捷達轎車盤式制動器的設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙和說明書】

捷達轎車盤式制動器的設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙和說明書】,含CAD圖紙和說明書,捷達,轎車,制動器,設(shè)計,cad,圖紙,以及,說明書,仿單 附錄A 未來汽車制動控制系統(tǒng)的新技術(shù)及其發(fā)展趨勢 從汽車誕生時起，車輛制動系統(tǒng)在車輛的安全方面就扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。近年來，隨著車輛技術(shù)的進步和汽車行駛速度的提高，這種重要性表現(xiàn)得越來越明顯。 隨著科學技術(shù)的發(fā)展及汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展，尤其是軍用車輛及軍用技術(shù)的發(fā)展，車輛制動有了新的突破，液壓制動是繼機械制動后的又一重大革新。Duesenberg Eight車率先使用了轎車液壓制動器?？巳R斯勒的四輪液壓制動器于1924年問世。通用和福特分別于1934年和1939年采用了液壓制動技術(shù)。到20世紀50年代，液壓助力制動器才成為現(xiàn)實。 目前，車輛防抱制動控制系統(tǒng)(ABS)已發(fā)展成為成熟的產(chǎn)品，并在各種車輛上得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，但是這些產(chǎn)品基本都是基于車輪加、減速門限及參考滑移率方法設(shè)計的。方法雖然簡單實用，但是其調(diào)試比較困難，不同的車輛需要不同的匹配技術(shù)，在許多不同的道路上加以驗證；從理論上來說，整個控制過程車輪滑移率不是保持在最佳滑移率上，并未達到最佳的制動效果。另外，由于編制邏輯門限ABS有許多局限性，所以近年來在ABS的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展了車輛動力學控制系統(tǒng)(VDC)。結(jié)合動力學控制的最佳ABS是以滑移率為控制目標的ABS，它是以連續(xù)量控制形式，使制動過程中保持最佳的、穩(wěn)定的滑移率，理論上是一種理想的ABS控制系統(tǒng)?；坡士刂频碾y點在于確定各種路況下的最佳滑移率，另一個難點是車輛速度的測量問題，它應(yīng)是低成本可靠的技術(shù)，并最終能發(fā)展成為使用的產(chǎn)品。對以滑移率為目標的ABS而言，控制精度并不是十分突出的問題，并且達到高精度的控制也比較困難；因為路面及車輛運動狀態(tài)的變化很大，多種干擾影響較大，所以重要的問題在于控制的穩(wěn)定性，即系統(tǒng)魯棒性，應(yīng)保持在各種條件下不失控。防抱系統(tǒng)要求高可靠性，否則會導(dǎo)致人身傷亡及車輛損壞。因此，發(fā)展魯棒性的ABS控制系統(tǒng)成為關(guān)鍵?，F(xiàn)在，多種魯棒控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用到ABS的控制邏輯中來。除傳統(tǒng)的邏輯門限方法是以比較為目的外，增益調(diào)度PID控制、變結(jié)構(gòu)控制和模糊控制是常用的魯棒控制系統(tǒng)，是目前所采用的以滑移率為目標的連續(xù)控制系統(tǒng)。模糊控制法是基于經(jīng)驗規(guī)則的控制，與系統(tǒng)的模型無關(guān)，具有很好的魯棒性和控制規(guī)則的靈活性，但調(diào)整控制參數(shù)比較困難，無理論而言，基本上是靠試湊的方法。然而對大多數(shù)基于目標值的控制而言，控制規(guī)律有一定的規(guī)律。另外，也有采用其它的控制方法，如基于狀態(tài)空門及線性反饋理論的方法，模糊神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制系統(tǒng)等。各種控制方法并不是單獨應(yīng)用在汽車上，通常是幾種控制方法組合起來實施。如可以將模糊控制和PID結(jié)合起來，兼顧模糊控制的魯棒性和PID控制的高精度，能達到很好的控制效果。 測控一體化制動控制系統(tǒng)(簡稱為SBC)，是充滿創(chuàng)意的電子控制式制動系統(tǒng)，把它安裝在未來的乘用車上，將成為提高汽車駕駛安全性的一個新里程碑。SBC就是使用電子脈沖，將駕駛員的制動命令傳送到一個微處理器中，由它同步處理各種不同傳感器信號，并根據(jù)特定行駛狀態(tài)計算每一個車輪的最優(yōu)制動力。這樣，當在拐彎或者濕滑路面上制動時，SBC能提供比傳統(tǒng)制動系統(tǒng)更好的主動安全性。SBC系統(tǒng)的高壓儲能及電控閥裝置能保證最大制動壓力更快產(chǎn)生作用。另外，該系統(tǒng)提供的附加功能能減少駕駛員駕車中的操作強度。如交通擁擠輔助功能：在走走停停的交通狀態(tài)下，汽車可以在駕駛員松開加速踏板時自動制動。它的柔和停車功能則可以讓汽車在城市交通中特別柔和而平順地停下來。 目前采用的制動器工作原理是：駕駛員踩下制動踏板，推動與制動調(diào)壓器及制動主缸相連的活塞連桿。制動主缸將根據(jù)踏板力的大小，在制動路線上形成相應(yīng)的壓力，在機械和液力相互作用下，通過輪邊制動缸推動制動壓向制動盤。在未來測控一體化的電控制動系統(tǒng)中，電子元件將替代當前制動系統(tǒng)中大量使用的機械元件，調(diào)壓器也不再需要，取而代之的是用傳感器來測量制動主缸內(nèi)的壓力以及制動踏板運動的速度，并將這些資料用電子脈沖的形式傳送到SBC的處理器中。為了讓駕駛員能夠有相似的制動感覺，工程師們開發(fā)了一個特別的模擬器，將它連接到前后制動主缸上，用彈簧力和液壓力來推動制動踏板。也就是說：在制動過程中，執(zhí)行元件是完全和系統(tǒng)的其余部分斷開的，它只負責記錄發(fā)出的任何制動命令。只有出現(xiàn)嚴重錯誤或12V車輛電池內(nèi)發(fā)生問題時，SBC才會自動使用前后制動主缸，并在制動踏板和前輪制動器之間迅速建立液力聯(lián)系，以保證車輛安全減速。 在電子液壓技術(shù)的幫助下，制動輔助系統(tǒng)的性能也得到了進一步提高。當這個系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行制動命令、實現(xiàn)自動緊急停車時，迅速產(chǎn)生的制動壓力和車輪制動器的自動預(yù)裝可以縮短制動距距。SBC不僅是在緊急制動時體現(xiàn)其價值，其他關(guān)鍵情況也同樣。例如，在突然轉(zhuǎn)向的危險情況下，SBC系統(tǒng)會與電子穩(wěn)定程式(ESP)相互作用，通過向各個車輪發(fā)出精確的制動脈沖以及/或者減小發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速，來保證車輛在突然轉(zhuǎn)向過程中的安全性。SBC在此顯示了強大的動態(tài)性和精確性。正是由于有來自SBC高壓儲能器更快、更精確的制動脈沖，ESP才能在車輛即將脫距行駛軌道時，及時、平穩(wěn)將其穩(wěn)定下來。試驗表明，在SBC的參與下，ESP可以通過快速、精確的制動脈沖工作更加有效，并能顯著地減少汽車的突然轉(zhuǎn)向。同時,駕駛員的轉(zhuǎn)向壓力隨之減少。有了SBC和EPS，駕駛員在控制行駛中的汽車時就可以減少很多困難。在彎道上制動，SBC能提供比傳統(tǒng)制動系統(tǒng)更高的安全性?？勺冎苿恿Ψ峙湓诜e極影響汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向跟隨性方面有獨到的優(yōu)勢。 近些年，ABS/ASR已經(jīng)成為歐美和日本等發(fā)達國家汽車的標準設(shè)備。車輛制動控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展主要是控制技術(shù)的發(fā)展。一方面是擴大控制范圍、增加控制功能；另一方面是采用優(yōu)化控制理論，實施伺服控制和高精度控制。