2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 新人教版.doc
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2019-2020年高三英語大一輪復(fù)習(xí)講義 語法知識(shí) 專題五 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 新人教版 一、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的用法 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (1)由連詞if,unless,however等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間(條件、讓步)狀語從句,需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。 However much advice you give him,he will do exactly what he wants. (2)安排或計(jì)劃要做的動(dòng)作(有時(shí)間狀語)限于begin,e,leave,go,arrive等一類動(dòng)詞。 I arrive in Beijing at 3∶00 p.m. tomorrow. 2.一般過去時(shí) 過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的行為,常與every day,often,sometimes等時(shí)間狀語連用。 I used to play football when I was young. 3.一般將來時(shí) (1)will+do表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與一些表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用;或表示事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢(shì)。 Fish will die without water. 注意:臨時(shí)決定做某事,只能用此時(shí)態(tài)。 —The lights in the classroom are still on. —Sorry,I’ll go and turn them off. (2)be going to+do表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。此外還表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象,對(duì)未來進(jìn)行推測(cè)。 Look at the clouds.It is going to rain. (3)be about to+do表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,意為“正要;很快,馬上”。后面一般不跟具體的時(shí)間狀語,但是可以由when連接一個(gè)并列句。 We are about to leave. (4)be to+do表示事先商定、安排或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情;還表示可能性、必要、責(zé)任、義務(wù)、禁止等。 She is to get married next month. (5)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞(go,e,leave,start,arrive等),可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。 Uncle Wang is ing. 4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示說話人對(duì)主語的行為表示贊嘆或厭惡等感情色彩,常與always,constantly,continually等副詞連用。 She is always asking the same question. 5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或者還要延續(xù)下去,句中常有since,for,yet,already等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語。 Great changes have taken place in China since 1980. 6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的過去某個(gè)階段正在做的事情。 He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday. 7.過去完成時(shí) (1)表示在過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或者從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到過去另一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here. (2)表示希望或打算的動(dòng)詞(如hope,want,expect,think,suppose,plan,mean,intend等)的過去完成時(shí),后接不定式to do時(shí),表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算,即“本來希望或打算做某事(但卻沒做)”。 I had planned to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so. (3)用于下列特殊句型中: ①hardly/scarcely/barely had...done...when...;no sooner had...done...than...。從句中用一般過去時(shí),表示“剛剛……就……”。 Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. ②It/That/This was the first/second...time+that從句。that從句要用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)。 It was the second time he had been out with her. 8.過去將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的觀點(diǎn)來預(yù)計(jì)以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),這種時(shí)態(tài)常用于賓語從句中,主句常是一般過去時(shí)。 He always said that he would study hard at that time. 二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法 1.不知道動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰或難以說明時(shí)常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 Street lights are often turned on at six in winter. 2.當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者比起動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者來說更能引起人們的關(guān)注而需要加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop. 3.含有雙賓語的句子,主動(dòng)句中的間接賓語或者直接賓語都可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)中的主語,另一個(gè)保留不變。變?yōu)橹髡Z的若是主動(dòng)句中的直接賓語,間接賓語前則需加介詞to或for。 The pianist gave the pupils(間接賓語) some advice (直接賓語). →The pupils were given some advice by the pianist. →Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist. 4.