巧克力顆粒糖果包裝機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)【含8張CAD圖帶開題報(bào)告+外文翻譯-獨(dú)家】.zip
巧克力顆粒糖果包裝機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)【含8張CAD圖帶開題報(bào)告+外文翻譯-獨(dú)家】.zip,含8張CAD圖帶開題報(bào)告+外文翻譯-獨(dú)家,巧克力,顆粒,糖果,裝機(jī),結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),CAD,開題,報(bào)告,外文,翻譯,獨(dú)家
目 錄
1 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 1
1.1英文文獻(xiàn)原文 2
1.2中文翻譯3
2 專業(yè)閱讀書目 4
2.1 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 5
2.2 機(jī)械原理6
2.3 機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 5
2.4 Creo2.0機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)教程6
2.5 單片機(jī)原理及接口技術(shù) 5
2.6 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)6
2.7 現(xiàn)代工程制圖 5
2.8 機(jī)械零部件選用與設(shè)計(jì)6
2.9 材料力學(xué) 5
2.10 理論力學(xué)6
1 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯
1.1 Modern Packaging
Author：
Abstract
1. Changing Needs and New Roles
Looking back, historical changes are understandable and obvious. That all of them have had an impact on the way products are brought, consumed and packaged is also obvious. What is not so obvious is what tomorrow will bring. Yet, it is to the needs, markets, and conditions of tomorrow that packaging professionals must always turn their attention.
The forces that drove packaging during the Industry Revolution continue to operate today. The consumer society continues to grow and is possibly best described by a 1988s bumper sticker, “Born to Shop”. We consume goods today at a rate 4 to 5 times greater than we did as recently as 1935.
Most of these goods are not essential to survival; they constitute what we may call “the good life”.
In the second half of the 20th century， the proliferation of goods was so high that packaging was forced into an entirely new role, that of providing the motivation rather than presenting the goods itself. On a shelf of 10 competing products, all of them similar in performance and quality, the only method of differentiating became the package itself.
Marketer aimed at lifestyles, emotional values, subliminal images, features, and advantages beyond the basic product rather than the competitor’s. In some in instances, the package has become the product, and occasionally packaging has become entertainment.
A brand product to carry the product manufacturer or product sales of the retailer’s label, usually by the buyer as a quality assessment guidance. In some cases, competing brands of product quality is almost no difference, a difference is the sale of its packaging. An interesting visually attractive packaging can give a key marketing advantage and convince impulse spending. However, the packaging should accurately reflect the quality of products/brand value in order to avoid the disappointment of consumers, encourage repeat purchases and build brand loyalty. Ideally, the product should exceed customer expectations.
2. Packaging and the Modern Industrial Society
The importance of packaging to a modern industrial society is most evident when we examine the food-packaging sector. Food is organic in nature, having an animal or plant source. One characteristic of such organic matter is that, by and large, it has a limited natural biological life. A cut of meat, left to itself, might be unfit for human consumption by the next day. Some animal protein products, such as seafood, can deteriorate within hours.
The natural shelf life of plant-based food depends on the species and plant involved. Pulpy fruit portions tend to have a short life span, while seed parts, which in nature have to survive at least separated from the living plant are usually short-lived.
In addition to having a limited natural shelf life, most food is geographically and season-ally specific. Thus, potatoes and apples are grown in a few North American geographical regions and harvest during a short maturation period. In a world without packaging，we would need to live at the point of harvest to enjoy these products, and our enjoyment of them would be restricted to the natural biological life span of each.
It is by proper storage, packaging and transport techniques that we are able to deliver fresh potatoes and apples, or the products derived from them, throughout the year and throughout the country. Potato-whole, canned, powdered, flaked, chipped, frozen, and instant is available, anytime, anywhere. This ability gives a society great freedom and mobility. Unlike less-developed societies, we are no longer restricted in our choice of where to live, since we are no longer tied to the food-producing ability of an area. Food production becomes more specialized and efficient with the growth of packaging. Crops and animal husbandry are moved to where their production is most economical, without regard to the proximity of a market. Most important, we are free of the natural cycles of feast and famine that are typical of societies dependent on natural regional food-producing cycles.
Central processing allows value recovery from what would normally be waste by products of the processed food industry from the basis of other sub-industries. Chicken feathers are high in protein and, properly mill and treated, can be fed back to the next generation of chickens. Vegetable waste is fed to cattle or pigs. Bagasse, the waste cane from sugar pressing, is a source of fiber for papermaking. Fish scales are refined to make additives for paints and nail polish.
The economical manufacture of durable goods also depends on good packaging. A product's cost is directly related to production volume. The business drive to reduce costs in the supply chain must be carefully balanced against the fundamental technical requirements for food safety and product integrity, as well as the need to ensure an. efficient logistics service. In addition, there is a requirement to meet the aims of marketing to protect and project brand image through value-added pack design. The latter may involve design inputs that communicate distinctive, aesthetically pleasing, ergonomic, functional and/or environmentally aware attributes. But for a national or international bicycle producer to succeed, it must be a way of getting the product to a market, which may be half a world away. Again, sound packaging, in this case distribution packaging, is a key part of the system.
