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中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 外文資料翻譯譯文 從生態(tài)加工技術(shù)對攻絲的研究 摘 要 這項研究是關(guān)于攻螺紋 扭矩 攻絲 磨損 工作硬度等 的加工特性 在生態(tài)加工 技術(shù)操作下 涂有 TiN 的 MMC 鋁合金金屬復(fù)合材料 攻螺絲形成的攻絲得到了調(diào)查 并 與沒有涂層的特性進(jìn)行了比較 下面的結(jié)果就是從這份研究中得到的 1 TiN 涂層攻絲的 刀具壽命是沒有攻絲的四倍 2 有 TiN 涂層的攻絲形成的螺紋比沒有的加工硬化要低 關(guān)鍵詞 攻絲 攻螺絲 螺紋 生態(tài)加工 鉆孔 1 引言 螺栓 螺釘機(jī)械連接中的螺紋是機(jī)械部件的最重要緊固系統(tǒng)之一 螺紋制造有很多種 方法 特別攻螺絲是用來生產(chǎn)內(nèi)螺紋的有效的技術(shù) 最近 每年都強(qiáng)調(diào)增加生產(chǎn)力 據(jù)說現(xiàn)在的車間里 最重要和最嚴(yán)重的問題是提高生 產(chǎn)力 怎樣改善孔加工 鉆 鉸孔和攻絲 已成為一個嚴(yán)重的問題 傳統(tǒng)的刀具材料限制 了生產(chǎn)力的提高 如高速鋼刀具加工鋁合金金屬復(fù)合材料 MMC 時刀具壽命很短由于碳 化硅粒子的腐蝕天性 因此 刀具的磨損和破壞阻礙了生產(chǎn)力的提高 為了實現(xiàn)理想的 生產(chǎn)力 攻絲已經(jīng)吸引了車間工程師的注意 在這項研究中 用攻絲加工 MMC 利用攻絲 扭矩 攻絲磨損 工作硬度等 的切割 特點 有 TiN 涂層和沒有涂層的都進(jìn)行了調(diào)查 2 實驗方法 2 1 實驗裝置 攻絲試驗在辛辛那提 5 NC MC 5HP 進(jìn)行 該 鉆孔和攻絲 儀器和數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng) 如圖 2 1 切削力 推力和扭矩 測定使用三個類型 9273 壓電電力測功器和相應(yīng)的場所 用 5007 電荷放大器放大 得到的信號 然后傳遞到 A D 轉(zhuǎn)換器 AZI 16 12 連接到個 人電腦 切削力測量安裝如圖 2 2 2 2 工件 鉆及塔 在本實驗中使用的工件是鋁合金 2618 MMC 的增強(qiáng) 15 碳化硅顆粒 形成無槽絲 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 2 錐的螺紋是 M10 如圖 2 3 和兩種類型的攻絲被用來在調(diào)查過程中 攻絲的形狀類似于螺釘?shù)男螤?M10 孔距 1 5 無論有沒有氮化鈦涂層 定位孔的直徑 9 3mm 用于所有試驗和聚晶金剛石攻絲鉆孔 高速鋼硬質(zhì)合金碳化鎢 和聚晶金剛石鉆孔 用在所有測試 本實驗中用的鉆頭如圖 2 4 圖 2 1 竊聽器和數(shù)據(jù)采集儀器 圖 2 2 Schmatic 圖 的竊聽系統(tǒng) 圖 2 3 水龍頭用于這項工作 2 3 儀表和檢測方法的線程 線程的估計是用螺紋規(guī)來衡量 結(jié)果被分為 A 等和 B 等 1 硬鋁合金 2 螺紋深度 是攻絲直徑的 1 4 倍 甲等 質(zhì)量 直徑通過整個螺紋測量 乙等 質(zhì)量 直徑至少 15 毫米 圖 2 5 是顯示的直徑指標(biāo) M10 1 5 ISO 6H 2 4 實驗特性 攻絲試驗時 切削速度 攻絲的轉(zhuǎn)速 是 215 rpm 和進(jìn)給速度 0 1mm rev 322 5mm min 冷卻油 氯和硫免費熱切割石油 手動供應(yīng) 3 實驗結(jié)果與討論 在 M10 攻絲操作的推力和扭矩信號顯示在圖 3 1 結(jié)果表明 隨著螺紋扣數(shù)的形成 扭矩增大 離開孔時減小 然而 可以看到幾乎沒有推力的增加 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 3 圖 2 4 形狀的聚晶金剛石鉆頭 圖 2 5 螺紋規(guī) 3 1 轉(zhuǎn)矩比較 圖 3 2 顯示是先前所提到的有 TiN 涂層和沒有涂層的第 1 孔和第 8 孔攻絲的扭矩信號 圖 2 1 參數(shù)確定 圖 3 1 圖切削力信號根據(jù)竊聽測試扭矩 圖 3 2 比較扭矩信號 第 1 洞和第 8 洞 與扭矩 在攻絲操作的初始階段顯示推力和扭矩的增加 然而 當(dāng)螺紋成形進(jìn)入全速時 推力 顯示出下降的趨勢伴隨著扭矩的增加和攻絲縮回 在螺紋孔口也可以看到負(fù)扭矩的出現(xiàn) 圖 3 1 負(fù)推力值是攻絲偏離中心的結(jié)果是因為一方不正當(dāng)?shù)墓ぜ?刀具的安裝或定位 空的表面粗糙度 上述不確定的因素是定位孔的表面粗糙度 當(dāng)有 TiN 涂層第一孔的攻螺紋的攻絲扭矩值 8 7 Nm 而沒有涂層的值是 11 2Nm 得到 扭矩信號 因而 第一孔有涂層的相比沒有涂層的扭矩減少了 28 而對第 8 孔有 TiN 涂層的扭矩相比沒有涂層減少了 52 初始階段和在攻絲突破點前扭矩信號的比較表明 沒有涂層的攻絲扭矩減少要明顯于 有 TiN 涂層的攻絲 可以說 就形成的攻絲而言 在車螺紋時工作是均勻分布在刮削端 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 4 扭矩的比較結(jié)果總結(jié)在圖 3 3 結(jié)果表明 有 TiN 涂層的攻絲扭矩一般低于那些沒有涂 層的攻絲 3 2 螺紋形式的比較 有 TiN 涂層和沒有涂層的攻絲的螺紋形式如圖 3 4 在螺紋孔 位置 的橫截面的放大圖像以及 1 4 8 號孔作了比較 圖 3 4 是不同位置螺紋的照片模型 而圖 3 5 是八號孔放大的圖像 可以從圖 3 5 中看出 有 TiN 涂層攻絲形成的螺紋的側(cè)面 沒有異常 相反 沒 有涂層表明孔的進(jìn)口和出口相應(yīng)的 號和 號位置無規(guī)律 圖 3 3 比較扭矩信號同類型 圖 3 4 闡明的軸向截面建制線程 為了驗證上述的意見 對孔 和 進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析進(jìn)行 結(jié)果總結(jié)在圖 3 6 圖 3 6 a 和 b 給出了 1 號和 8 號螺紋孔各自的 和 位置的結(jié)果 可以觀察圖 3 6 a 有 TiN 涂層的攻絲齒形遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于沒有涂層的 3 3 比較加工硬化 當(dāng)采用有 TiN 涂層和沒有涂層的攻絲車螺紋時 研究比較加工硬化的嚴(yán)重性 本研究結(jié)果歸納于圖 3 7 選用了兩種類型中 1 號攻絲 有 TiN 涂層和沒有涂層的結(jié)果分別在圖 3 7 a 和 b 用能受 100 gw 的硬度測量 硬度儀測量硬度 結(jié)果表明 有 TiN 涂層的攻螺紋的硬度低于沒有涂層的 上述結(jié)果表明 在以下幾個 方面 如螺紋形式和加工硬化等 有 TiN 涂層的攻絲優(yōu)于沒有涂層的攻絲 圖 3 5 比較線程形式 圖 3 6 比較擴(kuò)大線程形式 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 5 3 4 刀具壽命的比較 有 TiN 涂層和沒有涂層的攻絲被用來調(diào)查性能和攻絲的刀具壽命一樣高 每種類型的 攻絲反復(fù)進(jìn)行 3 次試驗 結(jié)果總結(jié)在圖 3 8 螺紋規(guī)讀數(shù)用 A B 值評估 結(jié)果表明 在刀具壽命達(dá)到限制前 螺紋孔的平均數(shù) 是 沒有 TiN 涂層攻絲的 X 13 和有涂層攻絲的 X 49 有 TiN 涂層攻絲的刀具壽命是沒有 涂層的 3 8 倍 3 5 比較塔磨損 圖 3 9 顯示各種類型攻絲的刀具磨損 在實驗中車螺紋后如圖 3 8 所示 應(yīng)當(dāng)指出的 是 所有用于比較的攻絲已充分達(dá)到刀具壽命 有 TiN 涂層和沒有涂層的攻絲分別如圖 3 9 a 和 b 