ABS功能的擴充除ASR外，同時把懸架和轉(zhuǎn)向控制擴展進來，使ABS不僅僅是防抱死系統(tǒng)，而成為更綜合的車輛控制系統(tǒng)。制動器開發(fā)廠商還提出了未來將ABS/TCS和VDC與智能化運輸系統(tǒng)一體化運用的構(gòu)想。隨著電子控制傳動、懸架系統(tǒng)及轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的發(fā)展，將產(chǎn)生電子控制系統(tǒng)之間的聯(lián)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)，從而產(chǎn)生一些新的功能，如：采用電子控制的離合器可大大提高汽車靜止啟動的效率；在制動過程中，通過輸入一個驅(qū)動命令給電子懸架系統(tǒng)，能防止車輛的俯仰。一些智能控制技術(shù)如神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制技術(shù)是現(xiàn)在比較新的控制技術(shù)，已經(jīng)有人將其應(yīng)用在汽車的制動控制系統(tǒng)中。ABS/ASR并不能解決汽車制動中的所有問題。因此由ABS/ASR進一步發(fā)展演變成電子控制制動系統(tǒng)(EBS)，這將是控制系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的一個重要的方向。但是EBS要想在實際中應(yīng)用開來，并不是一個簡單的問題。除技術(shù)外，系統(tǒng)的成本和相關(guān)的法規(guī)是其投入應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵。 經(jīng)過了一百多年的發(fā)展，汽車制動系統(tǒng)的形式已經(jīng)基本固定下來。隨著電子，特別是大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路的發(fā)展，汽車制動系統(tǒng)的形式也將發(fā)生變化。如凱西-海斯(K-H)公司在一輛實驗車上安裝了一種電-液(EH)制動系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)徹底改變了制動器的操作機理。通過采用4個比例閥和電力電子控制裝置，K-H公司的EBM就能考慮到基本制動、ABS、牽引力控制、巡航控制制動干預(yù)等情況，而不需另外增加任何一種附加裝置。EBM系統(tǒng)潛在的優(yōu)點是比標準制動器能更加有效地分配基本制動力，從而使制動距離縮短5%。一種完全無油液、完全的電路制動BBW(Brake-By-Wire)的開發(fā)，使傳統(tǒng)的液壓制動裝置成為歷史。 全電制動控制系統(tǒng)是一個全新的系統(tǒng)，給制動控制系統(tǒng)帶來了巨大的變革，為將來的車輛智能控制提供條件。要想全面推廣，還有不少問題需要解決：首先是驅(qū)動能源問題。采用全電路制動控制系統(tǒng)，需要較多的能源，一個盤式制動器大約需要1kW的驅(qū)動能量。目前車輛12V電力系統(tǒng)提供不了這么大的能量，因此，將來車輛動力系統(tǒng)采用高壓電，加大能源供應(yīng)，可以滿足制動能量要求，同時需要解決高電壓帶來的安全問題。其次是控制系統(tǒng)失效處理。全電制動控制系統(tǒng)面臨的一個難題是制動失效的處理。因為不存在獨立的主動備用制動系統(tǒng)，因此需要一個備用系統(tǒng)保證制動安全，不論是ECU元件失效，傳感器失效還是制動器本身、線束失效，都能保證制動的基本性能。實現(xiàn)全電制動控制的一個關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是系統(tǒng)失效時的信息交流協(xié)議，如TTP/C。系統(tǒng)一旦出現(xiàn)故障，立即發(fā)出信息，確保信息傳遞符合法規(guī)最適合的方法是多重通道分時區(qū)(TDMA)，它可以保證不出現(xiàn)不可預(yù)測的信息滯后。TTP/C協(xié)議是根據(jù)TDMA制定的。第三是抗干擾處理。車輛在運行過程中會有各種干擾信號，如何消除這些干擾信號造成的影響，目前存在多種抗干擾控制系統(tǒng)，基本上分為兩種：即對稱式和非對稱式抗干擾控制系統(tǒng)。 綜上所述，現(xiàn)代汽車制動控制技術(shù)正朝著電子制動控制方向發(fā)展。全電制動控制因其巨大的優(yōu)越性，將取代傳統(tǒng)的以液壓為主的傳統(tǒng)制動控制系統(tǒng)。同時，隨著其他汽車電子技術(shù)特別是超大規(guī)模集成電路的發(fā)展，電子元件的成本及尺寸不斷下降。汽車制動控制技術(shù)的發(fā)展受整個汽車工業(yè)發(fā)展的制約。有一個巨大的現(xiàn)有及潛在的汽車市場的吸引，各種先進的電子技術(shù)、生物技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)以及各種智能技術(shù)才不斷應(yīng)用到汽車制動控制系統(tǒng)中來。同時需要各種國際及國內(nèi)的相關(guān)法規(guī)的健全，這樣裝備新的制動技術(shù)的汽車就會真正應(yīng)用到汽車的批量生產(chǎn)中。電子技術(shù)在制動系統(tǒng)中的出現(xiàn)，為工程師們帶來了嶄新而前景無限的機會，它不僅只限于改善汽車的安全性和舒適性。因為汽車制動控制技術(shù)，使他們在實現(xiàn)長期目標上又前進了一大步。借助于攝影機、近距雷達和先進的遙控導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，可使未來的汽車沿著道路自動行駛。 附錄B Future the automobile brake control system new technology and its the development will Is born from the automobile when, the vehicles braking system is acting the very important role in the vehicles security aspect. In recent years, along with the vehicles technology progress and the automobile moving velocity enhancement, this importance displayed more and more obviously Along with the science and technology development and the automobile industry development, the army vehicle and the military technical development, the vehicles applied the brake to have the new breakthrough, hydraulic brake are in particular apply the brake an after significant innovation following the machinery. Duesenberg the Eight vehicle took the lead to use the passenger vehicle hydraulic brake. Chrysler's four turns of hydraulic brake was published in 1924. General and Ford separately and in 1939 has used the hydraulic brake technology in 1934. To the 20th century 50's, the hydraulic pressure boosts the brake only then to become the reality. At present, the vehicles guard against hold the brake control system (ABS) to develop into the mature