Some industries could not exist without an international market. For example, Canada is a manufacturer of irradiation equipment, but the Canadian market (which would account for perhaps one unit every several years) could not possibly support such a manufacturing capability. However, by selling to the world, a manufacturing facility becomes viable. In addition to needing packaging for the irradiation machinery and instrumentation, the sale of irradiation equipment requires the sale packaging and transport of radioactive isotopes, a separate challenge in itself. In response to changing consumer lifestyles, the large retail groups and the food service industry development. Their success has been involved in a competition fierce hybrid logistics, trade, marketing and customer service expertise, all of which is dependent on the quality of packaging. They have in part led to the expansion of the dramatic range of products offered, technology innovation, including those in the packaging. Supply retail, food processing and packaging industry will continue to expand its international operations. Sourcing products around the world more and more to assist in reducing trade barriers. The impact of the decline has been increased competition and price pressure. Increased competition led to the rationalization of industrial structure, often in the form of mergers and acquisitions. Packaging, it means that new materials and shapes, increased automation, packaging, size range extension of lower unit cost. Another manufacturer and mergers and acquisitions, the Group's brand of retail packaging and packaging design re-evaluation of the growing development of market segmentation and global food supply chain to promote the use of advanced logistics and packaging systems packaging logistics system is an integral part of, and played an important role in prevention in the food supply or reduce waste generation.
3. World Packaging.
This discussion has referred to primitive packaging and the evolution of packaging functions. However, humankind's global progress is such that virtually every stage in the development of society and packaging is present somewhere in the world today. Thus, a packager in a highly developed country will agonize over choice of package type, hire expensive marketing groups to develop images to entice the targeted buyer and spend lavishly on graphics. In less-developed countries, consumers are happy to have food, regardless of the package. At the extreme, consumers will bring their own packages or will consume food on the spot, just as they did 2000 years ago.
Packagers from the more developed countries sometimes have difficulty working with less-developed nations, for the simple reason that they fail to understand that their respective packaging priorities are completely different. Similarly, developing nations trying to sell goods to North American markets cannot understand our preoccupation with package and graphics.
The significant difference is that packaging plays a different role in a market where rice will sell solely because it is available. In the North American market, the consumer may be confronted by five different companies offering rice in 30 or so variations. If all the rice is good and none is inferior, how does a seller create a preference for his particular rice? How does he differentiate? The package plays a large role in this process.
The package-intensive developed countries are sometimes criticized for over packaging, and certainly over-packaging does exist. However, North Americans also enjoy the world's cheapest food, requiring only about 11 to 14% of our disposable income. European food costs are about 20% of disposable income, and in the less-developed countries food can take 95% of family income.
4. The status and development trend of domestic and international packaging machinery
Worldwide, the history of the development of the packaging machinery industry is relatively short, science and technology developed in Europe and America in general started in the 20th century until the 1950s the pace greatly accelerated.
From the early 20th century, before the end of World War II World War II，medicine，food, cigarettes，matches，household chemicals and other industrial sectors, the mechanization of the packaging operations; the 1950s, the packaging machine widely used common electric switches and tube for the main components of the control system to achieve the primary automation; 1960s, Electrical and optical liquid-gas technology is significantly increased in the packaging machine, machines to further expand on this basis a dedicated automated packaging line; the 1970s, the micro- electronic technology into the automation of packaging machines and packaging lines, computer control packing production process; from the 1980s to the early 1990s, in some field of packaging, computer, robot application for service, testing and management, in preparation for the over-flexible automatic packaging lines and "no" automatic packaging workshop.
Actively promoted and strong co-ordination of all aspects of society, and gradually establish a packaging material, packaging, printing, packaging machinery and other production sectors, and corresponding to the research, design, education, academic, management and organization, and thus the formation of independent and complete. The packaging of light industrial system, and occupies an important place in the national economy as a whole. Based on recent years data that members of the World Packaging Alliance output value of the packaging industry accounts for about 2% of the total output value of the national economy; in which the proportion of packaging machinery, though not large, but the rapid development of an annual average of almost growing at a rate of about 10%. Put into use at the packaging machine is now more than thousand species of packaging joint machines and automated equipment has been stand-alone equate. According to the new technological revolution in the world development trend is expected to packaging materials and packaging process and packaging machinery will be closely related to obtain the breakthrough of a new step, and bring more sectors into the packaging industry.
China Packaging Technology Association was established in 1980. Soon, the China National Packaging Corporation have been born. Since then, one after another in the country organized a national and international packaging machinery exhibition, seminars, also published I had the first ever "China Packaging Yearbook and other packaging technology books. All this indicates that China is creating a new packaging historical period.