在主動(dòng)語態(tài)句中,動(dòng)詞make,have,let,see,watch,hear,feel等后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式不加to。但變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)后面的不定式都需加上to。 The boss made them work ten hours a day. →They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss. 三、注意事項(xiàng) 1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用法注意點(diǎn) (1)狀態(tài)性動(dòng)詞不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。 (2)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和副詞always,forever等連用時(shí),往往帶有一定的感情色彩,如贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)、不滿、抱怨等。 2.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的未完成性、持續(xù)性,著眼于動(dòng)作的過程;一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作的完成,即動(dòng)作發(fā)生過,且已結(jié)束,著眼于結(jié)果。 She was writing a report last night and I don’t know if she has finished it.(表示昨晚一直在寫) She wrote a report last night.(表示昨晚寫了,并且寫好了) 3.語態(tài) (1)動(dòng)詞sell,write,read等與well,smoothly,easily等連用時(shí),說明主語內(nèi)在的“性能”、“特點(diǎn)”,用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。 (2)表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞如smell,taste,feel,sound,look,prove等無被動(dòng)語態(tài),用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 (3)不及物動(dòng)詞及一些固定短語不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài):e up,run out,give out等。 (4)以被動(dòng)的形式表主動(dòng)意義:有些動(dòng)詞devote,surprise,seat,hide,station,dress等,由于能接反身代詞,因此,可用被動(dòng)形式表主動(dòng)意義。 時(shí)態(tài)答題技巧 技巧1 熟練掌握常見的固定句型 在一些固定句型中,對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)有特別的規(guī)定,我們可以把這作為判斷時(shí)態(tài)的一個(gè)依據(jù)。如下面的常見句型: 1.This/It/That is the first/second/last...time+that...如主句中動(dòng)詞用is,則that從句中動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);如主句中動(dòng)詞用was,則that從句動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。 This is the first time I have visited China. 這是我第一次參觀中國。 It was the first time I’d had visitors since I’d moved to London.那是我搬到倫敦以后第一次有人來看我。 2.主句+since +從句。在該句型中,主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),(若主句主語是it或表示時(shí)間的詞時(shí),還可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)),since從句常用一般過去時(shí)(偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的情況)。 Cath hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin. Cath自從去了柏林還沒有打來過電話。 It is three years since I joined the army. 我參軍3年了。 3.It is (high) time that...在that從句中常用動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)或should do。 It’s time that we went to school. 到我們上學(xué)的時(shí)間了。 4.It + be...before...這種結(jié)構(gòu)意為“要……時(shí)間才……”或“在……時(shí)間以后才……”。若be動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí),則before從句中常用一般過去時(shí);若be動(dòng)詞用將來時(shí),則before從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 It will be a long time before we meet again. 要過很久我們才能重逢。 It was half a year before I heard from him. 半年之后我才收到他的信。 5.hardly/scarcely...when...;no sooner...than...在這兩個(gè)句型中,when從句和than從句中常用一般過去時(shí),主句常用過去完成時(shí)。意為“一……就……”。 No sooner had I left than he came. 他一來我就離開了。 6.was/were about to do...when...在when從句中常用一般過去時(shí)。 I was about to leave when he came. 我正要離開這時(shí)他來了。 [考題印證] The book has been translated into thirty languages since it________on the market in 1973. (xx重慶,24) A.had e B.has e C.came D.es 答案 C 解析 句意為:自從1973年上市以來,這本書已經(jīng)被翻譯成了30種語言。主句是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句用一般過去時(shí),表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去。 技巧2 利用試題中提供的時(shí)間狀語確定時(shí)態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài)往往和一些特定的時(shí)間狀語連用。如:every..., sometimes, at..., on Sunday等常和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)連用;...ago, the other day, in xx, last week, just now等常和一般過去時(shí)連用;now, at present, at this time等常和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)連用;tomorrow, next week, in +時(shí)間段等常和一般將來時(shí)連用;by the end of last week, before I went there等常標(biāo)志著過去完成時(shí)。