product, and obtained the widespread application on each kind of vehicles, but these products are basic all are add, decelerate the threshold and the reference slipping rate methods design based on the wheel. Method although simple practical, but its debugging quite is difficult, the different vehicles need the different match technology, performs on many different paths to confirm; Theoritically speaking, entire controlled process wheel skidding rate is not maintains in the best slipping rate, achieved by no means best applies the brake the effect. Moreover, because establishment logic threshold ABS has many limitations, in recent years therefore has developed the vehicles dynamics control system in the ABS foundation (VDC). Union dynamics control best ABS is take the slipping rate as control goal ABS, it is by continuously measures the types of control, causes to apply the brake in the process best to maintain, the stable slipping rate, theoretically is one kind of ideal ABS control system. The slipping rate control difficulty lies in determined under each kind of state of roads the best slipping rate, another difficulty is the vehicles speed survey question, it should be the low cost reliable technology, and finally can develop into the use product. Speaking of take the slipping rate as goal ABS, the control precision certainly is not the extremely prominent question, and achieved the high accuracy the control quite is also difficult; Because road surface and vehicles state of motion change very big, the many kinds of disturbing effect is bigger, therefore the important question lies in the control the stability, namely system robustness, should maintain under each kind of condition does not lose control. Guards against holds the system request redundant reliability, otherwise can cause the person casualties and the vehicles damage. Therefore, the development robust ABS control system becomes the key. Now, the many kinds of Lu stick control system applies ABS in the control logic. Besides the traditional logical threshold method is take compares as the goal, the gain dispatches the PID control, changes the structure control and the fuzzy control is the commonly used Lu stick control system, is take slipping rate which at present uses as goal stepless control system. Fuzzily controls the facture is based on the thumb rule control, has nothing to do with with the system model, has very good robust and the control rule flexibility, but adjustment controlled variable quite difficult, does not have the theory to say, basically the method which is depends on tries to collect. However speaking of the majority based on the target value control, the control rule has the certain rule. Moreover, also has uses other control methods, like based on condition spatial gate and linear feedback theory method, fuzzy nerve network control system and so on. Each control method certainly is not alone applies on the automobile, usually is several control methods combines the implementation. If may blur controls and PID unifies, proper attention to both fuzzy control robustness and the PID control high accuracy, can achieve the very good control effect. The observation and control integration brake control system (abbreviation is SBC), is fills the creativity the electron to control the service pattern braking system, will install it in the future while with the vehicle on, will become enhances an automobile driving secure new milestone. SBC uses the electronic pulse, applies the brake the order the pilot to transmit to a microprocessor in, by its synchronous processing each kind of different sensor signal, and