),可以將跑步機(jī)放置在電視機(jī)前,一邊看自己喜歡的電視節(jié)目一邊練習(xí),或在練習(xí)時(shí)一邊聽(tīng)自己喜歡的音樂(lè)一邊練習(xí)也可以,但大部分的注意力一定要放在跑步機(jī)上還可以讓家人配合,在練習(xí)時(shí)經(jīng)常給自己大聲地鼓勵(lì),這樣可以很好地活躍練習(xí)時(shí)的氣氛。 3 其他注意細(xì)節(jié): ()即使在家中練習(xí)跑步機(jī),也要穿運(yùn)動(dòng)裝和運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋進(jìn)行練習(xí),不要光腳練習(xí)。 ()在練習(xí)的過(guò)程中,最好每 15 分鐘就補(bǔ)充一定的水分,但不可太多。 ()不要在跑步機(jī)上進(jìn)行倒走練習(xí)。 ()訓(xùn)練次數(shù)每周不要超過(guò)四次,在飯后一個(gè)小時(shí)進(jìn)行為好。 ()訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度不宜過(guò)大,不一定非要練得大汗淋淋,這樣的效果并不見(jiàn)得就好,患有心臟疾病或高血壓的朋友更不宜大運(yùn)動(dòng)量使用跑步機(jī),室內(nèi)空氣要保持暢通,空調(diào)不宜開(kāi)得過(guò)低。 ()如果是為了減脂而練習(xí)跑步機(jī),可在練習(xí)期間配合腹部力量訓(xùn)練,如仰臥起坐等。 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文33 ()練習(xí)跑步機(jī)不是一兩天就能看見(jiàn)練習(xí)效果的,要配合其他的戶(hù)外有氧鍛煉,在平時(shí)要注意減少高油脂食物的攝入量,吸煙的朋友要在練習(xí)期間減少吸煙的次數(shù)。( 9)不要閑談。破壞了運(yùn)動(dòng)節(jié)律,使動(dòng)作質(zhì)量數(shù)量難以保證,鍛煉效果大大折扣。(10)不要亂開(kāi)玩笑。超負(fù)荷鍛煉,必須全神貫注,全力以赴,亂開(kāi)玩笑會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移運(yùn)動(dòng)者的注意力或因發(fā)笑泄氣,破壞運(yùn)動(dòng)節(jié)奏。(11)不要立即入浴。應(yīng)提倡運(yùn)動(dòng)后休息 3060 分鐘,適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充水份后,再以溫水沖淋,時(shí)間不要過(guò)長(zhǎng)。小結(jié):跑步機(jī)是由電機(jī)帶動(dòng),則跑步者須與跑帶節(jié)奏保持一致,在跑步時(shí)出現(xiàn)意外,要迅速的使跑步帶停下來(lái),所在跑步機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要盡多的考慮安全問(wèn)題。南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文34參考文獻(xiàn)1 王三明主編.機(jī)械原理與設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)。北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 20052 鄒慧君主編.機(jī)械原理.北京.高等教育出版社,19993 申永勝主編.機(jī)械原理教程.北京.清華大學(xué)出版社,19994 張偉社主編.機(jī)械原理.西北工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社,20015 鄒慧君主編.機(jī)械原理課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).高等教育出版社,19986 趙松年主編.現(xiàn)代機(jī)械創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品分析與設(shè)計(jì),20007 楊家軍主編.機(jī)械系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì).華中理工大學(xué)出版社,20008 張春林主編.機(jī)械創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì).機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,19999 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編委會(huì). 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)新版 2,3 卷, 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200410 卜炎主編.機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(上冊(cè)) ,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社。199911 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用手冊(cè)編委會(huì)編. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用手冊(cè). 北京 : 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 200912 吳宗澤主編. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師手冊(cè). 北京: 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 200913 徐灝主編,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社, 1995.1214 李克永.化工機(jī)械手冊(cè). 天津: 天津大學(xué)出版社,1991.515 Mechanical design and systems handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1985南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文35致謝漫長(zhǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)接近了尾聲,從開(kāi)始的迷茫到現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)的完成。走過(guò)彎路,想過(guò)放棄,最后還是堅(jiān)持下來(lái)了。由于跑步機(jī)資料的缺少,開(kāi)始的工作舉步唯艱,只能是漫長(zhǎng)的調(diào)研和上網(wǎng)查詢(xún)。但是涉及到專(zhuān)利技術(shù)的保護(hù),收獲甚微,只好無(wú)數(shù)次的猜想和論證,走了很多彎路,感受到了什么叫萬(wàn)事開(kāi)頭難,甚至覺(jué)的憑自己所掌握的知識(shí)完不成跑步機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì),只好開(kāi)始了漫無(wú)目的的收集資料。在收集資料的過(guò)程中,只要是對(duì)自己有幫助的就收藏起來(lái),一幅圖,一句話都不放過(guò),發(fā)現(xiàn)一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)有幫助的知識(shí)點(diǎn),欣喜半天,慢慢堅(jiān)定了自己要完成設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的信心,終于在一幅圖上發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己想要的東西,很快的很多工作可以展開(kāi)了思路,在主要數(shù)據(jù)反復(fù)計(jì)算完成后,確定了自己的方案。