1.2中文翻譯
現(xiàn)代包裝
1、不斷變化的需求和新的角色,
回顧以往,包裝所帶來(lái)明顯的歷史性變化是可以理解的, 一個(gè)產(chǎn)品包裝方式的給他們的銷量帶來(lái)的影響也是顯而易見的。包裝會(huì)給明天帶來(lái)什么樣的影響是難以預(yù)料的。然而,包裝專業(yè)人員是未來(lái)市場(chǎng)的需求,必須始終注意力放在他們身上。包裝是工業(yè)革命的動(dòng)力,繼續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)的必須品。隨著社會(huì)消費(fèi)的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),20世紀(jì)80年代的包裝可能是銷量最好的保證。今天我們消費(fèi)的商品率大于我們?cè)?1935年4至5倍。這些貨物大多是沒有生存的必要條件;他們構(gòu)成什么,我們可以稱之為“美化生活”.
在下半年的20世紀(jì),商品的擴(kuò)散是如此之高,包裝,被迫進(jìn)入一個(gè)全新的角色,它已經(jīng)成為主要的購(gòu)買動(dòng)機(jī)而不是只靠提供貨物本身的價(jià)值。貨架上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)品,包裝本身成為區(qū)分所有這些類似商品的性能和質(zhì)量的唯一方法。生活方式,情感價(jià)值,潛意識(shí)的圖像,功能,優(yōu)勢(shì)超出基本產(chǎn)品本身的東西,成為營(yíng)銷的方式,將使他們的產(chǎn)品比競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手更容易獲得消費(fèi)者的青睞。在一些實(shí)例中,包裝已成為產(chǎn)品,和偶爾的包裝已成為娛樂。一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的品牌標(biāo)簽攜帶該產(chǎn)品的制造商或產(chǎn)品銷售零售商,一般是買方作為質(zhì)量評(píng)估的指導(dǎo)。有時(shí),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)品牌的產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)是幾乎沒有區(qū)別,有區(qū)別的是它,的包裝銷售。包裝可以給消費(fèi)者一個(gè)有趣的視覺吸引力,這個(gè)關(guān)鍵的營(yíng)銷優(yōu)勢(shì)可以說(shuō)服消費(fèi)者有消費(fèi)的沖動(dòng)。然而,為了避免消費(fèi)者失望,鼓勵(lì)消費(fèi)者重復(fù)購(gòu)買和建設(shè)品牌的忠誠(chéng)度,包裝應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確地反映產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和品牌價(jià)值。理想的情況下,產(chǎn)品應(yīng)超越客戶的期望。
2、 包裝和現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會(huì)
我們檢查食品部門時(shí),表現(xiàn)得最為明顯包裝對(duì)現(xiàn)代社會(huì)工業(yè)的重要性。所有食物在本質(zhì)上是有機(jī)的,包括動(dòng)物或植物。總的來(lái)說(shuō),它有有限的自然生物生命是這種有機(jī)物質(zhì)的特點(diǎn)之一。切下的肉,留到第二天,可能已經(jīng)不適合人類食用了。一些動(dòng)物性蛋白質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品,如海鮮,可以在數(shù)小時(shí)內(nèi)壞掉。
天然的植物為基礎(chǔ)的食品貨架壽命取決于涉及的品種和植物。水果部分往往有一個(gè)很短的壽命而變腐爛,種子部分,有更長(zhǎng)的壽命,在自然界生存直到下一個(gè)生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)。從活體植物分開的莖和葉保質(zhì)期通常也是短暫的。
除了有一個(gè)有限的自然保質(zhì)期,大多數(shù)食品保質(zhì)同地理和季節(jié)是息息相關(guān)的。例如,生長(zhǎng)在北美一些地區(qū)土豆和蘋果的成熟期很短造成收獲時(shí)間也很短。在一個(gè)沒有包裝的世界里,收獲的時(shí)候和我們享受他們的時(shí)候?qū)?huì)受到每個(gè)生物本身壽命的限制。通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)膬?chǔ)存、包裝和運(yùn)輸?shù)募夹g(shù),使我們能夠在一年四季向全國(guó)各地提供新鮮的土豆和蘋果,從中獲得更好的產(chǎn)品,例如馬鈴薯有整體、罐頭、粉狀、片狀、芯片,冰凍各種方式的包裝,讓我們?cè)谌魏螘r(shí)候、任何地方都,可以隨時(shí)食用。這種能力使社會(huì)具有極大的自由和機(jī)動(dòng)性。與欠發(fā)達(dá)的社會(huì)相比,我們不再受到在哪里居住的局限性,因?yàn)槲覀儾辉僖蕾囉谝粋€(gè)地區(qū)的糧食生產(chǎn)的能力。隨著包裝的快速發(fā)展,糧食生產(chǎn)變得更加專業(yè)化和高效化。他們可以生產(chǎn)最 經(jīng)濟(jì)的作物和畜牧業(yè),而不用考慮附近有沒有市場(chǎng)。最重要的是,我們不再靠自然循環(huán)來(lái)決定饑荒還是豐收,是典型的社會(huì)依賴天然食品生產(chǎn)的區(qū)域。
食品加工行業(yè)的產(chǎn)品從其他子行業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)控制處理可以獲得廢物的回,收的價(jià)值。雞毛是高蛋白,適當(dāng)?shù)募庸ず吞幚?做成飼料,可以反饋到雞的下一代。廢棄的蔬菜可以喂養(yǎng)?；蜇i。甘蔗糖的廢物甘蔗渣,是用于造紙的纖維來(lái)源。魚鱗可以提煉出涂料和指甲油的添加劑。