同時(shí)要注意,像副詞always, forever, constantly等常與進(jìn)行時(shí)連用,表示說話者的贊揚(yáng)、批評(píng)、生氣等語氣。 [考題印證] —Why do you know the pany so well? —Oh,I________there for three years. A.worked B.would work C.had worked D.was working 答案 A 解析 有些考生認(rèn)為“for three years”是完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志,于是誤選C。其實(shí),過去完成時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)之前的情況,顯然與語境不符,因此正確答案為A。 技巧3 利用上下文語境推測(cè)時(shí)態(tài) 很多試題中沒有時(shí)間狀語,但是我們可以從試題所提供的語言環(huán)境或上下文來推測(cè)出動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間或從雙方的交談中“捕捉”到時(shí)間點(diǎn),這就要求學(xué)生要有宏觀把握句子和分析句子的能力。 [考題印證] —Were you surprised by the ending of the film? —No.I________the book,so I already knew the story.(xx安徽,28) A.was reading B.had read C.a(chǎn)m reading D.have read 答案 B 解析 句意為:——你對(duì)這部電影的結(jié)局驚訝嗎?——不,我已經(jīng)讀過這本書,早知道結(jié)局了。從上下文句意看,應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)。 技巧4 利用時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)來把握時(shí)態(tài) 若主句是一般過去時(shí),賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)常用與過去相關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)(表客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理的從句總用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí));若主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí),賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)不受主句的限制,可根據(jù)需要選用時(shí)態(tài)。在時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中,若主句為一般將來時(shí),從句往往用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來,或主句為過去時(shí),則從句也用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過去時(shí)。 He said that he had helped Tom. 他說他已經(jīng)幫過湯姆了。 I think he is ill today.我認(rèn)為他今天病了。 You will fail the test if you don’t work hard. 如果你學(xué)習(xí)不努力,你考試會(huì)不及格。 [考題印證] If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring,you________fresh watermelon in the fall. (xx浙江,5) A.eat B.would eat C.have eaten D.will be eating 答案 D 解析 句意為:如果你春天播下西瓜種子,那么(整個(gè))秋天就會(huì)吃上新鮮的西瓜了。因?yàn)閺木溆昧艘话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí),那么主句就要用一般將來時(shí)。因in the fall在此句中意為“在整個(gè)秋天”,相當(dāng)于during the fall,強(qiáng)調(diào)了完整的時(shí)間段,故用will be eating將來進(jìn)行時(shí),表示在未來一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 語態(tài)答題技巧 技巧1 固定搭配法 英語中有許多固定短語,如make use of, pay attention to, find fault with, take care of, take advantage of, keep pace with等,在試題中,常把短語中的名詞拿出來作句子的主語,剩下的動(dòng)詞作謂語動(dòng)詞,如果能夠看出它們構(gòu)成固定的短語動(dòng)詞,則問題迎刃而解。 [考題印證] The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune________. (xx大綱全國Ⅰ,32) A.is made B.would make C.was to be made D.had made 答案 C 解析 句意為:在澳大利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)黃金這件事情使成千上萬的人相信要發(fā)財(cái)了。thousands在此處指代成千上萬的人,由led的時(shí)態(tài)可知A項(xiàng)不符合句意;而had made為過去完成時(shí),發(fā)生在led動(dòng)作之前,不符合語境;would make應(yīng)該為would be made;故只有was to be made正確。 技巧2 習(xí)慣表達(dá)法 在英語中有一些習(xí)慣表達(dá),它們往往用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義,如need/want/require/deserve doing =need/want/require/deserve to be done,be worth doing...等,在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中,要注意歸納和總結(jié)。 [考題印證] Would you please make up a topic worth________in tomorrow’s conference? A.discussing B.to be discussed C.to discussed D.being discussed 答案 A 解析 worth作后置定語,修飾the topic;worth后常用doing,主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。 1.Until we have discussed all the details,no decision ________ about any new operations. A.will be made B.is made C.is being made D.has been made 答案 A 解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)。 until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的是將來的動(dòng)作,所以,主句用一般將來時(shí)。 2.In the past few years thousands of films ________ all over the world. A.have produced B.have been produced C.a(chǎn)re producing D.a(chǎn)re being produced 答案 B 解析 In the past few years為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志,主語“電影”和謂語動(dòng)詞“produce”為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,所以用完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 3.Sorry.I would have e earlier,but I ________that you were waiting. A.didn’t know B.hadn’t known C.don’t know D.haven’t known 答案 A 解析 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意為:對(duì)不起,我該早來的,但是我不知道你一直在等我。