接下來(lái)任務(wù)就是三維零件實(shí)體建模了,在軟件的選擇上,選了美國(guó) SOLIDWORKS 公司的 SOLIDWORKS 進(jìn)行了學(xué)習(xí),此軟件的特點(diǎn)就是上手快,而且在很多公司都要求會(huì) SOLIDWORKS,因?yàn)榇塑浖阋说δ苓€比較強(qiáng)大,在很多公司的設(shè)計(jì)采購(gòu)里是首選,容易實(shí)現(xiàn)其普遍性和正版化。在設(shè)計(jì)中學(xué)習(xí)軟件,進(jìn)度很快,因?yàn)樾睦砻靼滓O(shè)計(jì)的是什么需要怎么去設(shè)計(jì),相應(yīng)的去學(xué)習(xí)軟件對(duì)應(yīng)的功能,就明白了軟件的某功能可以干什么,能完成什么。在零件的建模中,慢慢的自己很多模糊的東西都明顯化,和矛盾化,需要自己去明確的數(shù)據(jù)去論證,更嚴(yán)重的是核心的東西也有可能是錯(cuò)誤的,但值的高興的是,自己從設(shè)計(jì)中學(xué)到了很多東西,四年學(xué)習(xí)了很多,可又似很模糊,現(xiàn)在從一個(gè)產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)的角度去學(xué)習(xí),很多東西恍然,欣喜自己找到了以后深造的方向,可以在畢業(yè)后能繼續(xù)本專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)習(xí)。建模過(guò)程占據(jù)了設(shè)計(jì)的大部分時(shí)間和經(jīng)歷,有些零件反反復(fù)復(fù)很多次,在無(wú)法完成的情況下,只好再去各大商場(chǎng)去調(diào)研,有了前面的工作,接下來(lái)的調(diào)研顯的收獲很大,使自己越來(lái)越專(zhuān)注于自己的設(shè)計(jì),感覺(jué)每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù),每個(gè)零件特征的繪制都流淌著自己的血。隨著時(shí)間的一天天過(guò)去,自己的成績(jī)也明朗化,終于整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)完成了,進(jìn)行了零件的裝配,按照任務(wù)書(shū)的進(jìn)度,設(shè)計(jì)也慢慢接近了尾聲,在過(guò)程中,指導(dǎo)老師熊麗娟做了整體把握,對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題給予了莫大的幫助,使設(shè)計(jì)更精益求精,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)中沒(méi)有注意到的問(wèn)題給予了指出。在此工作完成之時(shí),忠心謝過(guò)!雖然設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)完成了,但還有很多需要改進(jìn)的方面,我的努力只能說(shuō)是此新課題的一個(gè)開(kāi)始,希望在以后的設(shè)計(jì)中能被更多的同學(xué)去進(jìn)行大膽和新思路的創(chuàng)新,逐步完善這個(gè)課題,吸收和借鑒國(guó)外和國(guó)內(nèi)先進(jìn)和時(shí)尚的理念,設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)我們自己南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文36特色的產(chǎn)品。隨著人們健身意識(shí)的不斷提高,健身器械的需求越來(lái)越大,我們的設(shè)計(jì)也要跟上時(shí)代的步伐,設(shè)計(jì)出功能更多,適用性更廣,安全性更高,價(jià)格更低的產(chǎn)品!英文資料The electronic race apparatus trade calls Chinas famous brandThe domestic electricity wins the race in the familyBefore 1996, electronic race apparatuses were all foreign products, the ones that entered the family were mostly mechanical race apparatuses that factories reformed system of by the bicycle factory made, compatriots inspire awe even from distance to the imported electronic race apparatus of the price of several ten thousand and even more than ten thousand YuanAfter 1993, with the adjustment of the international industrial structure, Skouras enterprises shifted to our country, it is the happy and auspicious group company of Shandong that utilizes the electrical machinery of this area, controls the advantage that the power produces at first, set up the special factory in 1994, through the working ability of the substantiating machine, combined domestic and international information, the happy and auspicious group all produced the electronic race apparatus of family expenses in order to make the part by oneself in 1995, and exhibit at the rich meeting of body of Nanchang of next year. Praised as gathering together the auspicious electronic race apparatus of the brand of the first nationality, the output reached 7,000 in that year, the sales volume reaches 5,000, has held the beginning of producing the domestic electronic race apparatus. Up to the production capacity of producing 100,000 per year by 2004 through the technological transformation not stopping , sell race apparatus 4 in the same year. 80,000, output value is 93,600,000 Yuan, income from sales is 72 million Yuan, finished ISO9001 and European Union CE authentication at the same time , and is chosen as leading brand products in Shandong.Gather together the auspicious electronic race apparatus in order to expand the production scale , the resources of production of rational utilization, successively for some domestic enterprises sticking brand production , improved the domestic occupation rate of the electronic race apparatus greatly, have offer for numerous enterprises