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設(shè)計（論文）題目：
一種上料機器人手臂的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
?
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5．任務(wù)書內(nèi)“主要參考文獻”的填寫，應(yīng)按照《金陵科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）撰寫規(guī)范》的要求書寫。
?6．有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo)GB/T 7408—94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時間表示法》規(guī)定的要求，一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2002年4月2日”或“2002-04-02”。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
1．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題應(yīng)達到的目的：
? 通過進行本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計，全面系統(tǒng)地對學(xué)生進行設(shè)計方法和研究方法的基本訓(xùn)練。要求學(xué)生樹立正確的設(shè)計思想，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生進行科學(xué)的研究。學(xué)生能獨立進行資料的收集、加工與整理，能綜合運用科學(xué)的理論、知識和技能，鍛煉獨立解決設(shè)計問題的能力，圖紙繪制規(guī)范，符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，編寫符合要求的設(shè)計說明書并答辯，從而使學(xué)生樹立嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、實事求是的科學(xué)態(tài)度，并掌握工程設(shè)計的一般程序規(guī)范和方法。
2．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求（包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等）：
?
（1）設(shè)計內(nèi)容：對上料機械手的總體方案選擇和確定，傳動方案的選擇、電機的選擇、齒輪傳動的設(shè)計、軸承和軸的設(shè)計計算與校核等等；
（2）原始數(shù)據(jù)：目前使用的機械手比例范圍比較大，國內(nèi)現(xiàn)有的機械手的臂力最小為0.15N，最大為8000N。本上料機械手臂的臂力為N=1650(N),范圍在0-1650（N）安全系數(shù)為K一般可在1.5-3，本機械手取安全系數(shù)K=2。
（3）工作要求：機器人手臂俯仰運動和伸縮運動可單獨進行，不會出現(xiàn)伸縮和俯仰必須同時進行和停止的問題。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
3．對本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題成果的要求〔包括圖表、實物等硬件要求〕：
詳細完整的畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書一份；相關(guān)圖紙一套；外文參考資料及譯文。
4．主要參考文獻：
[1] 徐灝. 機械設(shè)計手冊3[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1998.
[2] 張建民. 工業(yè)機器人[M]. 北京：北京理工大學(xué)出版社，1994.
[3] Maurtuaa , L. Susperregia, A. Fernándeza, C. Tubíoa , C. Perezb, J. Rodríguezc, T.Felschd, M. Ghrissie MAINBOT – mobile robots for inspection And maintenance inextensive industrial plants [A]. Procedia CIRP, 2013, (10),85-90.
[4] 閆繼宏. 一種模塊化機械臂的設(shè)計與運動學(xué)分析[J]. 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報，2015，1：20-25.
[5] 張紅霞. 國內(nèi)外機器人發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與趨勢研究[J]. 電子世界，2013，12：5-7.
[6] 陳佩云. 國內(nèi)外工業(yè)機器人發(fā)展概況及對策建議 [J]. 機械工程1988，3：24-27.
[7] 葉偉昌. 機械工程及自動化簡明設(shè)計手冊[M]. 北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2001.
[8] 畢勝. 國內(nèi)外機器人發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀[J]. 機械工程師，2008，7：5-8.
[9] 司建星. 數(shù)控車床上下料機器人的研究[D]. 西安：陜西科技大學(xué)，2014.
[10] 趙怡. 基于Pro/E和ADAMS的人形機器人三維造型及運動仿真研究[D]. 北京：華北電力大學(xué)，2011.
[11] 楊芙蓮. Pro/E機構(gòu)設(shè)計與運動仿真實例教程[M]. 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2007.
[12] 段進. ANSYS 10.0結(jié)構(gòu)分析從入門到精通[M]. 天津：兵器工業(yè)出版社，2006.
[13] 趙偉. 基于SolidWorks和ANSYS的機器人手臂性能分析與優(yōu)化設(shè)計[J]. 機械，2009，12(36)：48-50.
[14] 彭健鈞. 基于特征的復(fù)雜工件數(shù)控加工關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究[D].沈陽：中國科學(xué)院沈陽計算技術(shù)研究所，2012.
