2019年高考英語 考綱解讀與熱點難點突破 專題13 特殊句式教學案.doc
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專題13 特殊句式 【2019年高考考綱解讀】 特殊句式比較雜亂,掌握起來有一定的難度。其中倒裝句是高考的熱點,強調(diào)句是高考的難點。同時,祈使句與陳述句的區(qū)別、省略與替代的合理運用也是高考考查的重點項目。近三年的高考題更加注重考查知識之間的交叉現(xiàn)象,如在考查強調(diào)句的同時考查定語從句,把省略、強調(diào)句與時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句的考查等融合在一起,考查考生綜合把握語言知識的能力。 【重點、難點剖析】 一 、倒裝句 (一)完全倒裝(Full Inversion) 謂語動詞完全放在主語之前的句子便是完全倒裝句。這類句型主要有: 1.表示方式、方位的副詞或介詞短語,如here, there, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等,置于句首,且主語是名詞時。如: In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor. 在英格蘭一所大學的講堂里坐著一位教授。 South of the river lies a small factory. 一個小型工廠坐落在河的南岸。 Out rushed the children. 孩子們沖了出去。 2.such置于句首時。如: Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist. 這就是艾伯特愛因斯坦,一個樸實的人,也是20世紀最偉大的科 ②如果not until引導的是句子,until從句不可倒裝,只是主句需要倒裝。 (7)hardly...when...,no sooner...than...“剛……就……”等引導兩個句子時,前一個句子用部分倒裝,后一個句子不倒裝。 Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry. 他一聽到這個消息就哭了。 (三)形式倒裝(Formal Inversion) 形式上的倒裝在語法上稱為前置。它的特點是,只把強調(diào)的內(nèi)容提至句首,主謂并不倒裝。這樣的結構較多,但尤其要注意as, though引導讓步狀語從句時采用形式倒裝的情況。 1.表語的倒裝 Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work. 盡管他很累,他還是繼續(xù)工作。 2.謂語動詞的倒裝 Try as he might,he didnt pass the exam. 盡管很用功,但他考試還是不及格。 3.狀語的倒裝 Much as he likes the bike, he doesnt want to buy it. 他雖然很喜歡那輛自行車,但不想買它。 警示 如果是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞的最高級作表語,不再用冠詞。如: Child as he is, he knows a lot. 盡管他是孩子,但他懂得很多。 Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best. 他雖然是我們班年齡最小的,但英語說得最好。 二、強調(diào) It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that+句子剩余成分 (一)強調(diào)人時可用who/that來連接,強調(diào)事物時用that來連接。 被強調(diào)的可以是單詞、短語,也可以是從句,但結構必須完整。被強調(diào)的成分可以是主語、賓語和狀語,但不能是定語或謂語。如: It is I who/that am right. 我才是對的。(強調(diào)主語) (二)強調(diào)句的特殊句式 強調(diào)句的特殊句式 結構構成 一般疑問句 Is/Was it+被強調(diào)部分+that/who+句子其他部分? 特殊疑問句 特殊疑問詞+is/was it+that+句子其他部分? not until句式 It is/was not until...+that+句子其他部分 not...but...句式 It is not...+that...,but.../It is not...but...that... Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)是在1939年爆發(fā)的嗎? When was it that you called me yesterday? 你昨天給我打電話是什么時候? What is it that you want me to do? 你要我做什么? I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. →It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 直到她摘掉墨鏡我才認出她是著名影星。 (三)用助動詞do,does或did來強調(diào)謂語動詞,用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的肯定的陳述句中,do還可以用于祈使句。 Do be careful while crossing the street. 過馬路時一定要當心。 三、省略 (一)定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞that, which, whom??梢允÷?。 (二)狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象 1.當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致,且從句中含be動詞時,可以省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞。 Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office. While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called. 當我正在沿著大街走時,我聽見有人叫我的名字。 The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected. 展覽比預料的更有趣。 He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak. 他張了張嘴好像有話要說。 2.當從句中的主語是it,謂語動詞中又含有系動詞be時,可以把it和系動詞be一起省略。此時構成連詞(if, unless, when, whenever)+形容詞。如: Unless (it is) necessary, youd better not refer to the dictionary. 如果沒必要,你最好別查詞典。 另外,我們還可以用so或not代替上文內(nèi)容,此時可有“if+so/not”省略句式:If so和If not。 