一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的成本直接關(guān)系到生產(chǎn)量,減少供應(yīng)鏈中的成本一定要仔細(xì),它是驅(qū)動(dòng)業(yè)務(wù)拓展的動(dòng)力,反對(duì)對(duì)食品安全的基本技術(shù)要求和平衡產(chǎn)品的完整性,以及需要確保一個(gè)高效的物流服務(wù)。 此外,經(jīng)濟(jì)耐用物品的制造還取決于良好的包裝。還有一個(gè)要求,品牌形象包裝設(shè)計(jì)要保護(hù)項(xiàng)目通過(guò)和增值,以滿足市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷的目標(biāo)。后者可能涉及鮮明,美觀,符合人性化要求,同時(shí)要附帶溝通功能和環(huán)保意識(shí)的屬性。但是,對(duì)于一個(gè)國(guó)家或國(guó)際自動(dòng)包裝生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的成功,它必須獲得市場(chǎng),這可能是一種方式。再次要塑造完善的包裝,在這種情況下選擇分銷包裝是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵部分。
有些行業(yè)可能沒有國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的存在。例如,加拿大是一個(gè)輻射設(shè)備的制造商,但在加拿大市場(chǎng)(這或許一個(gè)單位占每隔幾年)不可能支持這樣的制造能力。然而,一個(gè)包裝制造工廠的產(chǎn)生成功使其產(chǎn)品暢銷世界。除了需要照射機(jī)械和儀器儀表的包裝,放射性同位素輻照設(shè)備的銷售也需要銷售包裝和運(yùn)輸?shù)?這是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn),需要安全的包裝和運(yùn)輸放射性同位素,這本身就是一個(gè)特殊的挑戰(zhàn)。在回應(yīng)消費(fèi)者不斷變化的生活方式,大型零售集團(tuán)和食品服務(wù)行業(yè)發(fā)展。他們的成功已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的混合后勤,貿(mào)易、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷和客戶服務(wù), 所有的這些依賴于高質(zhì)量的包裝。他們已經(jīng)戲劇性的帶動(dòng)了提供的部分產(chǎn)品范圍的擴(kuò)大,使技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,包括那些包裝。供應(yīng)的零售,食品加工和包裝行業(yè)將繼續(xù)以擴(kuò)大其國(guó)際業(yè)務(wù)。采購(gòu)世界各地產(chǎn)品越來(lái)越多的協(xié)助下,在不斷減少貿(mào)易壁壘。隨著競(jìng)爭(zhēng)越來(lái)越激烈價(jià)格的影響一直在不斷下降。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇導(dǎo)致了產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的合理化,往往以兼并和收購(gòu)的形式。包裝,它意味著通過(guò)新材料和形狀, 自動(dòng)化程度的提高,包裝尺寸范圍的延伸,使單位成本降低。另一個(gè)制造商和兼并和收購(gòu),本集團(tuán)的零售包裝和包裝設(shè)計(jì)的市場(chǎng)分割和全球食品供應(yīng)鏈的推廣使用先進(jìn)包裝系統(tǒng)和包裝物流系統(tǒng)的日益發(fā)展是重新評(píng)估的品牌不可分割的一部分,并在食品供應(yīng)和預(yù)防或減少?gòu)U物的產(chǎn)生中發(fā)揮重要作用,。
3、世界包裝
這個(gè)討論已經(jīng)提到原始包裝和包裝功能的演變。然而,人類的全球性進(jìn)展是,幾乎是在世界每一個(gè)地方社會(huì)發(fā)展都有包裝發(fā)展的階段。因此,包裝機(jī)在高度發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家,選擇合適耐用的封裝類型,雇傭高價(jià)的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)開發(fā)華麗的包裝外形吸引有針對(duì)性的買家,在欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,消費(fèi)者很高興有食物,不管包裝。在極端情況下,就像他們?cè)?000年前消費(fèi)者將自己帶來(lái)的食品包裝當(dāng)成消耗。
較發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家的包裝與欠發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家起著不同的作用,原因很簡(jiǎn)單,他們不明白,各自包裝的重點(diǎn)是完全不同的,有時(shí)有困難。同樣,解決發(fā)展中國(guó)家試圖向北美市場(chǎng)出售令他們無(wú)法理解圖形的商品包裝是我們的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。顯著的區(qū)別是,包裝在市場(chǎng)中起著不同的作用,產(chǎn)品價(jià)值將單獨(dú)出售,因?yàn)樗强捎玫?。在北美市?chǎng)上,消費(fèi)者可能會(huì)面臨由五個(gè)不同的公司提供各種不同范圍的選擇。如果所有的產(chǎn)品是好的,都不遜色,賣家如何讓消費(fèi)者產(chǎn)生對(duì)自己產(chǎn)品的偏好?他是如何區(qū)分的?包裝在這一過(guò)程中起著很大的作用。
包密集型發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家有時(shí)也批評(píng)了包裝,當(dāng)然不存在過(guò)度包裝。然而,北美也享有世界上最便宜的食品,要求我們的可支配收入僅約11至14%。歐洲食品成本是可支配收入的約20%,而在欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的食品可以支配家庭收入的95%。
4、國(guó)內(nèi)外包裝機(jī)械現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
在世界范圍內(nèi),包裝機(jī)械工業(yè)的發(fā)展歷史比較短些,科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)達(dá)的歐美各國(guó)大體上是在20世紀(jì)起步的,及至50年代步伐才開始大為加快。