可以看出 所有攻絲的刀具磨損點 此外 可以看到大量的磨損在分 界線上 有 TiN 涂層和沒有涂層攻絲的比較 如放大點 結(jié)果表明 后者的磨損明顯高 于前者 就有 TiN 涂層攻絲來說 在刀具磨損區(qū)可以看到覆蓋的 TiN 涂層 圖 3 7 比較硬度分布 圖 3 8 用攻絲的刀具壽命的比較 圖 3 9 用攻絲的刀具磨損比較 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 6 4 結(jié)論 4 1 有 TiN 涂層的刀具的壽命大約是沒有涂層的刀具壽命的 4 倍 4 2 和沒有 TiN 涂層的刀具相比 有涂層刀具的扭轉(zhuǎn)力下降了 28 4 3 和沒有 TiN 涂層的刀具相比 帶有涂層的齒形螺紋刀具則顯示出更少的不規(guī)則性 4 4 有 TiN 涂層的刀具的硬度低于沒有涂層的刀具 4 5 從以上結(jié)果顯示 有 TiN 涂層的刀具在以下方面優(yōu)于沒有涂層的刀具 刀具壽命 螺紋樣式和加工硬化等 參考文獻(xiàn) 1 WOLFGANGSTRACHE Alternative Strategies for the Production of Threads in Aluminum based SIC Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite MMC Alloy 1993 2 Beitz W Dubbel Taschhenbuch fuer den Maschinenbau ISBN 3 540 52381 2 1990 G15 外文原文 A Study on Tapping Viewed from Eco Machining Technology Abstract This study deals with machining characteristics of thread tapping torque tap wear workhardness etc The tapping of MMC aluminum alloy metal matrix composite with TiN coated forming taps under eco machining technology operation where chips are not produced and ejected from the tap flute was investigated and compared with the characteristics during uncoated tapping The following results are obtained from this study 1 The tool life of TiN coated taps was 4 times longer than that of uncoated tap 2 Threads formed with the TiN coated taps exhibit lower work hardening than those formed with uncoated taps Keywords Tap Tapping Thread Eco Machining Drilling 1 Introduction 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 7 Threads form the mechanical joint of a bolt screw connection which is one of the most important fastening systems for mechanical components There are many ways of thread making especially that of tapping which has been employed as an efficient technique for the production of internal threads Recently the rise of productivity has been emphasized year by year Also it is said that the improvement of productivity is one of the most important and serious problem in today s machine shops The improvement of hole making production drilling reaming and tapping has become a serious matter One factor limiting productivity gains has been that conventional tool materials such as HSS exhibit very short tool lives when machining an aluminum alloy metal matrix composite MMC due to the abrasive nature of the SiC particles Therefore the improvement has been obstructed by various problems as rapid tool wear and failure As a mean of achieving the desired productivity gains forming taps have caught the attention of machine shop engineers In this study cutting characteristics of tapping torque taps wear work hardness etc during the tapping of MMC with forming taps both TiN coated and uncoated was investigated 2 Experimental Methods 2 1 Experimental Equipment The tapping tests were conducted on a Cincinati 5 NC MC 5HP The drilling and tapping apparatus and data acquisition system are presented in Figure 2 1 The cutting forces thrust and torque were measured using a three component Kistler Type 9273 Piezo electric dynamometer and the corresponding locus was amplified by a Kistler type 5007 charge amplifier The signal obtained was then passed to a Towa A D converter type AZI 16 12 connected to a personal computer A schematic diagram of the cutting force measuring setup is presented in Figure 2 2 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 8 2 2 Workpiece Drill and Tap The workpiece used in this experiment is aluminum alloy 2618 MMC reinforced with 15 vol silicon carbide SiC particulate The thread forming fluteless taps were M10 as shown in Figure 2 3 and two types of taps were used during the course of