calculates each wheel according to the specific travel condition to be most superior. Thus, when applies the brake when the corner or the wet slippery road surface, SBC can provide compared to a tradition braking system better is initiative security. The SBC system high-pressured stored energy and the electrically controlled valve mechanism can guarantee most greatly the brake pressure quickly has the function. Moreover, this system provides the attachment function can reduce the pilot to drive the operation intensity. If traffic congestion auxiliary function: In under the transportation condition which stops from time to time, the automobile may operates the accelerator pedal when the pilot pine self-braking. It gently stops the function to be allowed to let the automobile specially gently and smoothly stops in the municipal transportation. At present uses the brake principle of work is: The pilot steps on the lower clamp footboard, impels with to apply the brake the pressure regulator and the brake master cylinder connected piston connecting rod. The brake master cylinder will act according to the footboard strength the size, in will apply the brake in the route to form the corresponding pressure, in the machinery and under the fluid strength mutual function, will apply the brake the cylinder through the wheel nearby to impel to apply the brake to press to. Will observe and control integrated in the future in the electric control braking system, the electronic component will substitute in the current braking system the massive uses mechanical part, the pressure regulator also no longer need, will displace will be surveys in the brake master cylinder with the sensor the pressure as well as the brake pedal movement speed, and will transmit these materials with the electronic pulse form to in the SBC processor. In order to let the pilot be able to have similarly applies the brake the feeling, engineers have developed a special simulator, connects it around on the brake master cylinder, impels the brake pedal with the spring strength and the hydraulic pressure. In other words: In applies the brake in the process, the functional element is completely separates with the system other parts, it is only responsible to record sends out any applies the brake to order. Around only appears when the grave mistake or in the 12V vehicles battery gives rise to a question or problem, SBC only then can automatically use the brake master cylinder, and in brake pedal and between front wheel brake rapid establishment fluid strength relation, guaranteed the vehicles safely decelerate. In under the electronic hydraulic pressure technology help, applied the brake the servosystem performance also to obtain further enhanced. When this system execution applies the brake orders, realization automatic emergency stop, rapidly produces the brake pressure and the wheel brake is automatic pre-installed may reduce applies the brake the distance. SBC not only is when emergency brake manifests its value, other essential situations also same. For example, in the dangerous situation which suddenly changes, the SBC system meets and the electronic stable formula (ESP) mutually affects, through sends out to each wheel precise applies the brake the pulse as well as/or reduces the engine speed, guaranteed the vehicles suddenly are changing in the process the security. SBC has demonstrated formidable dynamic in this and the accuracy. Is precisely because has from the SBC high pressure energy storer quicker, more precise applies the brake the pulse, ESP can soon escape when the vehicles is apart from the travel track, is prompt, steadily