從20世紀(jì)初到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束前,在醫(yī)藥、食品、卷煙、火柴、日用化工等工業(yè)部門實(shí)現(xiàn)了包裝作業(yè)的機(jī)械化; 50年代,包裝機(jī)的廣泛采用以普通電開關(guān)和電子管為主要元件的控制系統(tǒng),實(shí)現(xiàn)了初級(jí)自動(dòng)化; 60年代,包裝機(jī)中采用,機(jī)電光液氣綜合技術(shù)明顯增多,機(jī)種進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,在此基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)現(xiàn)了專用的自動(dòng)包裝線: 70年代,將微電子技術(shù)引入自動(dòng)化包裝機(jī)和包裝線,實(shí)現(xiàn)了有電子計(jì)算機(jī)控制的包裝生產(chǎn)過(guò)程;從80年代到90年代初開始,在某些包裝領(lǐng)域里將微機(jī)、機(jī)器人更多地應(yīng)用到供送、檢測(cè)、管理等方面,準(zhǔn)備向柔性自動(dòng)包裝線和“無(wú)人化”自動(dòng)包裝車間過(guò)度。
由于社會(huì)上各方面的積極推動(dòng)和有力配合,逐步建立起包裝材料、包裝印刷、包裝機(jī)械等生產(chǎn)部門和與之相適應(yīng)的科研、設(shè)計(jì)、教育、學(xué)術(shù)、管理等組織機(jī)構(gòu), 進(jìn)而形成了獨(dú)立完整的包裝輕工業(yè)體系,且在整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中占據(jù)著重要地位。根據(jù)近幾年的資料得知,世界包裝聯(lián)盟成員國(guó)包裝工業(yè)的總產(chǎn)值大約占國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)總產(chǎn)值的2%左右;其中包裝機(jī)械所占的比重雖然不算大,但發(fā)展迅猛,平均每年幾乎以10%左右的速率增長(zhǎng)。現(xiàn)在投產(chǎn)使用的包裝機(jī)已超過(guò)了千余種，同時(shí)包裝聯(lián)合機(jī)及自動(dòng)化的配套設(shè)備已于單機(jī)等量齊觀了。根據(jù)世界新技術(shù)革命的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，預(yù)料包裝材料以及與此緊密相關(guān)的包裝工藝和包裝機(jī)械將會(huì)取得新一步的突破,并且?guī)?dòng)更多產(chǎn)業(yè)部門進(jìn)入包裝行業(yè)。
中國(guó)包裝技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)于1980年成立。不久,中國(guó)包裝總公司也相繼誕生。此后,在國(guó)內(nèi)陸續(xù)地舉辦了全國(guó)性和國(guó)際性的包裝機(jī)械展覽會(huì)、學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì),還出版了我過(guò)有史以來(lái)第一部 《中國(guó)包裝年鑒》 及其他包裝技術(shù)書刊。這一切都標(biāo)志著中國(guó)正在開創(chuàng)一個(gè)嶄新的包裝歷史時(shí)期。
2 專業(yè)閱讀書目
2.1 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)
內(nèi)容摘要：
蝸桿傳動(dòng)是在空間交錯(cuò)的兩軸間傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力的一種傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，兩軸線交錯(cuò)的夾角可為任意值，常用的為90°。這種傳動(dòng)由于具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳動(dòng)比大（在動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)中，一般傳動(dòng)比i=10-80；在分度機(jī)構(gòu)中，i可以達(dá)到1000）、傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)以及在一定的條件下具有可靠地自鎖性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，應(yīng)用較廣泛。其傳遞的最大功率可達(dá)1000kw，最大圓周速度可以達(dá)到69m/s之多。不足之處是傳動(dòng)效率低，摩擦發(fā)熱大，常需耗用有色金屬，故不宜用于長(zhǎng)期連續(xù)工作的傳動(dòng)。蝸桿傳動(dòng)通常用于減速裝置，也有個(gè)別機(jī)器用作增速裝置。
隨著機(jī)器功率的不斷提高，近年來(lái)陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了多種新型的蝸桿傳動(dòng)，效率低的缺點(diǎn)正在逐步改善。
按照蝸桿形狀的不同，蝸桿傳動(dòng)可以分為圓柱蝸桿傳動(dòng)、環(huán)面蝸桿傳動(dòng)和錐蝸桿傳動(dòng)等。（王為，汪建曉.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)［M］.武漢：華中科技大學(xué)出版社，2011）
2.2 機(jī)械原理
內(nèi)容摘要：
