重型貨車驅動橋設計【整體式驅動橋】
重型貨車驅動橋設計【整體式驅動橋】,整體式驅動橋,重型,貨車,驅動,設計,整體,總體
附 錄A
The structure of driving axle
The driving axle is in the power power transmission the terminal, its basic function increases the torque which transmits by the drive shaft or the transmission gearbox, and power reasonable assignment for left and right driving gear, moreover also withstands the function vertical sets up, the longitudinal force and the transverse force between the road surface and the frame or the automobile body.The driving axle generally by the main gear box, the differential device, the wheel transmission device and the driving axle shell and so on is composed.
1.Driving axle design：
The driving axle design must satisfy following basic request:
1). Choice main reduction gear ratios ought to be able to guarantee the automobile has the best power and the fuel economy.
2). External dimensions must be small, guaranteed has the necessity ground clearance.
3). Gears and other transmission piece works do steadily, the noise is small.
4). Has the high transmission efficiency under each kind of rotational speed and the load.
5). Under the guarantee enough intensity, the rigidity condition, should make every effort the quality to be small, under the reed the quality should be as far as possible small in particular, improves the automobile smoothness.
6). Coordinated with the suspension fork guidance organization movement, regarding changes the driving axle, but also should coordinate with the rotation gear movement.
7). Structures are simple, the processing technology capability is good, the manufacture is easy, disassembling, the adjustment is convenient.
2.Driving axle classification
The driving axle minute non-separation type with separates the type two big kinds.
1).Non-separation type driving axle
The non-separation type driving axle also is called the integral-type driving axle, its rear axle drive pipe and main gear box shell with shaft casing rigidly connected whole Liang, thus the both sides rear axle and the driving gear swing related, passes the elastic part and the frame is connected.It by the driving axle shell 1, the main gear box, the differential device and the rear axle is composed.
2). Separation type driving axle
The driving axle uses the independent suspension fork, namely the main gear box shell fixes on the frame, the both sides rear axle and the driving gear can be opposite in the rolling plane in the chassis have the relative motion to be called the separation type driving axle.
In order to coordinates with the independent suspension fork, fixes the main gear box shell in the frame (or automobile body) on, the driving axle shell partition and through the hinge joint, or no longer has the driving axle shell other parts besides the main gear box shell.In order to meet the need which about the driving gear independence beats, between the differential device and between wheel rear axle each section connects with the universal joint.
3.Drive axle of composition
Mainly by the reducer drive, and half axle and drive axle shell, etc.
1) .Main reducer
The speed reducer is usually used to change the direction of transmission, reduce speed and increase torque, guarantee cars have enough force and appropriate speed. Main reducer, have more single type, double, double speed reducer, wheel edges.
a). Single main reducer
By a reduction gear reducer realization of single reducer, called. Its simple structure, light weight, dongfeng BQl090, light, medium sized truck was widely used in automobile.
b). Double main reducer
In some large trucks, load demand is bigger than the slow, with single main reducer drive, driven gear diameter increases, affect to the ground clearance drive, so using twice. Usually called doublestage reducer. Two groups of double reduction gear reducer, increasing torsional twice slowdown.
To improve the tapered gear pair of meshing smoothness and strength, the level of spiral bevel gears reduction gear pair is. Second gear pair is helical gears for support.
Active tapered gear rotating, drive driven circular gear rotating, thus completing silver. Level Article 2 the initiative of cylindrical gears and driven tapered gear coaxial and rotate together, and bring about a follower of cylindrical gears rotate, 2. Because a follower of cylindrical gears installed in differential shell, so, when a follower of cylindrical gears turning, through the differential and half shaft is driven wheel rotation.
2).Differential
Around half shaft are used to connect differential wheel, can make the sides with different velocity rotating torque simultaneously. Ensure the normal scroll wheel. Some more, in the car driver bridge or in the breakthrough of thansfer transmission shaft with differential between, also called the bridge between differential. Its role in the car is in turn or flat road to drive wheels, and generate differential between the role.
Current domestic cars and other cars are adopted symmetric bevel gear ordinary differential. Symmetrical type gear differential planetary gear, half of planetary gear axle shaft gear, or a cross (direct axis) and differential shell, etc.
Most current car using differential planetary gear, ordinary bevel gear differential by two or four conical planetary gear and planetary gear axle, two cone half shaft gear and differential shell, etc.
3). Half axle
Half shaft are coming to the differential wheel, drive torque to move the car wheel rotation, the solid shaft. Due to the different structure, installation of hub axial force and the different also. Therefore, half shaft are divided into the floating, use, three/four floating three types.
a). Howo fou-point suspending half axle
General big, medium-sized cars are adopted the floating structure. Half of the spline shaft inside with the half shaft with differential gears connected to the end of the half shaft are forging flanges, bolts and wheel connection. Hub through two far apart WenCheng tapered roller bearings in half a collar. Half a collar and driving axle shell pressure to drive, composition. Use this form, half shaft bearing no direct link with the bridge housing, half shaft driving torque and not only bear any moment under this half shaft are called "the floating" half axle. The so-called "float" means half shaft are not bending load.
The float, the half axle shaft for lugs and made one. But there are some heavy trucks to lugs, and made the individual parts of the spline shaft in the half. Therefore, both ends of the spline shaft is used, can HuanTou.
b). Use half axle
Use of half axle within the same with the client, not withstand float bending-torsional. The client through a direct bearing on the inside of half axle shell. This means that will support the half axle under bending moment. Therefore, the half sleeve torque, except under bending moment, local use half shaft is called. This structure is mainly used for certain.