it stably gets down. The experiment indicated that, under the SBC participation, ESP may through fast, precise apply the brake the pulse work to be more effective, and can reveal is reducing the automobile suddenly to change. At the same time, the pilot changes the pressure along with it reduction. Had SBC and EPS, pilot's when control travel automobile may reduce very many difficulties. Applies the brake on the curve, SBC can provide compared to a tradition braking system higher security. Invariable assigns positively is affecting the automobile to change the following aspect to have the original superiority. The recent years, ABS/ASR already became Europe and America and Japan and so on the developed country automobile standard equipment. The vehicles brake control system development mainly is controls technical the development. On the one hand is expands the control area, the increase control function; On the other hand uses the optimized control theory, implements the servo-control and the high accuracy control. The ABS function expansion besides ASR, simultaneously and changes the control to expand, causes ABS not merely is guards against holds the dead system, but becomes the more comprehensive vehicle control system. The brake development merchant also proposed future ABS/TCS and VDC and the intellectualization transportation system integration utilization conception. Along with the electronic control transmission, the system and the diverting device development, will have between the electronic control system relation network, thus will have some new functions, for example: Uses the electronic control the coupling to be possible greatly to enhance the automobile static start the efficiency; In applies the brake in the process, through inputs an actuation order for the electronic system, can prevent the vehicles dealing with. Some intelligent control technology like nerve network control technologies are the present quite new control technologies, already some people its application in automobile brake control system. ABS/ASR certainly cannot solve all problems which the automobile applies the brake to hit. Therefore further develops by ABS/ASR evolves the electronic control braking system (EBS), this will be a control system development important direction. But EBS must want in to be actual applies, certainly is not a simple question. Besides the technology, the system cost and the correlation laws and regulations are its investment application key. After more than 100 years development, the automobile braking system form basic fixedly has already gotten down. Along with the electron, specially large-scale, the ultra large scale integrated circuit development, the automobile braking system form also will change. If Hayes (K-H) the company has installed one kind of electricity - fluid on an experimental vehicle (EH) the braking system, this system completely changed the brake operation mechanism. Through uses 4 proportions valves and the electric power electronic control, K-H Corporation's EBM can consider basically applies the brake, ABS, the force of traction control, the cruise control applies the brake to intervene and so on the situation, but does not have moreover to increase any kind of add-on component. The EBM system latent merit is can effectively assign compared to the standard system motion basically, thus causes the stopping distance to reduce 5%. One kind completely does not have the fat liquor, the complete electric circuit applies the brake BBW (Brake-By-Wire) the development, causes traditional the hydromatic brake into history. The entire electric brake control system