and develop samples too, has driven the flourishing development of the whole trade.The electricity runs: Fashionable body-building products of the fairly comfortable lifeAt present, enterprises which produce the electronic race apparatus centre in the coastal area of the ChangJiang Delta , Shandong Peninsula , Guangdong , Fujian, the total amount is about more than 50, it is about 15 that possess scale among them, and the joint-venture , proprietorship account for 50%.The electronic race apparatus is the integrated products of electro mechanics, adopt assembler language programming, control with the computer, it is the development trade that the country encourages . The development of this product has driven making, plastic products , electronics industry of steel tube , electrical machinery industry ,etc. series develop , make people health is it limit by place , environment , climate to do exercises, contain physical training in recreation amusement, improve the national physique in an all-round way. In this production course, there are not pollutant and harmful substance that are produced , purchase the steel , plastic fittings outside, the electronic devices and components are assembled, is the green manufacture industryThe Central Party Committee which regards Hu Jintao as the General Secretary advocates building harmonious and orderly development environment in a more cost-effective manner, the development of the electronic race apparatus sticks to this theme closely, is playing an important role in driving the trade structural adjustment. Raise through the national income entering the well-off society, the electronic race apparatus begins to enter the family too in recent years, it for example cant gather together the auspicious brand race apparatus not electronic in in, sales volumes of small city chase there arent annual increment, a lot of urban and rural residents growing rich choose this superior way of building up body one after another , the race apparatus designed in large quantities of humanization is coming out, improve through electronic technology , the technology of the computer , transformation of making the equipment frock , its development space is very big, is a kind of products with sustainable development prospectThree major key elements of promoting national economy to increase healthily are consumption , investment , net export. The development of and the electronic race apparatus, occupy very great proportion among them. One that is with domestic Engel coefficient constant to reduce, by clothing food lodging and transportation to raise life quality develop people, the electronic race apparatus will be the optimum seeking apparatus of compatriots fitness , because by the look of experience of foreign countries, go on balance temper and become the fashion at electronic race apparatus. Classifying looking from national economy, it belongs to the tertiary industry that sports is consumed, it exceeds 10% in succession to accelerate in recent years, and the speed is accelerated year by year. The share of spurring growth of the national economic of consumption of sports and keeping fit will inevitability continue increasing . This kind of fitness is consumed and contained relatively widely, have both consumption of resident and public consumption (such as health club ), its consumption acceleration rate exceeds 20%, among them, the electronic race apparatus exceeds 40%, have stronger growth momentum.Intellectual property right and trade frictionThe intellectual property right becomes soft rib of the sports goods industry of our country, it is the production that because we are correlated with to market economy and with the sports products, it invent, trade etc. the knowledge one possession, belong to, know little about game the rules and laws and regulations