[15] 馬志艷. 面向數(shù)控加工仿真的增強現(xiàn)實關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究[D].武漢：華中科技大學(xué)，2007.
[16] 濮良貴，陳國定，吳立言. 機械設(shè)計[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，2013.
[17] 李育錫. 機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，2013.
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
5．本畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）課題工作進度計劃：
20xx.12.16-20xx.1.10 領(lǐng)任務(wù)書、開題
20xx.2.25-2.16.3.9 畢業(yè)實習(xí)調(diào)研，完成開題報告、中英文翻譯、論文大綱
20xx.3.19-20xx.4.25 提交論文草稿，4月中旬中期檢查
20xx.4.26-20xx.5.6 提交論文定稿
20xx.5.6-20xx.5.13 準(zhǔn)備答辯
20xx.5.13-20xx.5.26 答辯，成績評定，修改完成最終稿
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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文
譯文題目： MAINBOT-在廣泛的工業(yè)領(lǐng)域用來檢查和維修 的移動機器人
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號：
專 業(yè)：
所在學(xué)院：
指導(dǎo)教師：
職 稱：
20xx年 2月 27日
ScienceDirect
MAINBOT – mobile robots for inspection and maintenance inextensive industrial plants
I. Maurtuaa , L. Susperregia, A. Fernándeza, C. Tubíoa , C. Perezb, J. Rodríguezc, T.Felschd, M. Ghrissie
aIK4-Tekniker, I?aki Goenaga 5, Eibar 20600, Spain
bTECNATOM, Avda. de Montes de Oca 1, San Sebastián de los Reyes (MADRID)28703, Spain
cTORRESOL Energy, Avda. Zugazarte 61, Getxo 48930, Spain
d FRAUNHOFER IFF, Postfach 14 53, Magdeburg 39004, Germany
e ROBOSOFT, Technopole Izarbel, Bidart F-64210, France
Abstract
MAINBOT project is developing service robots applications to autonomously execute inspection tasks in extensive industrial plants in equipment that is arranged horizontally (using ground robots) or vertically (climbing robots). MAINBOT aims at using already available robotic solutions to deploy innovative systems in order to fulfill project industrial objectives: to provide a means to help measuring several physical parameters in multiple points by autonomous robots, able to navigate and climb structures, handling sensors or special non destructive testing equipment.
MAINBOT will validate the proposed solutions in two solar plants (cylindrical-parabolic collectors and central tower), that are very demanding from mobile manipulation point of view mainly due to the extension (e.g. a thermal solar plant of 50Mw, seven hours of storage, with 400 hectares, 400.000 mirrors, 180 km of absorber tubes, 140m tower height ), the variability of conditions (outdoor, day-night), safety requirements, etc.. The objective is to increase the efficiency of the installation by improving the inspection procedures and technologies. Robot capabilities are developed at different levels: (1) Simulation: realistic testing environments are created in order to validate the algorithms developed for the project using available robot, sensors and applicationenvironments.(2)Autonomous navigation: Hybrid (topological-metric) localization and planning algorithms are integrated in order to manage the huge extensions. (3) Manipulation: Robot arm movement planning and control algorithms are developed for positioning sensing equipment with accuracy and collision avoidance. (4) Interoperability: Mechanisms to integrate the heterogeneous systems taking part in the robot operation, from third party inspection equipments to the end user maintenance planning. (5) Non-Destructive Inspection: based on eddy current and thermography, detection algorithms are developed in order to provide automatic inspection abilities to the robots.
? 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer review by the scientific conference committee of SolarPACES 2013 under responsibility of PSE AG. Keywords: Mobile robotics, Maintenance, Non-destructive inspection, Thermosolar ? 2013 I. Maurtua. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license .
Selection and peer review by the scientific conference committee of SolarPACES 2013 under responsibility of PSE AG.
Final manuscript published as received without editorial corrections.