實(shí)際機(jī)構(gòu)往往是由外形和機(jī)構(gòu)都很負(fù)載的構(gòu)件和運(yùn)動(dòng)副所組成的。但從運(yùn)動(dòng)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看，構(gòu)件的運(yùn)動(dòng)取決于運(yùn)動(dòng)副的類型和機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)尺寸（確定個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)副的相對(duì)位置的尺寸），而與構(gòu)件的外形、斷面尺寸、組成構(gòu)件的零件數(shù)目、固聯(lián)方式及運(yùn)動(dòng)副的具體結(jié)構(gòu)等無(wú)關(guān)。因此，為了便于研究機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，可以撇開構(gòu)件、運(yùn)動(dòng)副的外形和具體構(gòu)造，而只用簡(jiǎn)單的線條和符號(hào)代表構(gòu)件和運(yùn)動(dòng)副，并按比例定出各運(yùn)動(dòng)副的位置，表示機(jī)構(gòu)的組成和傳動(dòng)情況。這種能夠準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)特性的簡(jiǎn)明圖形就稱為機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖。
機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖與原機(jī)構(gòu)具有完全相同的運(yùn)動(dòng)特性，因此，可以根據(jù)運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析、運(yùn)動(dòng)分析和力分析。
有時(shí)，只為了表明機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)或各構(gòu)件的相互關(guān)系，也可以不按比例來(lái)繪制運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖，這樣的簡(jiǎn)圖稱為機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖。
國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（GB/T4460-1984）規(guī)定了機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖的符號(hào)，表2-2所示的常用構(gòu)件和運(yùn)動(dòng)副的表示方法摘自該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。（魏兵，喻全余，孫未.機(jī)械原理［M］.武漢：華中科技大學(xué)出版社，2007）
2.3 機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
內(nèi)容摘要：
機(jī)電一體化是在微電子技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)向機(jī)械工業(yè)滲透過(guò)程中逐漸形成并發(fā)展起來(lái)的一門新興的綜合性技術(shù)學(xué)科。目前，機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)已受到普遍重視，并廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)械制造、儀器儀表、電氣信息、醫(yī)療設(shè)備、交通運(yùn)輸、航空航天等行業(yè)，已成為現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中不可缺少的一種高新技術(shù)；機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)應(yīng)用生產(chǎn)的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品已遍及人們?nèi)粘Ｉ詈蛧?guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。為了在當(dāng)今國(guó)際范圍內(nèi)激烈的技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中占據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì)，世界各國(guó)紛紛將機(jī)電一體化的研究和發(fā)展作為一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容而列入本國(guó)的發(fā)展計(jì)劃。21世紀(jì)我國(guó)將成為世界制造業(yè)的重要基地，因此機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)成為機(jī)械、自動(dòng)控制等專業(yè)較重要的一門專業(yè)課程。機(jī)電一體化是一門實(shí)踐性非常強(qiáng)的綜合性技術(shù)學(xué)科，所涉及的知識(shí)領(lǐng)域非常廣泛，現(xiàn)代各種先進(jìn)技術(shù)構(gòu)成了機(jī)電一體化的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。但機(jī)電一體化并非是這些技術(shù)的簡(jiǎn)單疊加，它的靈魂是突出強(qiáng)調(diào)這些技術(shù)的相互滲透和有機(jī)結(jié)合，從而形成某一單項(xiàng)技術(shù)所無(wú)法達(dá)到的優(yōu)勢(shì)，并將這種優(yōu)勢(shì)通過(guò)性能優(yōu)異的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品而體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，轉(zhuǎn)化成強(qiáng)大的生產(chǎn)力。（馮浩，汪建新，趙書尚，楊威.機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)［M］.華中科技大學(xué)出版社， 2016）
2.4 Creo2.0機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)教程
內(nèi)容摘要：
定義拉伸特征類型
在選擇命令后，繪圖區(qū)上方會(huì)出現(xiàn)“拉伸”操控板。在操控板中，按下“實(shí)體特征類型”按鈕（默認(rèn)情況下，此按鈕為按下狀態(tài)）。
說(shuō)明：利用拉伸工具，可以創(chuàng)建如下幾種類型的特征。
實(shí)體類型：按下操控板中的“實(shí)體特征類型”按鈕，可以創(chuàng)建實(shí)體類型的特征。在由截面草圖生成實(shí)體時(shí)，實(shí)體特征的截面草圖完全由材料填充，并沿草圖平面的法向伸展來(lái)生成實(shí)體，如圖3.1.7所示。