and the information not relevant not transfer. One sports apparatus or equipment know which country invent , others had already registered unexpectedly, under the situation which contents are registered, but we have produced and sold for many years. Not merely the style , structure are the same for some products, even appearance , color are very close , the more sad one is, because to ignore above-mentioned situation, we hold oneself is it reach product this birthplace go for exhibiting , sale to produce also, we say , an invention technology or the patented product must go through long and difficult exploration and study , It has condensed the intelligence and energies of the scientific research personnel of sports, the original inventor has paid hardships of going beyond the normal condition for this, ought to receive the protection of the respect and law of the society . One of market obtain products that patent sanction is it copy to copy producer of us already in our country, there is not innovation , this not merely serious others patent for invention of infringement at all, Make the bringing the doctrine and entering into the mistaken idea in vogue for a time of sports goods industry of our country too. Do it in this way, in comparatively close planned economic system, may little someone find or investigate , but today, the gateway of a country is opened further, we must pay a price for this . In 2001, our family participated in U.S.A.s super exhibition, the sample was just a exhibition, have been detained all products, carry on negotiations several times and make a self-criticism in writing on the grounds of infringing by others, have paid the expensive fine finally; This year, at the rich meeting of German body, the exhibit of another enterprise of ours is asserted and infringed, the other side must speak to and does not forgive people , our enterprises admit a fault , ready to pay the penalty and does not miss , and humiliate this enterprise by every means in public , pass the diplomatic channel finally, the embassy negotiates, has dealt with this . Happen when this kind of case is on our countrys market , on the body of our enterprise, the normal order that has not merely disrupted the market, has infringed the interests of rights and interests people, have reduce the international reputation of made in China , has damaged the public image of reform and opening-up of our country too.After our country enters the WTO , the self-satisfied Chinese brand is trying hard to seize the opportunity, while going abroad, the western developed country has made the strategic defense in time with this, set up to of our country sports goods including technology , standard , getting green environmental protection , move plant protection , anti-dumping , intellectual property right , community responsibility dishes of dishes of barrier, close down , stop the entry of the like product with the extremely unkind clause . Meanwhile, they also used three unique skills , first, strengthened the registered dynamics to the patented technology of the products. In 2002, accounted for 5 at home in our country authorized the patent for invention. 2%, and accounts for 76 abroad. 1%; Accounts for 3 at home in the post with high technical advantage is invented. 6%, and accounts for 96 abroad. 