is a brand-new system, has brought the huge transformation for the brake control system, will provide the condition for the future vehicles intelligence control. Must want comprehensively to promote, but also has many questions to need to solve: First actuates the energy question. Uses the entire electric circuit brake control system, need more energys, a disc brake probably needs 1kW the actuation energy. At present the vehicles 12V electrical power system could not provide the such big energy, therefore, future the vehicles dynamic system will use the high-voltage, enlarged the energy supply, was allowed satisfiedly to apply the brake the energy request, simultaneously needed to solve the security problem which the high voltage brought. Next is control system expiration processing. The entire electric brake control system faces a difficult problem is brake fade processing. Because does not have the independent initiative spare braking system, therefore needs a backup system to guarantee applies the brake the security, no matter is the ECU component failure, the sensor expires or brake itself, the group of lines expires, all can guarantee applies the brake basic performance. Realizes an essential technology which the entire electric brake controls is time the system expiration information exchange agreement, like TTP/C. The system once appears the breakdown, sends out the information immediately, guarantees the information transmission to conform to the laws and regulations most suitable method is a multiple channel minute time zone (TDMA), it may guarantee does not appear the information lag which cannot be forecast. The TTP/C agreement acts according to the TDMA formulation. Third is antijamming processing. The vehicles can have each kind of unwanted signal in the movement process, how eliminates the influence which these unwanted signals creates, at present has the many kinds of antijamming control system, basically divides into two kinds: Namely symmetrical expression and asymmetrical antijamming control system. In summary, the modern automobile brake control technology is facing the electron brake control direction to develop. The entire electric brake control because of its huge superiority, will substitute for the tradition by the hydraulic pressure primarily tradition brake control system. At the same time, along with other automobile electronic technologies specially is the ultra large scale integrated circuit development, the electronic component cost and the size unceasingly drops. Automobile brake control technology development entire automobile industry development restriction. Some huge existing and latent auto market attraction, each kind of advanced electronic technology, the biological technology, the information technology as well as each kind of intelligent technology only then unceasingly apply in the automobile brake control system. Simultaneously needs each kind international and the domestic related laws and regulations perfection, like this equips newly applies the brake the technical automobile to be able truly to apply the automobile in the volume production. The electronic technology in the braking system appearance, brought for engineers has been brand-new but the prospect infinite opportunity, it was not only restricted in improves the automobile the security and comfortableness. Because the automobile brake control technology, enable them to go forward in the realization long-range objective a stride. With the aid of to the camera, the short-range radar and the advanced remote navigation system, might cause the future the automobile along the path automatic travel.