高中英語閱讀理解4事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)議論文、夾敘夾議.doc

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精銳教育學(xué)科教師輔導(dǎo)講義 講義編號___ _ __________ 學(xué)員編號： 年 級： 課時(shí)數(shù)及課時(shí)進(jìn)度：3（ / ） 學(xué)員姓名： 輔導(dǎo)科目： 英語 學(xué)科教師： 學(xué)科組長/帶頭人簽名及日期 課 題 閱讀理解—事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)（議論文、夾敘夾議） 授課時(shí)間： 備課時(shí)間： 教學(xué)目標(biāo) 掌握事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題在議論文、夾敘夾議文體中的出題方式與答題技巧 重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn) 1、 辨析文體。 2、 掌握事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題目的做題方法。 考點(diǎn)及考試要求 閱讀理解——事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)在議論文、夾敘夾議文體中的命題方向與解決辦法。 教學(xué)內(nèi)容 Part I: 引課 閱讀是獲得更綜合、更復(fù)雜、更精確信息的必要手段，我們考生在做閱讀理解時(shí)，不僅要看懂文章的字面意思，還需要針對不同題材和體裁的篇目運(yùn)用不同的方法作出正確的選擇。一般來說，詞匯、閱讀速度和理解能力是閱讀理解中三個(gè)最重要并且有相互聯(lián)系的因素。 在閱讀的方法上，可以使用以下幾種方法： 1、跳讀。就是快速地、一步閱讀法。實(shí)際上是有選擇的閱讀，即在文章中找到一個(gè)或關(guān)鍵幾個(gè)詞。用這種閱讀方法回答who、what、when、where之類的問題最為有效。 2、略讀。所謂略讀是指比跳讀慢些的二步閱讀法。也就是泛泛地、粗略地快速閱讀，目的是了解大意，對文章有個(gè)總的概念。此種閱讀方法能回答why、how之類的問題。 　　3、精讀。所謂精讀就是用最細(xì)致、最慢、最深層的方法閱讀，目的是求得對所讀文章的全部意義的理解與掌握。在應(yīng)用這種閱讀方法前，首先應(yīng)用跳讀法找到與問題有關(guān)聯(lián)的地方，然后細(xì)讀。有時(shí)候文中有直接回答，有時(shí)候回答分布在整篇短文中，需要考生找出，進(jìn)行釋義、歸納、概括等。此種閱讀方法能回答需推斷、歸納和演繹的題目。 根據(jù)試題類型可分為：文章主旨題、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、推理判斷題以及詞義猜測題。本次課講解議論文中的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。 Part II. 講授新課 一、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題主要考查考生對閱讀材料中的某一特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的主要事實(shí)的理解能力,問題主要包詢 問人 (who)、 物(what)、時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、原因(cause)、結(jié)果(effect)、數(shù)據(jù)(data)等。新聞、說 明文、廣告信息等常?？季唧w細(xì)節(jié)?？煞譃槿缦聝煞N類型題目： ①.直接事實(shí)題：先閱讀題干，確定讀材料的時(shí)候要查找的細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)的范圍，然后利用略讀的手法找出出處。 ②.間接事實(shí)題：需結(jié)合上下文提供的語境和信息進(jìn)行簡單的概括和判斷。 二、常見議論文、夾敘夾議文體中問題形式： 1).三正一誤(三項(xiàng)正確，只有一項(xiàng)不符合原文內(nèi)容)或三誤一正(三項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，只有一項(xiàng)符合原文容)： ①.Which of the following is true/false except…？ ②.Which of the following is mentioned except…？ 2) .定義 3) .年代與數(shù)字 4) .比較 5) .原因和結(jié)果 三、常見選項(xiàng)分類有： A.正確答案的特點(diǎn)：與原文情節(jié)表達(dá)手法不同，但所表達(dá)的意思相同。 B.干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)： ①. 是原文信息，但與題目要求不符； ②. 符合常識，但不符合原文內(nèi)容； ③. 與原文情節(jié)極為相似，只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)； ④. 選項(xiàng)中所提供的信息部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤； ⑤. 在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反。 四、示范例題： It is reported that conservation groups in North America have been arguing about the benefits and dangers of wolves. Some groups believe wolves should be killed. Other people believe wolves must be protected so that they will not disappear from the wilderness (荒野). For Killing Wolves In Alaska, the wolf almost disappeared a few years ago，because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport. However, laws were established to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who catch the animals for their fur. So the woIf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they are destroying their own food supply. A wolf naturally eats animals in the deer family. People in the wilderness also hunt deer for food. Many of the animals have been destroyed by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the wilderness plant life. When the deer can’t find enough food, they die. If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer, their prey (獵物) will disappear some day. And the wolves will, too. So we must change the cycle of life in the wilderness to balance the ecology. If we killed more wolves, we would save them and their prey from dying out. We’d also save some farm animals. In another northern state, wolves attack cows and chickens for food. Farmers want the government to send biologists to study the problem. They believe it necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there is a small woIf population. Against Killing Wolves If you had lived long ago, you would have heard many different stories about the dangerous wolf. According to most stories, hungry wolves often kill people for food. Even today, the stories of the “big bad woIf’’ will not disappear. But the fact is wolves are afraid of people, and they seldom travel in areas where there is a human smell. When wolves eat other animals, they usually kill the very young or the sick and injured. The strongest survive. No kind of animal would have survived through the centuries if the weak members had lived. That has always been a law of nature. Although some people say it is good sense to kill wolves, we say it is nonsense! Researchers have found wolves and their prey living in balance. The wolves keep the deer population from becoming too large, and that keeps a balance in the