2%.Second, the one that strengthened to the market of our country was monitored . In order to safeguard its ones own image and interests, attack the rival, the external brand is sent full-time or hire personnel, but the great majority are still the commercial networks utilizing the whole country to open, carry on Omni-directional monitoring to the market of our country. They carry on the investigation to classification of the goods , selling structure , product cost and consumer demand in the name of surveying and studying the market. A main one to investigate tort of all kinds of the like product, including product design , appearance , inside structure , enterprise identification and various kinds of datum ,etc., then assemble the picture , material object and written historical materials in the policy-making level of the company in time. On the market not normal of our country at present, all kinds of imitate, infringe the phenomenon and exist seriously, they once opportunity ripe, can hit out severely, never soft, as to this we must highly watch out for.Third, strengthen and is protected and put to the customs on record and applied working. The external brand tries hard to solve from flowing into outside the border and from exporting to the fake and forged products of the overseas market within the border through this kind of way, have domestic and international 1300 more than share is it is it involve thousands of brand to apply to put on record 2003, through to protect jointly the whole country all pass, have notable effect.Because of the absolute predominance in price of sports goods of our country, make international trade rub constantly, embody in the anti-dumping mainly. Taking sports shoes as an example, our country is the manufacture big country of sports shoes in the world, because the domestic market is limited in capacity, the majority depended on exporting, 2003, exported about 3,200 million pairs. Nike shoes the whole world sell 60% China production, beautiful Tianjin strong shoes the whole world sell 90% make for China, world shoes-making big country Spain have 14 sports shoes factory, sports shoes that China makes import more than 70 million pairs every year, price of each pair of ordinary sports shoes is more than 20 Euro on this countrys market. And the sports shoes price of 3-2 Euro of equal quality which China make. In OEM business, our country processes about 3 dollars for a pair of better sports shoes profit, processing one racket 1-2 U.S. dollar, make one have 70 more than air gun profit that part make up in 10 dollars about, processing is about in 7-8 dollars a top-grade sportswear. But once products that China makes these stick identification, world of famous brand, know personal value ten to dozens of times. China span and weave the big country in the world at the same time , after protection period, clothing quota cancels the global fabrics, the sportswears of our country will gain larger development space on the international market. A large amount of good and inexpensive made in China enters the international market, has brought the generous profit to businessmen of various countries, great too amazing and national consumer market, The ones that caused the importer are panic and uneasy at the same time, they regard made in China as dreadful monsters, is it seize market of them to think, then claim case , case of encroachment of right , anti-dumping probe , cook shoes incident ,etc. to is it discriminate against restriction incident of color happen again and again seriously to have, it is estimated after protection period, this kind of incident will still continue happenings.No famous brand, no competitivenessThe precedence accounted for in national economy of sports industry of the developed country ranks more than ten location, main trade and main power of growth of the national economic, because our country trade this does not unify and not centralized lacking regulation and control that putting in place and counting system Ming, so, guide and encourage the momentum of this industry development to lag behind correspondingly. But with the deepening development and drive of the Olympic Games economy of the national fitness campaign, regard famous-brand strategy implementation as opportunity, combine industrial structure constantly, the trade will demonstrate