前半部分用的是虛擬語氣,是對(duì)過去情況的虛擬,后半部分?jǐn)⑹龅氖且粋€(gè)事實(shí),意思是當(dāng)時(shí)我不知道你在等,所以用一般過去時(shí)。 4.We’d better take umbrellas—I’m sure it ________ when we arrive in London;it’s always wet there at this time of year. A.will rain B.is raining C.will be raining D.would rain 答案 C 解析 考查動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的是將來的動(dòng)作,表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,用將來進(jìn)行時(shí),故選C。 5.Close the door of fear behind you,and you ________ the door of faith open before you. (xx湖南,25) A.saw B.have seen C.will see D.a(chǎn)re seeing 答案 C 解析 句意為:關(guān)上你身后的懼怕之門,你就會(huì)看到信心之門在你面前敞開著。該句為:祈使句+and+陳述句。根據(jù)句意,陳述句謂語應(yīng)該用一般將來時(shí)態(tài)。 6.I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers________before my eyes. (xx新課標(biāo)全國,33) A.swim B.swum C.swam D.had swum 答案 C 解析 句意為:整個(gè)下午我都在做數(shù)學(xué)題,眾多數(shù)字在我眼前晃來晃去。本題中的誤導(dǎo)信息是had been working on,這是過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),受其誤導(dǎo)易選D項(xiàng),但是這里應(yīng)用swam陳述過去的事實(shí),所以選C項(xiàng)。 7.—You’ve got your flat furnished,haven’t you? —Yes.I ________ some used furniture at the Sunday Market and it was a real bargain. A.will buy B.have bought C.had bought D.bought 答案 D 解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)。由后面的was可以看出,買二手家具是過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作,所以用一般過去時(shí)。 8.In the weeks before the Academy Awards ceremony,movie reviewers make predictions about which movies and actors________. A.have awarded B.will award C.a(chǎn)re awarded D.will be awarded 答案 D 解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。由make predictions可以看出,動(dòng)作還沒有發(fā)生,所以用將來時(shí),電影和演員是被獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的,所以用被動(dòng)語態(tài),故選D。 9.—Look! Somebody________the sofa. —Well,it wasn’t me.I didn’t do it.(xx江西,26) A.is cleaning B.was cleaning C.has cleaned D.had cleaned 答案 C 解析 從后面的回答可以看出事情已經(jīng)完成了,前面一句是著重談對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。句意為:——看,有人已經(jīng)清理了沙發(fā)?!?,不是我,我沒有做。 10.—Can I call you back at two o’clock this afternoon? —I’m sorry,but by then I ________ to Beijing.How about five?(xx陜西,24) A.fly B.will fly C.will be flying D.a(chǎn)m flying 答案 C 解析 考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)問句中的two o’clock和答句中的by then可知所填詞表示的動(dòng)作在當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行,用將來進(jìn)行時(shí),故選C。 11.It was a pity that when we got to the cinema,the movie ________,so we saw only the end of t. A.was finishing B.has just finished C.just finished D.had just finished 答案 A 解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)。由下文的so we saw only the end of it可以看出,我們到的時(shí)候電影還沒有放完,看到的是結(jié)尾,也就是說馬上要放映完了,所以用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來時(shí)。 12.She ________ volleyball regularly for many years when she was young. A.was playing B.played C.has played D.had played 答案 B 解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)。由后面的時(shí)間狀語when she was young來判斷,這是客觀的敘述過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作,所以應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí)。如果忽略了when she was young,僅僅從for many years判斷,就會(huì)誤選C。 13.—Have you seen Tom recently? —No.He ________ for a software pany overseas. A.worked B.had worked C.is working D.was working 答案 C 解析 考查時(shí)態(tài)。答語承前省略了標(biāo)志詞recently,所以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 14.Next month a new road________in that part of the city. A.is built B.will be built C.will have built D.is being built 答案 B 解析 next month 與一般將來時(shí)連用,且句子的主語a new road 與 build之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故B項(xiàng)正確。 15.You are not allowed to go into the meeting room.A secret plan________there. 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