He may not be at home then. If so (If he is not at home), leave him a note. 他那時也許不在家。如果不在家的話,給他留下個便條。 (三)不定式的省略 1.單獨使用不定式符號to,代替動詞不定式后被省略的動詞,常用在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish等后邊。如: I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to. 2.否定形式的省略用not to。 —Shall I go instead of him? —I prefer you not to. ——我可以代替他去嗎? ——我寧可你不去。 3.如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been。如: —Are you a sailor? —No, but I used to be. ——你是個海員嗎? ——不是,但我以前是。 —He hasnt finished yet. —Well, he ought to have. ——他還沒完成。 ——哦,他早該完成了。 (四)賓語從句中的省略 1.由which, when, where, how和why引導的賓語從句,可全部或部分省去,只保留引導詞。 Please pass me one of these books, I dont care which(you pass me). 請遞給我一本書,隨便哪一本。 He will e back, but he doesnt know when (he will e back). 他會回來的,但他不知道什么時候回來。 2.由that引導的賓語從句,連詞that可省略,若帶有多個賓語從句,只有第一個that可省略,其余不能。 He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 他說這篇課文非常重要,我們應該背下來。 四、主謂一致 (一)并列主語的主謂一致 1.兩個單數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示兩個不同的概念時,謂語動詞常用復數(shù)形式。如: Tom and Jack were close friends. 湯姆和杰克是親密的朋友。 2.兩個單數(shù)名詞用and連接,表示同一人、同一物、同一個概念或表示不可分割的整體時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。如: The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party. 那位歌舞演員將參加我們的晚會。 3.被every, each, many a, no等限定的單數(shù)名詞由and連接時,謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。其中,后一個限定詞可省略。如: Each boy and (each) girl has an apple. 每個男孩和每個女孩都有一個蘋果。 【變式探究】Only when Lily walked into the office ________ that she had left the contract at home. A.she realized B.has she realized C.she has realized D.did she realize 答案:D 【舉一反三】It was when we were returning home I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble. 我們在回到家時才意識到幫助有困難的人是多么的令人高興。 答案 that 【變式探究】Not only ________the nurses want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well. 【答案】do 【解析】考查倒裝句。句意:護士們不僅希望漲工資,還希望減少工時。not only...連接并列分句置于句首時,其后要用倒裝。 【變式探究】Only when he apologizes for his rudeness ________ to him again.(I will speak, will I speak) 【答案】will I speak 【解析】考查倒裝句和動詞時態(tài)。句意:只有他為他的粗魯?shù)狼笗r,我才會再跟他講話。only+時間狀語從句放在句首時,句子要部分倒裝。 【舉一反三】Not once ________ to Michael that he could one day bee a top student in his class.(it occurred, did it occur) 【答案】did it occur 【解析】考查倒裝句。句意:邁克爾從來沒想到有一天他會成為班上的尖子生。否定副詞not置于句首用于強調(diào)時,句子要用部分倒裝,故答案為did it occur。解答這類題目需要了解用于倒裝的各種前提,準確理解句子含義。 【變式探究】Never before ________ seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert. A.had she B.she had C.has she D.she has 【答案】C 【解析】考查倒裝結構和時態(tài)。句意:她以前從來沒見過其他人打網(wǎng)球像Robert打得那么好。never before表示否定意義,置于句首時,主句要進行部分倒裝。再結合后面定語從句中的時態(tài)可知,主句應用現(xiàn)在完成時。 【變式探究】Only after Mary read her position the second time ________ the spelling mistake. A.did she notice B.she noticed C.does she notice D.she has noticed 【答案】A 【變式探究】 For a moment nothing happened.Then ________ all shouting together. A.voices had e B.came voices C.voices would e D.did voices e 【答案】B 【解析】副詞then,away,out,in等位于句首,且主語是名詞時,句子用全部倒裝,故選B。解題的關鍵是識別全部倒裝句的標志詞,即注意放在句首的一些副詞。如here,there,then,up,down,out,in,away,off等副詞位于句首時,就很可能是考查全部倒裝句的。 【歸納總結】 完全倒裝與部分倒裝 (1)完全倒裝:當狀語here,there,down,up,now,out,off等方位副詞或介詞短語in the room,on the way等置于句首時,句子全部倒裝,但當主語是代詞時,主謂不倒裝。 (2)部分倒裝: ①only修飾副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句,且放在句首時; ②否定詞、半否定詞never,nor,neither,hardly,seldom,little等置于句首時; ③so/nor/neither+助動詞或情態(tài)動詞+主語,表示也(不)……; ④So+adj./adv.