important status of national economy their more and more.The manufacturing industry of the foreign electronic race apparatus started since last century later stage of the seventies, compared with like product in our country, except that have and relatively take the lead in style diversification and surtax functional development, other disparity are relatively small. Such as steel, the belted steel that my national treasure steel, Anshan Iron and Steel Plant, etc. produce reaches or exceeds the international standard, related steel tube its is it reach foreign standard too to make, electrical machinery wait for electricity run fittings is it digest and assimilate to adopt, we develop in the international advanced ranks from material to new style. So, the electronic race apparatus is different from the plane, automobile trade, nearly have little disparity with advanced level in foreign countries. Therefore, the internationally famous electricity runs in the manufacturing enterprise and pays close attention to day by day, has already begun to let enterprises of our country produce sticking to brand products for it.Though growth momentum fine, domestic electricity run circumstances at domestic and international markets or have difference. Main reason not strong of the competitiveness in the international market of the domestic electronic race apparatus, lack the effect of leading brand products. And compared with overseas enterprise start than such reasons as the impact to the market for late , some fake and forged production of small enterprise ,etc., have weakened the market competitiveness of the domestic electronic race apparatus tooAt present, love brand not internationally famous health , strength strong in, must true, space, having a match there arent one hundred, some furnish a huge amount of money for making the investment and founding the factory, and exert pressure to domestic enterprises with higher brand awareness, under this situation , promote the emergence of leading brand products of electronic race apparatus as soon as possible, can yet be regarded as the government and promote one of the national industry of the electronic race apparatus effectively, promote national brand and domestic product raise a heavy shortcut , international market of competitiveness too. In a situation that the international market competition of the electronic race apparatus is fierce , domestic product will you please win , could move forward in close relations effectively in time with famous brand strategy.The strong promotion of the Whole-Peop1e Health-Building Plan, the pulling of sports consumption of the Olympic Games economy, drive the tremendous development of the sports industry effectively, have far-reaching meanings in promoting the public cognition degree of the Chinese sports goods, to the development of the sports goods industry including electronic race apparatus, to the whole promotion promoting the sports goods industry trade, construct scale merit, enter the global markets , will all offer a large stage, sports and keeping fit undertaking and the Olympic Games economy are all calling Chinas famous brand , the electronic race apparatus is calling Chinas famous brand .電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)行業(yè)呼喚中國(guó)名牌國(guó)產(chǎn)電跑第一家1996 年之前,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)都是國(guó)外產(chǎn)品,進(jìn)入家庭的大都是由自行車(chē)廠改制的生產(chǎn)廠制造的機(jī)械跑步機(jī),國(guó)人對(duì)價(jià)格幾萬(wàn)乃至十幾萬(wàn)元的進(jìn)口電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)望而生畏。1993 年以后,隨著國(guó)際產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整,韓國(guó)企業(yè)向我國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)移,首先是山東祥和集團(tuán)公司利用該地區(qū)電機(jī)、控制電源生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)勢(shì),于 1994 年組建了專(zhuān)廠,通過(guò)充實(shí)機(jī)加工能力,結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外信息,祥和集團(tuán)于 1995 年生產(chǎn)出了全部為自制部件的家用電動(dòng)跑步機(jī),并于次年的南昌體博會(huì)上參展。