wilderness plant life. The real problem is that the areas where wolves can live are being used by people. Even if wilderness land is not used directly for human needs, the wolves can’t always find enough food. So they travel to the nearest source, which is often a farm.Then there is danger. The “big bad wolf” has arrived! And everyone knows what happens next. 1. According to the passage，some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCEPT that _______. A. there are too many wolves B. they kill large numbers of deer C. they attack cows and chickens for food D. they destroy the wilderness plant life 2. Some people are against killing wolves because _______. A. wolves help to keep the ecological balance in the wilderness B. there is too small a wolf population in the wilderness C. there are too many deer in the wilderness D. wolves are afraid of people and never attack people 3 According to those against killing wolves, when wolves eat other animals, _______. A. they never eat strong and healthy ones B. they always go against the law of nature C. they might help this kind of animals survive in nature D. they disturb the ecological balance in the wilderness 4 The last sentence “And everyone knows what happens next” implies that in such cases _______. A. farm animals will be in danger and have to be shipped away B. woIves will kill people and people will in turn kill them C. wolves wilI find enough food sources on farms D. people will leave the areas where wolves can live 例題解析：本文為議論文，主要介紹了在北美兩派人對于狼的優(yōu)點(diǎn)與缺點(diǎn)所引起的辯論。一方認(rèn)為狼應(yīng)該被殺；另一方面認(rèn)為狼必須受到保護(hù)以確保他們不會消失在荒野中。 1. D 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。作此題首先鎖定 For Killing Wolves, 即在這一欄去尋找選項(xiàng)。由該欄的后一段提到了C項(xiàng)，即他們襲擊奶牛和小雞并以他們?yōu)槭场? 2. A 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由倒數(shù)第二段最后一句：..keeps a balance in the wilderness plant life. 可知狼能夠幫助保持生態(tài)平衡，故選A項(xiàng)。 3. C 推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第三段第二、三、四句可知狼殺死老弱病殘的其他動(dòng)物，而強(qiáng)者生存，這符合自然法則—適者生存，讓其他動(dòng)物優(yōu)勝劣汰，也就是說幫助這種動(dòng)物在自然界生存。故選C項(xiàng)。 4. B 推理判斷題。由最后一段最后幾句可知。狼來到農(nóng)場尋找食物，應(yīng)該是有可能傷害人，而人也有可能反過來傷害它，故選B項(xiàng)。 Part III. 隨堂練習(xí) Imagine，one day，getting out of bed in Beijing and being at your office in Shanghai in only a couple of hours，and then，after a full day of work，going back home to Beijing and having dinner there． Sounds unusual，doesnt it? But its not that unrealistic，with the development of China’s high—speed railway system．And that’s not a11．China has an even greater high—speed railway plan—to connect the country with Southeast Asia，and eventually Eastern Europe． China is negotiating to extend its own high-speed railway network to up to 17 countries in 1 0 to 15 years，eventually reaching London and Singapore． China has proposed three such projects．The first would possibly connect Kunming with Singapore via Vietnam and Malaysia．Another could start in Urumqi and go through Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan，and possibly to Germany．The third would start in the northeast and go north through Russia and then into Western Europe． If China’s plan for the high-speed railway goes forward，people could zip over from London to Beijing in under two days． The new system would still follow China’s high—speed railway standard．And the trains would be able to go 346 kilometers an hour，almost as fast as some airplanes． China’s bullet train(高速客車)，the one connecting Wuhan to Guangzhou，already has the World’s fastest average speed．It covers 1,069 kilometers in about three hours． Of course，there are some technical challenges to overcome．There are so many issues that need to be settled，such as safety，rail gauge(軌距)，maintenance of railway tracks．So，it’s important to pay attention to every detail． But the key issue is really money．China is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expansion． China prefers that the other countries pay in natural resources rather than with capital investment．Resources from those countries could stream into China to sustain development． It’11 be a win-win project. For other countries，the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business，tourism and so on，not to mention the better communication among those countries． For China，such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources，but would also help develop China’s far west．We foresee that in the coming decades，millions of people will migrate to the western regions，where the land is empty and resources unused．With high-speed trains，people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11．And they’11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries． 1．China’s new high-speed railway plan will be a win-win project because ． A．China will get much-needed resources and develop its western regions B．China and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways C．