1. Introduction
MAINBOT project is developing service robots applications to autonomously execute inspection tasks in extensive industrial plants on equipment that is arranged horizontally (using ground robots) or vertically (climbing robots). MAINBOT aims at using already available robots to deploy innovative solutions in order to fulfil project industrial objectives: to provide a means to help measuring several physical parameters in multiple points by autonomous robots able to navigate and climb structures, handling sensors or special non destructive testing equipment.
Nomenclature
PT Parabolic Through collector
CR Central Receiver
SCA Solar Collector Assembly
SCE Solar Collector Element
NDT Non Destructive Test
HTF Heat Transfer Fluid
FA Functional Analysis
FMEA Failure Modes an Effects Analysis
ROS Robot Operating System
GPS Global Positioning System
INU Inertial Navigation Unit
To define the requirements of this type of industries two validation scenarios have been selected, a Parabolic Through collector technology (PT) solar plant (50Mw, seven hours of storage) and a Central Receiver technology (CR) solar plant (19.9 Mw, fifteen hours of storage) shown in Fig. 1. Both plants pose strong challenges in terms of the number of elements to be inspected, the size of the elements, the working conditions, etc. Some figures can present an idea of the magnitude of the problem in extensive plants:
· 400.000 mirrors, with a total of 1.200.000 m2 of surface in PT.
· 2.650 heliostats (10 meters high and 11 meters width) with 35 mirrors in CR.
· About 90km of absorber tubes to be inspected (180 km) in PT.
· A tower of 140 m, at 120m receiver tubes area of 11m height.
a b
Fig. 1. Solar plants used for validation; (a) parabolic through, (b) tower
Based on a set of selection criteria (positive impact in plant, novelty, feasibility, risk), several operations, to be performed autonomously by the robots, are selected:
· Ubiquitous sensing. The reflectivity index of the plant is a parameter of paramount importance in order to decide the cleaning and maintenance activities. Measurement of reflectivity is taken by a special purpose sensor, the reflectometer. A global field reflectivity index is obtained statistically using specific measurements in chosen mirrors from the solar field. The ground robot places a reflectometer on the specific points of the SCE, touching the mirrors and recording data.
· Leakage detection. In PT plants, Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) circulates at high temperature (around 390oC) inside the absorber tubes. HTF leakages are no desirables because oil must be replaced and this operation needs to put the SCE’s out of service during two or three days. Robots using thermography inspection techniques are performing this detection.
· Surface defects detection in vertical structures. In CR plants a receiver located at the top of a tower heats molten salts. The receiver is a polyhedral structure composed of several panels of pipes. Receiver pipes have an external coating in order to improve radiation absorption. This coating has a thickness of microns. The climbing robot moves on top of those panels performing eddy current inspection, to assess the status of the coating by measuring its thickness. Moreover, a visual camera records external surface to detect loss of coating.
· Surface defects detection in horizontal structures. It is estimated that 2% of the mirrors must be replaced every year, and 0,83% mirrors are permanently broken in the plant. Ground robots in the plant look for broken mirrors since early detection can contribute to improve this efficiency. In addition, the ground robot patrolling at night and using thermography inspection is used to identify any kind of loss of vacuum in absorber tubes.
· Internal defects detection. Detection of corrosion and internal defects in general (cracks, etc.) is required in many components in a power plant. The climbing robot will test the presence of this kind of possible defects in the collector tubes.
This paper is structured as follows, section 2 shows the design requirements and a description of the robots used in the project, section 3 explains in detail all the basic technologies developed to endow MAINBOT robots with the capabilities to autonomously perform maintenance activities, section 4 explains the different NDT approaches selected to detect degradation problems in industrial plants. Finally section 5 provides the main conclusions and future work.
2. Robot design
In MAINBOT new robotic platforms are re-designed considering all the requirements defined in the application scenarios and using previously existing platforms as a starting point. Table 1 shows a summary of the requirements considered.
Table 1. Requirements summary.
In addition, a Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS) methodology, applied to the robots redesign, has been followed. Based on the validation scenarios several analysis have been performed and both, hardware and software levels have been considered.