the investigation The shape of the taps was similar to the shape of a screw M10 Pitch 1 5 either uncoated or coated with Titanium nitride TiN Pilot holes of 9 3mm diameter were used for all trials and PCD tipped drills HSS cemented tungsten carbide and polycrystalline diamond drilling were employed in all the tests The shape of drill used in this test is shown in Figure 2 4 2 3 Gauge and Inspection Method of Thread The estimate of threads was performed with a thread gauge Go NoGo gauge The results were classified as A and B quality 1 Where 1 4 tapped diameter is Diameter is the recommended depth of thread of hard Aluminum alloy 2 A quality Gauge can be turned through the whole thread B quality Gauge can be turned in at least 15mm Figure 2 5 shows the appearance of gauge M10 1 5 ISO 6H 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 9 2 4 Experimental Characteristics Tapping tests were conducted at a cutting speed rotational speed of tap of 215 rpm and feed rate of 0 1mm rev 322 5mm min Coolant oil Chlorine and sulphur free heat cutting oil was supplied manually 3 Experimental Results And Discussion Cutting Forces in Tapping thrust torque The thrust and torque signals produced in this tapping operation with a M10 tap are shown in Figure 3 1 The results show that torque increases with number of threads formed and decreases at the instant that the tap is about to break through the outlet of the hole Whereas little increase in thrust can be observed 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 10 3 1 Comparison of Torque Figure 3 2 shows torque signals of tap in the 1st hole and 8th holes for the TiN coated and uncoated taps mentioned in the previous section At the initial stage of the tapping operation both thrust and torque show an increase in magnitude However when the thread forming operation enters full gear the thrust force shows a decreasing trend accompanied with in increase in torque and as the tap retracts after breakthrough a negative torque of 5N magnitude can be observed across a few threads at hole outlet The negative thrust value observed in Figure 3 1 is the outcome of the deflection of the tap from the center due to either improper workpiece tool setup or poor finish of the pilot holes The inconclusive results observed above led to the investigating of the factors responsible for the poor finish of the pilot holes The torque signals derived while threading taps for the 1st hole show tapping torque values of 8 7 Nm for the TiN coated tap and11 2 Nm for the uncoated and tap respectively Thus for the 1st hole the TiN coated tap exhibits a 28 reduction in torque compared to the uncoated tap While for the 8th hole the reduction in torque for the TiN coated tap is approximately 52 as compared to uncoated tap Comparison of the torque signals at the initial phase and prior to breakthrough of the taps shows that the uncoated tap exhibits a sharper decrease in torque than the TiN coated tap It can be said that in the case of forming taps work is evenly distributed at the scrape point during threading A comparison of the torque results is summarized in Figure 3 3 Results indicate that tapping torque of the TiN coated tap is generally lower than those of the un coated tap 3 2 Comparison of Thread Forms The thread forms for the TiN coated and uncoated taps are shown in Figure 3 4 Magnified images of the axial cross section of the formed threads at position No and in holes 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 11 and 1 4 and 8 were used in the comparison Figure 3 4 is a model of the photographed threads at the various positions while