China will develop its railway system and communication with other countries D． the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation，business and tourism 2．According to the passage，the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is ． A．technical issues B．safety of the system C．financial problems D．maintenance of railway tracks 3．Which of the following words best describes the author’s attitude towards China’s high-speed railway plan? A．Critical． B．Reserved． C．Doubtful D. Positive． 4．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? A．New Railway Standards B．Big Railway Dreams C．High—speed Bullet Trains D．International Railway Network 本文采用夾敘夾議手法，主要介紹了中國高鐵的計(jì)劃，中國打算與亞洲東南亞國家相連，最終達(dá)到倫敦和新加坡。 1、 B 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由本文最后兩段可知，中國和相關(guān)國家可在多方面收益，其余三項(xiàng)均為不全面的細(xì)節(jié)，故不能選。 2、 C 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由倒數(shù)第四段第一句“but the key issue is really money.可知最大的問題是經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。故選C項(xiàng)。 3、 D 推理判斷題。由第二段第二句“但那并非是不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的”和倒數(shù)第二段第一句“這是一項(xiàng)雙贏的項(xiàng)目”可知作者對中國高鐵的態(tài)度是樂觀的，故選D項(xiàng)。 4、 B 主旨大意題。綜觀全文可知本文主要介紹了中國高鐵的計(jì)劃，故“高鐵之夢”為最佳答案。A項(xiàng)“新高鐵標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”不是本文主題；C項(xiàng)“告訴客車”，盡管在文中出現(xiàn)，但過于寬乏，也不是主題；D項(xiàng)“國際高鐵網(wǎng)絡(luò)”太泛了，也不能選。 Part IV. 課堂小結(jié)： 細(xì)節(jié)題主要考查考生對文章(或某一段落)中某一特定事實(shí)信息的捕捉和理解能力，通常包括直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題和間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題。直接細(xì)節(jié)理解題與原文掛鉤，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往與原文中的語句并非一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。間接細(xì)節(jié)理解題需要通過有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換，依靠主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空間等關(guān)系進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論，此類試題在高考試題中占大多數(shù)。 Part V. Homework The term “multitasking” originally referred to a computer’s ability to carry out several tasks at one time. For many people, multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success. In fact, some excellent mental aerobic exercises (大腦訓(xùn)練) involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time. Although checking e-mail while talking on a phone and reading the newspaper may be second nature for some people, many times multitasking can make us less productive, rather than more. And studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increased stress, anxiety and memory loss. In order to multitask, the brain uses an area known as the prefrontal cortex (前額葉腦皮層). Brian scans of volunteers performing multiple tasks together show that as they shift from task to task, this front part of the brain actually takes a moment of rest between tasks. You may have experienced a prefrontal cortex “moment of rest” yourself if you’ve ever dialed (撥電話) a phone number and suddenly forgotten who you dialed when the line is answered. What probably occurred is that between the dialing and the answering, your mind shifted to anther thought or task, and then took that “moment” to come back. Research has also shown that for many volunteers, job efficiency (效率) declines while multitasking, as compared to when they perform only one task at a time. k*s5u Multitasking is easiest when at least one of the tasks is habitual, or requires little thought. Most people don’t find it difficult to eat and read the newspaper at the same time. However, when two or more attention-requiring tasks are attempted at one time, people sometimes make mistakes. We often don’t remember things as well when we’re trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget people’s names---even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or disinterested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them. 1. Why are some mental aerobic exercises designed to engage people in multitasking? A. To make them more productive. B. To reduce their stress and anxiety. C. To develop their communication skills. D. To help them perform daily tasks more easily. 2.According to Paragraph 2, why may a person suddenly forget who has called? A. He may leave his prefrontal cortex temporarily damaged. B. He is probably interrupted by another task. C. He is probably not very familiar with the person he has called. D. He may need a rest between dialing and speaking. k*s5u 3.People tend to make mistake when ____. A. they perform several challenging tasks at a time. B. new messages are processed one after another C. their relationships with others are affected D. the tasks require little thought 4.What is the main idea of the passage? A. Multitasking has become a way of life. B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline. C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved. D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.