·Functional Analysis. The Functional Analysis (FA) is a top-down structured and systematic evaluation of both robot types. It is a qualitative method to identify and analyze all the functions related to the systems and subsystems integrated into each robot. The purpose is to assure that the robot does not cause or contribute in a significant way to personal injuries and/or material damages. This approach is combined with the design FMEA approach to obtain a list of potential Failure Modes, with their consequences and the existing proposed mitigations.
·Reliability and Maintainability Analysis. The objective is to calculate or predict the reliability of a robot at different stages during their design. Once the distributions for the Reliability and the Maintainability of each component have been calculated, simulation is used to calculate the Availability (A) of the whole robot. To evaluate system availability Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) and Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) are considered. Combining Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) representation with Monte-Carlo simulation allows evaluating Availability when there are complex configurations (based on time dependant distributions).
Based on all these requirements ground robot and vertical robot have been re-designed.
2.1. Ground robot re-design
As illustrated in Fig. 2, the ground robot is built around a rigid mechanical structure adapted to the off-road navigation. The ground robot is an electrically driven, 4 wheel-drive / 4 wheel-steer mobile robot base and has a very good clearing capacity, offering a real solution for reconnaissance, monitoring and safety operations while minimizing human risks. It uses a hydropneumatic suspension capable of absorbing high and low frequency vibrations induced by the ground.
Fig. 2. Ground robot description
2.2. Climbing/vertical robot re-design
The MAINBOT approach for the is to design the climbing robot for maintenance tasks of large plants not from the scratch but using and adapting a existing robot design [1]. The physical structure of the climbing robot is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Climbing robot; (a) front view, (b) back view, (c) prototype in a
mockup
3. Autonomous navigation and manipulation
The aim is to endow the robots with the capability to autonomously navigate and manipulate in unstructured environments.
3.1. Simulation
3D simulation is a powerful tool for exploring what-if scenarios and for providing valuable information before developing real prototypes. Benefits of using 3D simulation in robotics come from: the ability to develop robotic applications without hardware dependency and the cost reduction.
In MAINBOT realistic testing environments have been created in order to validate the algorithms developed using available robot, sensors and application environments. A 3D simulation is used for evaluating the use and implementation of the ground mobile base and the manipulator in maintenance activities. After the analysis of state of the art simulation environments such as MORSE [2], Webots [3], UsarSim [4], finally Gazebo [5]has been selected. Using different CAD files representing the environment (the validation scenario) the ground robot provided by the robot manufacturer and the arm, a Gazebo model has been built for the complete ground robot system as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Simulation environment; (a) Ground robot base, (b) Simulated ground robot, (c) Ground arm
3.2. Navigation
The navigation algorithms integrated in MAINBOT are designed to build a representation of the environment and generate robot trajectory plans considering the requirements of maintenance activities. Thus, several navigation strategies are considered, by the one hand, for ground navigation and on the other hand for vertical navigation.
In the case of ground robot, to navigate, the robot needs a representation of the environment given as a map. Navigation techniques heavily depend on the type of maps used. Most current localization systems use global, metric maps of the workspace. While convenient for small areas, global metric maps have inefficiencies of scale and in addition, are sensible to inaccuracies in both map-making and odometry performance of the robot. Because of the abovementioned reasons, it is becoming common in the field of mobile robotics to use hybrid maps that integrate different representations. Several authors [6] [7] propose combining the topological and the metric paradigm and they have shown that characteristics of both can be integrated. In MAINBOT the approach is to use a hybrid map consisting of a topological graph overlaid with local occupancy grids. As MAINBOT scenario is a completely outdoor scenario the localization problem is solved integrating a dGPS system, an RTK 2 (0.02 m accuracy) with a GPS/INS (inertial navigation system) to overcome the lack of information when GPS signal is lost.
The general localization approach in the vertical robot was adapted to the polygonal shape of the receiver scenario. Hereby the robot position relative to the tube panels is important for conducting accurate measurements with the onboard sensor equipment. The sensor localization depends on the position of the crane, the cable winches and the robot movement influenced by external facts such as wind forces and (contact) forces due to interaction with the panels. For the operation of the climbing robot at vertical structures global and local localization functions are considered:
· Global positioning at the receiver above the selected panel and at the right tower height for docking the robot to the panel and for climbing at the panel.