被譽(yù)為第一個(gè)民族品牌的匯祥電動(dòng)跑步機(jī),當(dāng)年產(chǎn)量達(dá)到七千臺(tái),銷(xiāo)量達(dá)到五千臺(tái),開(kāi)了生產(chǎn)國(guó)產(chǎn)電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的先河。通過(guò)不停的技術(shù)改造,到 2004 年達(dá)到了年產(chǎn)十萬(wàn)臺(tái)的生產(chǎn)能力,同年銷(xiāo)售跑步機(jī) 4.8 萬(wàn)臺(tái),產(chǎn)值 9360 萬(wàn)元,銷(xiāo)售收入 7200 萬(wàn)元,同時(shí)完成了 ISO9001 及歐盟 CE 認(rèn)證,并被評(píng)為山東名牌產(chǎn)品。匯祥電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)為擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模,合理利用生產(chǎn)資源,先后為一些國(guó)產(chǎn)企業(yè)貼牌生產(chǎn),極大地提高了電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的國(guó)產(chǎn)占有率,也為眾多企業(yè)提供了發(fā)展樣品,帶動(dòng)了整個(gè)行業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展。電跑:小康生活的時(shí)尚健身產(chǎn)品目前,生產(chǎn)電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的企業(yè)集中在長(zhǎng)江三角洲、山東半島及粵、閩沿海地區(qū),總數(shù)約為 50 余家,其中具備規(guī)模的約為 15 家,而合資、獨(dú)資企業(yè)約占50%。電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)系機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,采用匯編語(yǔ)言編程,用計(jì)算機(jī)控制,系國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)的發(fā)展行業(yè)。該產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展帶動(dòng)了鋼管制造、塑料制品、電子工業(yè),電機(jī)工業(yè)等系列發(fā)展,使人們身體鍛煉不受場(chǎng)地、環(huán)境、氣候的制約,寓體育鍛煉于休閑娛樂(lè)之中,全面提高國(guó)民身體素質(zhì)。該產(chǎn)品制作過(guò)程中,無(wú)污染物及有害物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生,外采購(gòu)鋼鐵、塑料配件,電子元器件組裝,是綠色制造產(chǎn)業(yè)。以胡錦濤為總書(shū)記的黨中央大力倡導(dǎo)建設(shè)和諧有序的發(fā)展環(huán)境,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的發(fā)展就緊貼這一主題,為帶動(dòng)行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整發(fā)揮著重要作用。通過(guò)進(jìn)入小康社會(huì)的國(guó)民收入提高,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)近年來(lái)也開(kāi)始進(jìn)入家庭,例如匯祥牌電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)在中、小城市的銷(xiāo)售量逐年增量超過(guò) 50%,許多富裕起來(lái)的城鄉(xiāng)居民紛紛選擇這一優(yōu)越的健身方式,一大批人性化設(shè)計(jì)的跑步機(jī)正在問(wèn)世,通過(guò)電子技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、制造設(shè)備工裝的改造革新,其發(fā)展空間很大,是一種有可持續(xù)發(fā)展前途的產(chǎn)品。促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)健康增長(zhǎng)的三大要素為消費(fèi)、投資、凈出口。而電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)的發(fā)展,在其中占有很大比重。隨著國(guó)內(nèi)恩格爾系數(shù)的不斷降低,人們由衣食住行向提高生活質(zhì)量發(fā)展,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)將是國(guó)人健身的優(yōu)選器材,因?yàn)椋瑥膰?guó)外的經(jīng)驗(yàn)看,在電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)上進(jìn)行平衡鍛煉已經(jīng)成為時(shí)尚。從國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)分類(lèi)看,體育消費(fèi)屬第三產(chǎn)業(yè),近年增速連續(xù)超過(guò) 10%,而且速度逐年加快。體育健身的消費(fèi)拉動(dòng)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的份額必然會(huì)繼續(xù)增加。這種健身消費(fèi)涵蓋較廣,既有居民消費(fèi)又有公共消費(fèi)(如健身俱樂(lè)部等) ,它的消費(fèi)增速超過(guò) 20%,其中,電動(dòng)跑步機(jī)超過(guò) 40%,具有較強(qiáng)的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)與貿(mào)易摩擦知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)之所以成為我國(guó)體育用品業(yè)的“軟肋” ,是因?yàn)槲覀儗?duì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)以及與體育產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的生產(chǎn)、發(fā)明、貿(mào)易、等知識(shí)的擁有、歸屬、轉(zhuǎn)讓的游戲規(guī)則以及相關(guān)法律、法規(guī)和信息知之甚少。一件體育器材或設(shè)備竟在不知道是哪國(guó)發(fā)明的,人家是否已經(jīng)注冊(cè),注冊(cè)了哪些內(nèi)容的情況下,我們卻生產(chǎn)和賣(mài)了多年。有的產(chǎn)品不僅款式、結(jié)構(gòu)一樣,連外觀、顏色都十分相近,更可悲的是,由于對(duì)上述情況的漠視,我們還拿著自己生產(chǎn)的(實(shí)際上是仿造人家的專(zhuān)利產(chǎn)品)到該產(chǎn)品的誕生地去參展、銷(xiāo)售,我們說(shuō),一件發(fā)明技術(shù)或?qū)@a(chǎn)品都必須經(jīng)歷漫長(zhǎng)而艱難的探索和研究,它凝聚了體育科研人員的智慧和心血,原發(fā)明者為此付出了超常的艱辛,理應(yīng)受到社會(huì)的尊重和法律的保護(hù)。在我國(guó)市場(chǎng)一件已經(jīng)獲專(zhuān)利批準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)品被我們的廠家抄來(lái)抄去,毫無(wú)創(chuàng)新,這不僅嚴(yán)重的侵犯了人家的發(fā)明專(zhuān)利,也使我國(guó)體育用品業(yè)一度盛行的“拿來(lái)主義”走入了誤區(qū)。