+助動詞或情態(tài)動詞+主語that... ⑤Not only...,but also...連接句子時,Not only后是主謂倒裝,but also后是正常語序?! ? 題型二、強調(diào)句 【例2】It was when I got back to my apartment ________ I first came across my new neighbours. A.who B.where C.which D.that 【變式探究】You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel ________ the coach picks up tourists. 【答案】that 【解析】句意:你等錯地方了。長途汽車來賓館接游客。本題考查強調(diào)句型:It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that/who+其他。本句中at the hotel是被強調(diào)部分,缺強調(diào)句式中的that,故填that。 【舉一反三】Bach died in 1750,but it was not until the early 19th century ________ his musical gift was fully recognized. A.while B.though C.that D.a(chǎn)fter 解析:考查強調(diào)句型。巴赫于1750年去世,但是直到19世紀早期他的音樂天賦才被完全承認。it is/was...that...是強 調(diào) 句型,本題被強調(diào)部分是時間狀語not until the early 19th century。 答案:C 【舉一反三】It was when we were returning home I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble. 我們在回到家時才意識到幫助有困難的人是多么的令人高興。 答案 that 【變式探究】It was the culture, rather than the language, ________made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad. 【答案】that 【解析】本題考查強調(diào)句型的判定。句意:是文化而不是語言使他很難適應國外的新環(huán)境。從理解思路上先看本句是不是強調(diào)句型:It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that+其他部分。強調(diào)句型的判斷方法是將It is/was與that去掉,來驗證此句是不是一個成分完整的句子。經(jīng)判斷句子“The culture, rather than the language, made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.”成分完整,由此可以斷定本句是強調(diào)句型,所以空格處應用that。 【變式探究】 It was not until near the end of the letter ________ she mentioned her own plan. 【答案】that 【解析】考查強調(diào)句。句意:直到快寫到信的結尾的時候,她才提到了自己的計劃。本題考查強調(diào)句型:It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that+其他成分。句中被強調(diào)的部分是時間狀語not until near the end of the letter。 【舉一反三】It was only after he had read the papers ________ Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to plete. 【答案】that 【變式探究】It was not until I came here ________ I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather. A.who B.that C.where D.before 【答案】B 【解析】考查強調(diào)句型。分析句子結構可知,此句是一個強調(diào)句,其結構為“it is/was...that...”,被強調(diào)的部分是“not until I came here”,如果將該強調(diào)句還原成正常語序應該是:I didnt realize this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather until I came here. 【變式探究】(2014四川卷)Was it because Jack came late for school ________ Mr. Smith got angry? 【答案】that 【解析】考查強調(diào)句。句意:史密斯先生生氣是因為杰克上學遲到了嗎?強調(diào)句用來引起他人注意,其結構是:“It is/was+被強調(diào)的部分+that/who. . . ”,可譯為:“正是……”或“就是……”。強調(diào)句的一般疑問句結構是:Is/Was it...that/who...?本題中是對原因狀語從句“because Jack came late for school”進行強調(diào)。 【變式探究】It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do ________ benefits our work most. A.who B.which C.that D.what 【答案】C 【解析】考查強調(diào)句型。分析句子結構可知此句是強調(diào)句型“It is...that...”,被強調(diào)部分是“not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do”。句意:給我們工作帶來最大益處的不是我們做了多少而是我們將多少愛投入到我們所從事的事業(yè)中。由于此題題干長(除空格外有21個單詞)、成分復雜(含有表語從句2個、賓語從句1個),試題難度大,不少考生容易選錯。 【歸納總結】 1.被強調(diào)部分是人時,連接詞that/who;非人時,用that。 2.特殊疑問詞+is/was+it+that/who+其他部分。 3.含not...until...的強調(diào)句型為:It is/was not until+被強調(diào)的部分+that/who+其他部分。 4.把句子中的“It is/was...that/who”去掉之后,句子依然成立,就是強調(diào)句,否則就不是強調(diào)句。 5.如果需要強調(diào)謂語,應用助動詞do,does或did。 考點三、反意疑問句 【例3】I dont believe you can do todays job with yesterdays methods and be in tomorrows business, ________? 