曲面類型：按下操控板中的“曲面特征類型”按鈕，可以創(chuàng)建一個(gè)拉伸曲面。在Creo 2.0中，曲面是一種沒有厚度和重量的片體幾何，但通過(guò)相關(guān)命令操作可變成帶厚度的實(shí)體，如圖3.1.8所示。
薄壁類型：按下“薄壁特征類型”按鈕，可以創(chuàng)建薄壁類型的特征。在由截面草圖生成實(shí)體時(shí)，薄壁特征的截面草圖則由材料填充成均厚的環(huán)，環(huán)的內(nèi)側(cè)、外側(cè)或中心輪廓線是截面草圖，如圖3.1.9所示。（詹友剛.Creo2.0機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)教程［M］，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 2013）
2.5 單片機(jī)原理及接口技術(shù)
內(nèi)容摘要：
計(jì)算機(jī)由運(yùn)算器、控制器、存儲(chǔ)器、輸入設(shè)備和輸出設(shè)備5個(gè)部分組成，如圖所示。迄今為止，計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了電子管、晶體管、集成電路、大規(guī)模及超大規(guī)模集成電路等幾個(gè)階段。隨著微電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展，運(yùn)算器和控制器被集成到一塊芯片上，形成了微處理器（Microprocessor）或稱為CPU，20世紀(jì)70年代出現(xiàn)了以CPU為核心的微型計(jì)算機(jī)（Microcomputer），它是大規(guī)模及超大規(guī)模集成電路的產(chǎn)物。目前，計(jì)算機(jī)正在向巨型化、單片化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化3個(gè)方向發(fā)展。巨型化的目的在于不斷提高計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)算速度和處理能力，以解決復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)計(jì)算和高速數(shù)據(jù)處理的問題，比如系統(tǒng)仿真和模擬、實(shí)時(shí)運(yùn)算和處理。單片化就是把計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)盡可能集成在一塊半導(dǎo)體芯片上，其目的在于計(jì)算機(jī)微型化和提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性，通常把這種單片計(jì)算機(jī)簡(jiǎn)稱單片機(jī)。
計(jì)算機(jī)是如何工作的呢?計(jì)算機(jī)是一臺(tái)機(jī)器，它不可能主動(dòng)地、自覺地完成某項(xiàng)指定的任務(wù)。當(dāng)使用計(jì)算機(jī)解決某個(gè)具體問題時(shí)，并不是把問題直接交給計(jì)算機(jī)去解決，而是采用以下方法：首先，根據(jù)解決問題的方案，用計(jì)算機(jī)可以“理解”的語(yǔ)言，編寫出一系列解決這個(gè)問題的步驟（即程序）；然后，將這些步驟輸入到計(jì)算機(jī)中，命令計(jì)算機(jī)按照這些事先擬定的步驟順序執(zhí)行，從而使問題得以解決。編寫解決問題步驟的工作就是程序設(shè)計(jì)或軟件開發(fā)。（張毅剛，劉旺，鄧立寶.單片機(jī)原理及接口技術(shù)［M］，人民郵電出版社， 2016）
2.6 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)
內(nèi)容摘要：
機(jī)器通常由原動(dòng)機(jī)、傳動(dòng)裝置和工作機(jī)三部分組成。傳動(dòng)裝置將原動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力和運(yùn)動(dòng)傳遞給工作機(jī)，合理擬定傳動(dòng)方案是保證傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量的基礎(chǔ)。在課程設(shè)計(jì)中，學(xué)生應(yīng)根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書，擬定傳動(dòng)方案。
合理的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)方案，除了應(yīng)滿足工作機(jī)性能要求、適合工況條件及工作可靠外，還應(yīng)使傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、尺寸緊湊、加工方便、成本低廉、效率高及便于使用和維護(hù)等。要同時(shí)滿足這許多要求常常是困難的，在進(jìn)行傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)統(tǒng)籌兼顧、保證重點(diǎn)。
當(dāng)采用幾種傳動(dòng)形式組成多級(jí)傳動(dòng)時(shí)，擬定運(yùn)動(dòng)方案要合理布置其傳動(dòng)順序，重點(diǎn)要注意以下幾點(diǎn)。
（1）帶傳動(dòng)承載能力較低，在傳遞相同轉(zhuǎn)矩時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸較嚙合傳動(dòng)大；但帶傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)，能吸振緩沖，應(yīng)盡量置于傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的高速級(jí)；這樣，轉(zhuǎn)速較高，傳遞相同功率時(shí)的扭矩較小。
（2）滾子鏈傳動(dòng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不均勻有沖擊時(shí)，套筒滾子鏈不適于高速傳動(dòng)，宜布置在傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的低速級(jí)。