Figure 3 5 shows magnified images for hole No 8 As it can be seen from Figure 3 5 the thread profile at position No to of threads formed with the TiN coated tap show no abnormalities On the contrary with the uncoatedtaps the root shows irregularities at position No and corresponding to the hole inlet and outlet In order to validate the observations mentioned above a detailed analysis was performed on holes No and Results are summarized in Figure 3 6 Figure 3 6 a and b give results for hole No and 8 at thread position No and respectively As it can be observed in Figure 3 6 a the tooth profile of the TiN coated is far superior to the uncoated tap 3 3 Comparison of Work Hardening A comparative study was performed to investigate the magnitude of work hardening when using the TiN coated and uncoated taps to form threads Results of this study are summarized in Figure 3 7 Tap No 1 of both tap types were used 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 12 Results for the TiN coated and uncoated tap are given in Figure 3 7 a and b respectively Hardness was measured on a hardness tester loaded with a 100 gw The results show that the hardness of the TiN coated tapping thread is lower than the uncoated tapping thread The above results show that the TiN coated tap is superior to the uncoated tap in the following aspects thread form and work hardening etc 3 4Comparison of Tool Life The TiN coated and uncoated taps were used to investigate the performance level with respect to tool life of taps Tests were repeatedly performed three times with each type of tap The results are summarized in Figure 3 8 Thread gauge readings were evaluated using A B values The results indicate that the average number of thread holes before tool life limit is reached are uncoated X 13 and TiN coated tap X 49 hole tap The tool life of the TiN coated tap is 3 8 times longer than that of uncoated tap 中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)長城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 13 3 5 Comparison of Tap Wear Figure 3 9 shows the tool wear of the various taps after threading in the experiments indicated in Figure 3 8 It should be noted that all the taps used for this comparison have already attained full tool life TiN coated and uncoated taps are shown in Figure 3 9 a and b respectively It can be seen that the point of all the taps show tool wear In addition extensive wear can be observed at the boundary between the full thread form with the chamfer thread run out of same 3 5 threads from the scrape point A comparison of the TiN coated and the uncoated tap as exemplified by the magnified point shows that wear of the latter is more pronounced than the former In the case of the TiN coated tap an overlay of TiN coating can be observed at the tool wear zone 4 Conclusions 4 1The tool life of the TiN coated tap was approximately 4 times longer than that of the uncoated tap 4 2The TiN coated tap for the 1st hole exhibits 28 reduction in torque compared to the uncoated tap 4 3The tooth profile of the thread produced by the TiN coated tap shows fewer irregularities than for the uncoated tap 4 4 The hardness of the TiN coated tapping thread is lower than the uncoated tapping thread 4 5From the above results the TiN coated tap is superior to the uncoated tap in the following aspects tool life thread forms and work hardening etc References 1 WOLFGANGSTRACHE Alternative Strategies for the Production of Threads in Aluminum based SIC Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite MMC Alloy 1993 2 Beitz W Dubbel Taschhenbuch fuer den Maschinenbau ISBN 3 540 52381 2 1990 G15