這樣做,在較為封閉的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下,可能少有人發(fā)現(xiàn)或追究,但在國(guó)門(mén)進(jìn)一步打開(kāi)的今天,我們必須為此而付出代價(jià)。2001 年,我們一家參加美國(guó)超級(jí)展,樣品剛一展出,就被人家以侵權(quán)為由,扣留了全部的產(chǎn)品,幾經(jīng)交涉和書(shū)面檢討,最終交了昂貴的罰款;今年,在德國(guó)體博會(huì)上,我們的另一家企業(yè)的展品又被認(rèn)定侵權(quán),對(duì)方得理不饒人,我們的企業(yè)認(rèn)錯(cuò)、認(rèn)罰都不放過(guò),并當(dāng)眾對(duì)該企業(yè)百般羞辱,最后還是通過(guò)外交途徑,使館出面交涉,處理了此事。此類(lèi)案件在我國(guó)市場(chǎng)、在我們企業(yè)的身上時(shí)有發(fā)生,不僅擾亂了市場(chǎng)的正常秩序,侵犯了權(quán)益人的利益,降低了 “中國(guó)制造”的國(guó)際聲譽(yù),也損害了我國(guó)改革開(kāi)放的公眾形象。我國(guó)入世后,躊躇滿志的中國(guó)品牌正力圖抓住機(jī)遇,走出國(guó)門(mén)之際,西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)此及時(shí)做出了戰(zhàn)略性防御,對(duì)我國(guó)體育用品設(shè)置了包括技術(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、綠色環(huán)保、動(dòng)植物保護(hù)、反傾銷(xiāo)、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)以及社會(huì)責(zé)任等道道壁壘,用極其刻薄的條款封殺、阻擋同類(lèi)產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)入。與此同時(shí),他們還使出了三道“殺手锏” ,一是加大了對(duì)產(chǎn)品專(zhuān)利技術(shù)的注冊(cè)力度。2002 年,在我國(guó)授權(quán)發(fā)明專(zhuān)利中,國(guó)內(nèi)占 5.2,而國(guó)外占 76.1;在技術(shù)含量較高的職務(wù)發(fā)明中,國(guó)內(nèi)占3.6,而國(guó)外占 96.2。二是加強(qiáng)對(duì)我國(guó)市場(chǎng)的監(jiān)視。為維護(hù)其自身的形象和利益,打擊競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手,境外品牌派專(zhuān)職或雇傭人員,但大多數(shù)還是利用全國(guó)開(kāi)設(shè)的銷(xiāo)售網(wǎng)點(diǎn),對(duì)我國(guó)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行全方位的監(jiān)視。他們以調(diào)研市場(chǎng)為名,對(duì)商品類(lèi)別、銷(xiāo)售結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品價(jià)格以及消費(fèi)者需求進(jìn)行調(diào)查。最主要的是調(diào)查同類(lèi)產(chǎn)品中各類(lèi)的侵權(quán)行為,包括產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、外觀、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、企業(yè)標(biāo)識(shí)及各種數(shù)據(jù)等,然后將圖片、實(shí)物及文字資料及時(shí)匯聚于公司決策層。目前在我國(guó)不盡規(guī)范的市場(chǎng)上,各類(lèi)假冒、侵權(quán)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重存在,他們一旦時(shí)機(jī)成熟,便會(huì)重拳出擊,決不手軟,對(duì)此我們必須高度警惕。三是加大對(duì)海關(guān)保護(hù)備案申請(qǐng)工作。境外品牌力圖通過(guò)這種途徑來(lái)解決從境外流入和從境內(nèi)出口到國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品,2003 年有國(guó)內(nèi)外 1300 多份備案申請(qǐng)涉及品牌數(shù)千種,通過(guò)了全國(guó)所有關(guān)口的聯(lián)手保護(hù),成效顯著。由于我國(guó)體育用品在價(jià)格上的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì),使國(guó)際貿(mào)易中摩擦不斷,主要體現(xiàn)在反傾銷(xiāo)。以運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋為例,我國(guó)是世界上運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋制造大國(guó),由于國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)容量有限,絕大部分靠出口,2003 年,出口約 32 億雙。耐克鞋全球銷(xiāo)售 60%為中國(guó)生產(chǎn),美津濃鞋全球銷(xiāo)售 90為中國(guó)制造,世界制鞋大國(guó)西班牙有 14 個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋廠,中國(guó)制造的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋每年進(jìn)口 7000 多萬(wàn)雙,該國(guó)市場(chǎng)上每雙普通運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋價(jià)格在 20 多歐元。而中國(guó)制造的同等質(zhì)量的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋售價(jià) 32 歐元。在 OEM 業(yè)務(wù)中,我國(guó)加工一雙較好的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋利潤(rùn)約在 3 美元左右,加工一支羽毛球拍12 美元,制造一支有 70 多個(gè)零件組成的氣槍利潤(rùn)在 10 美元左右,加工一套高檔的運(yùn)動(dòng)服在 78 美元左右。然而這些中國(guó)制造的產(chǎn)品一旦貼上世界名牌的標(biāo)識(shí),就會(huì)身價(jià)十至幾十倍。中國(guó)同時(shí)還是世界上紡織大國(guó),保護(hù)期結(jié)束后,全球紡織品服裝配額取消,我國(guó)的運(yùn)動(dòng)服裝將在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)贏得更大的發(fā)展空間。大量的物美價(jià)廉的“中國(guó)制造”進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng),給各國(guó)商人帶來(lái)了豐厚的利潤(rùn),也極大的刺激了本國(guó)的消費(fèi)市場(chǎng),同時(shí)也引起了進(jìn)口國(guó)的恐慌和不安,他們視“中國(guó)制造”為洪水猛獸,認(rèn)為搶占了他們的市場(chǎng),于是索賠案、侵權(quán)案、反傾銷(xiāo)調(diào)查、燒鞋事件等帶有嚴(yán)重歧視色彩的限制事件頻頻發(fā)生,預(yù)計(jì)保護(hù)期結(jié)束后,此類(lèi)事件還將繼續(xù)發(fā)生。沒(méi)有名牌就沒(méi)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的體育產(chǎn)業(yè)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中所占位次排
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