（3）圓錐齒輪的模數(shù)增大后加工更為困難，一般應(yīng)將其置于傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的高速級(jí)，且對(duì)其傳動(dòng)比加以限制；但需注意當(dāng)錐齒輪的速度過(guò)高時(shí)，其精度也需相應(yīng)地提高，因此會(huì)增加制造精度要求和成本。
（4）斜齒輪傳動(dòng)的傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)性較直齒輪好，相對(duì)地可用于高速級(jí)；開式齒輪傳動(dòng)一般，工作環(huán)境較差，潤(rùn)滑條件不良，故壽命較短，對(duì)外廓的緊湊性要求低于閉式傳動(dòng)，相對(duì)應(yīng)布置在低速級(jí)。
（5）蝸桿傳動(dòng)的傳動(dòng)比大，承載能力較齒輪傳動(dòng)低，常布置在傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的高速級(jí)，以獲得較小的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸和較高的齒面滑動(dòng)速度，易于形成流體動(dòng)壓潤(rùn)滑油膜，提高承載能力和傳動(dòng)效率。
（6）傳動(dòng)裝置的布局要求結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、勻稱、強(qiáng)度和剛度好。（唐增寶，常建娥.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)［M］，華中科技大學(xué)出版社，2011）
2.7 現(xiàn)代工程制圖
內(nèi)容摘要：
在工程設(shè)計(jì)中，為了正確地表達(dá)儀器、設(shè)備的形狀、結(jié)構(gòu)和材料等內(nèi)容，設(shè)計(jì)者通常把物本按一定的投影方法并遵守有關(guān)的規(guī)定繪制出圖紙，用以表達(dá)設(shè)計(jì)思想，這種圖稱為工程圖。工程圖是加工、制造、檢驗(yàn)儀器和設(shè)備的依據(jù)。在使用儀器和設(shè)備時(shí)，也需要通過(guò)工程圖了解義器和設(shè)備的結(jié)構(gòu)和性能。工程圖是工程界的一種重要技術(shù)文件，也是工程界進(jìn)行技術(shù)交流的工具，因此工程圖樣被稱為工程界的語(yǔ)言。
在現(xiàn)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，工程圖樣作為表達(dá)構(gòu)思、設(shè)計(jì)和傳遞制造工程與產(chǎn)品信息的主要媒介，在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)工作和管理工作中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。在科學(xué)研究中，圖形能直觀表達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)、反映科學(xué)規(guī)律，對(duì)于人們把握事物的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，掌握問題的變化趨勢(shì)，具有重要意義。圖形的形象性、直觀性和簡(jiǎn)潔性，是人們認(rèn)識(shí)規(guī)律、探索未知的重要工具。因此。工程圖學(xué)對(duì)于新世紀(jì)大學(xué)生是一種素質(zhì)，是一種工具，是培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新思維的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。
工程圖學(xué)課程是高等工科學(xué)校各專業(yè)的一門技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課。其理論嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，與工程聯(lián)系緊密，實(shí)踐性強(qiáng)，是后續(xù)專業(yè)課程教育的基礎(chǔ)。該課程是一門研究在平面上圖示空間幾何元素和物體、圖解空間幾何問題的原理與方法，研究計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖的理論、知識(shí)和技能，以及根據(jù)工程技術(shù)的規(guī)定和知識(shí)來(lái)繪制、閱讀工程圖樣的學(xué)科。本課程將以正投影的基本原理為理論基礎(chǔ)，講述工程圖樣在構(gòu)思、設(shè)計(jì)、圖解空間幾何問題的過(guò)程中，以及分析、研究自然界與工程界的客觀規(guī)律中的應(yīng)用，同時(shí)盡量反映專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域的最新設(shè)計(jì)手段和方法。（陸載涵，劉桂紅，張哲.現(xiàn)代工程制圖［M］，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社， 2013）
2.8 機(jī)械零部件選用與設(shè)計(jì)
內(nèi)容摘要：
隨著生產(chǎn)和科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)秩，機(jī)器的定義也不斷發(fā)展和完善，現(xiàn)代機(jī)器是指由兩個(gè)以上廣義構(gòu)件組成的系統(tǒng),將原動(dòng)〈動(dòng)力〉機(jī)的動(dòng)力和運(yùn)動(dòng)變換為執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)所需要的力和運(yùn)動(dòng).作有用功或進(jìn)行能量轉(zhuǎn)換，在人或其他智能體的操縱和控制下，實(shí)現(xiàn)所設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)器的預(yù)期功能，
現(xiàn)代機(jī)器定義中強(qiáng)調(diào)3個(gè)新概念：一是“廣義構(gòu)件"：二是“功能"：三是“智能控制”，
所謂“構(gòu)件'是指機(jī)器中的運(yùn)動(dòng)單元，構(gòu)件可能是一個(gè)零件（構(gòu)件單元〉，也可能是若干個(gè)零件的固
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