【答案】can you 【變式探究】 There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent,________? A.is there B.isnt there C.is he D.isnt he 【答案】A 【解析】陳述部分中含有表示否定意義的詞little,所以簡短問句用肯定形式,首先排除B、D兩項;陳述部分為there be句型,故簡短問句應用is there,故選A項。 【變式探究】 I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did,________? A.could he B.didnt I C.didnt you D.could they 【答案】B 【解析】句意:我告訴他們并非每個人都可以跑得和你一樣快,不是嗎?在反意疑問句中,若陳述部分是一個主從復合句,附加疑問句一般要與主句一致。本句含有一個賓語從句且主句為“I told them...”,故選B。 【變式探究】 He must be helping the old man to water the flowers,________? A.is he B.isnt he C.must be D.mustnt he 【答案】B 【解析】must在此表猜測,是“一定”之意,此時反意疑問句部分以must之后的動詞為準,所以B項正確。 【歸納總結】 反意疑問句的特殊情況 (1)含must的反意疑問句。當must意為“必須”時,反意疑問部分用neednt;當mustnt為“不允許,禁止”時,反意疑問部分用must/may;當must表推測時,反意疑問部分的動詞形式根據(jù)其后面的動詞及其句子的時間狀語確定。 (2)含賓語從句的反意疑問句。反意疑問部分一般與主句保持一致,但是當主句是I think,I believe,I expect,I imagine,I suppose等時,反意疑問部分與賓語從句保持一致。 考點四、主謂一致 【例4】The basketball coach,as well as his team,________ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance. A.were B.was C.is D.a(chǎn)re 【答案】B 【變式探究】It is important to remember that success ________ a sum of small efforts made each day and often ________ years to achieve. A.is;takes B.a(chǎn)re;takes C.a(chǎn)re;take D.is;take 解析:考查主謂一致。句意:重要的是要記住,成功是每天所做的一些小小的努力的總和,它常常需要很多年的時間才能實現(xiàn)。此處success是不可數(shù)名詞,作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù),故選A項。 答案:A 【變式探究】All we need ________(be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year. 【答案】is 【解析】考查時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意:所有我們需要的是我們在一年中生長的季節(jié)能種植各種各樣果樹的一小塊土地。All we need相當于All that we need,作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù);且本句表達的是客觀需要,故用一般現(xiàn)在時。 【變式探究】 Look! From opposite the street ________, screaming in panic.(two kids are ing, e two kids) 【答案】e two kids 【舉一反三】—Dont make such a noise again. —Sorry. Oh, look, away ________(fly) the rest of the birds! 【答案】fly 【解析】考查倒裝和主謂一致。副詞away置于句首且主語是名詞,句子應采用完全倒裝結構。注意:該類倒裝句中不能用進行時態(tài);又主語the rest of the birds表示復數(shù)意義,謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式。故用fly。 【變式探究】Walmart,which is one of the largest American supermarket chains,________ some of its stores open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays. A.keeps B.keep C.have kept D.had kept 【答案】A 【解析】句意:沃爾瑪是美國最大的連鎖超市之一,部分店從星期一到星期六24小時營業(yè)。根據(jù)句中的“is”可知,此處應用一般現(xiàn)在時,主語為Walmart,謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù),故選A。 【變式探究】 All the scientific evidence ________ that increasing use of chemicals in farming ________ damaging our health. A.show;are B.shows;are C.show;is D.shows;is 【答案】D 【解析】evidence作“證據(jù),證明”講時是不可數(shù)名詞,故第一空用shows;increasing use of chemicals in farming是動名詞短語作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù),故第二空用is。 【歸納總結】 “主謂一致”三原則 (1)語法一致原則 主語和謂語通常在語法形式上一致,即主語是單數(shù)形式,謂語動詞也采用單數(shù)形式;主語是復數(shù)形式,謂語動詞也采用復數(shù)形式。 (2)意義一致原則 意義一致原則是指從意義著眼來解決主謂一致問題。有時主語形式上為單數(shù),但意義上卻是復數(shù),那么謂語根據(jù)意義也用復數(shù)形式;而有時主語形式上為復數(shù),但意義上卻是單數(shù),那么謂語根據(jù)意義亦用單數(shù)形式。如有些集合名詞,如public,goverment,family,class,team,group等。 (3)就近原則 就近原則是指謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與其鄰近的名詞或代詞保持一致。常出現(xiàn)在這類句子中的有or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also,not...but等?! ?- 配套講稿:
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