· Local positioning of the NDT sensors and cameras at the receiver tubes relative to the robot at the tubes generatrix and maintaining distance to the panel constant.
3.3. Manipulation
Robots working in unstructured environments have to be aware of their surroundings, avoiding collisions with any kind of obstacles. The manipulation algorithms integrated in MAINBOT are designed to build a representation of the environment using a set of sensors (laser, ultrasound, vision) and generate robot trajectory plans considering the requirements of maintenance activities. Thus, several planning strategies are considered:
·Planning arm movements with collision avoidance.
·Relative arm movements guided by sensory input.
These strategies allow providing mechanisms in order to perform inspection activities such as positioning of a inspection elements on a surface or tracking an element based on input coming from the inspection system.
3.4. Interoperability
The interoperability of the heterogeneous elements in the robotic solution is guaranteed by a general architecture on top of ROS [8] middleware that facilitates the organization, the maintainability and the efficiency of the software.
Fig. 5 shows the general overview of the robotic architecture: the robot receives as input maintenance tasks called missions either from the user interface (GUI) or an external application (End User). Afterwards, the Manager is in charge of decomposing the missions into tasks that can be performed by the Robotic Components. As explained before, the maintenance robotic system consists of several subcomponents like a mobile base, a manipulator and inspection sensors and systems, etc. During mission execution the Inspection Systems provide feedback about the status of the plant facilities.
Fig. 5. System architecture
4. Non-destructive inspection techniques
Non Destructive Test (NDT) techniques are used to assess the different degradation problems to be tackled in an industrial plant: surface defects, leakages and internal defects.
4.1. Eddy current technology
Eddy current inspection is one of several NDT methods that uses “electromagnetism” as the basis for conducting examinations. Eddy current technique allows measuring coating thickness or tube thickness. Existing NDT instrumentation has been selected and adapted to MAINBOT requirements. Two types of ET sensors have been designed and manufactured: low frequency coils (to operate around 1 KHz) and high frequency coils (to operate around 1.5 MHz) shown in Fig. 6. The sensors are protected with a sapphire layer, to protect both tube paint layer and sensor surface. Raw eddy current data is processed on line, and compared with previously calibrated data. Visual inspection is simultaneously carried out to detect external degradation in the tubes. This information is combined with eddy current data (data fusion).
Fig. 6. Eddy current sensor coils
4.2. Thermography technology
When a tube is degraded, and there is a vacuum loss, a gradient of temperature can be detected. The algorithm performs several operations on the thermal images acquired with a thermographic camera (FLIR ThermoVision? A20) that is mounted on the ground robot manipulator in an eye-in-hand configuration. Fig. 7 shows an example of the thermal image when vacuum lost is detected. The detection algorithm works in real time coordinated with the ground robot manipulator movements. The tracking algorithm calculates the arm movements in order to hold the tube in the field of view of the thermal camera.
Fig. 7. Results of thermography inspection system, detecting vacuum lost
5. Conclusions
Efficient and effective maintenance is crucial for all kind of industries. In the case of capital intensive investment industries it is even more relevant and has an important impact in the operation costs during the long life cycle of their production means.
MAINBOT proposes using service robots to autonomously execute inspection tasks. A set of application scenarios that cover the general requirements of the maintenance activities in large industries have been selected.
Two kind of robotic solutions are developed in MAINBOT. Ground robot, a mobile manipulator composed of a mobile base and a 6DOF manipulator. The ground robot has to move in a large area, the solar field, and it has to reach different inspection areas in the plant and stop at pre-established points.
The vertical robot consists of a mobile base and an internal arm for inspection system positioning. The climbing robot has to move in a vertical structure, a tower.
MAINBOT is developing technologies for ground autonomous navigation and manipulation. Eddy current and thermography based algorithms have been developed and integrated in robotic platforms.
In the near future the validation of the development will be performed in two solar plants in the south of Spain.
Acknowledgements
This work has been partially funded by the European Community''s Seventh Framework Programme (FoF.NMP.2011-3) under grant agreement no 285245.
References
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