The red flag brand limousines CA7560 type of thing. The half shaft are not bending moment, the client will inherit all external use, so called bending support.
c). 3/4 floating half axle
Three-quarters of floating half shaft are short of bending degree between use and the floating. This type of half axle currently used in XiaoWoChe, only on individual applications, such as M20 type car. Warsaw,
4). The bridge housing
a). Integral bridge housing
Integral bridge housing for the intensity and rigidity, and facilitate the good performance of the installation, adjustment and maintenance, and widely used. Integral bridge housing for manufacturing methods, which can be divided into different midway through the whole cast type, the steel casting and stamping steel welding etc.
b). Drive axle shell segmented
Section type bridge housing generally fall into two, one will DuanLianCheng two by bolts. Bridge housing is segmented to casting and machining.
附 錄B
驅動橋的構造
驅動橋處于動力傳動系的末端，其基本功能是增大由傳動軸或變速器傳來的轉矩，并將動力合理的分配給左、右驅動輪，另外還承受作用于路面和車架或車身之間的垂直立、縱向力和橫向力。驅動橋一般由主減速器、差速器、車輪傳動裝置和驅動橋殼等組成。
驅動橋的設計：
驅動橋設計應當滿足如下基本要求：
選擇的主減速比應能保證汽車具有最佳的動力性和燃料經(jīng)濟性。
?。?）外形尺寸要小，保證有必要的離地間隙。
（3）齒輪及其他傳動件工作平穩(wěn)，噪聲小。
?。?）在各種轉速和載荷下具有高的傳動效率。
?。?）在保證足夠的強度、剛度條件下，應力求質量小，尤其是簧下質量應盡量小，以改善汽車平順性。
（6）與懸架導向機構運動協(xié)調，對于轉向驅動橋，還應與轉向機構運動相協(xié)調。
?。?）結構簡單，加工工藝性好，制造容易，拆裝、調整方便。
驅動橋的分類
驅動橋分非斷開式與斷開式兩大類。
1、非斷開式驅動橋
非斷開式驅動橋也稱為整體式驅動橋，其半軸套管與主減速器殼均與軸殼剛性地相連一個整體梁，因而兩側的半軸和驅動輪相關地擺動，通過彈性元件與車架相連。它由驅動橋殼1，主減速器，差速器和半軸組成。
2、斷開式驅動橋
驅動橋采用獨立懸架，即主減速器殼固定在車架上，兩側的半軸和驅動輪能在橫向平面相對于車體有相對運動的則稱為斷開式驅動橋。
為了與獨立懸架相配合，將主減速器殼固定在車架（或車身）上，驅動橋殼分段并通過鉸鏈連接，或除主減速器殼外不再有驅動橋殼的其它部分。為了適應驅動輪獨立上下跳動的需要，差速器與車輪之間的半軸各段之間用萬向節(jié)連接。
驅動橋的組成
驅動橋主要由主減速器、差速器、半軸和驅動橋殼等組成。
1、主減速器
主減速器一般用來改變傳動方向，降低轉速，增大扭矩，保證汽車有足夠的驅動力和適當?shù)乃倨?。主減速器類型較多，有單級、雙級、雙速、輪邊減速器等。
?。?）單級主減速器
由一對減速齒輪實現(xiàn)減速的裝置，稱為單級減速器。其結構簡單，重量輕，東風BQl090型等輕、中型載重汽車上應用廣泛。
?。?）雙級主減速器
對一些載重較大的載重汽車，要求較大的減速比，用單級主減速器傳動，則從動齒輪的直徑就必須增大，會影響驅動橋的離地間隙，所以采用兩次減速。通常稱為雙級減速器。雙級減速器有兩組減速齒輪，實現(xiàn)兩次減速增扭。
為提高錐形齒輪副的嚙合平穩(wěn)性和強度，第一級減速齒輪副是螺旋錐齒輪。二級齒輪副是斜齒因拄齒輪。
主動圓錐齒輪旋轉，帶動從動圓銀齒輪旋轉，從而完成一級減速。第二級減速的主動圓柱齒輪與從動圓錐齒輪同軸而一起旋轉，并帶動從動圓柱齒輪旋轉，進行第二級減速。因從動圓柱齒輪安裝于差速器外殼上，所以，當從動圓柱齒輪轉動時，通過差速器和半軸即驅動車輪轉動。
2、差速器
差速器用以連接左右半軸，可使兩側車輪以不同角速度旋轉同時傳遞扭矩。保證車輪的正常滾動。有的多橋驅動的汽車，在分動器內或在貫通式傳動的軸間也裝有差速器，稱為橋間差速器。其作用是在汽車轉彎或在不平坦的路面上行駛時，使前后驅動車輪之間產生差速作用。
目前國產轎車及其它類汽車基本都采用了對稱式錐齒輪普通差速器。對稱式錐齒輪差速器由行星齒輪、半軸齒輪、行星齒輪軸（十字軸或一根直銷軸）和差速器殼等組成。
目前大多數(shù)汽車采用行星齒輪式差速器，普通錐齒輪差速器由兩個或四個圓錐行星齒輪、行星齒輪軸、兩個圓錐半軸齒輪和左右差速器殼等組成。
3、半軸
半軸是將差速器傳來的扭矩再傳給車輪，驅動車輪旋轉，推動汽車行駛的實心軸。由于輪轂的安裝結構不同，而半軸的受力情況也不同。所以，半軸分為全浮式、半浮式、3／4浮式三種型式。
?。?）全浮式半軸
一般大、中型汽車均采用全浮式結構。 半軸的內端用花鍵與差速器的半軸齒輪相連接，半軸的外端鍛出凸緣，用螺栓和輪轂連接。輪轂通過兩個相距較遠的圓錐滾子軸承文承在半軸套管上。半軸套管與后橋殼壓配成一體，組成驅動橋殼。用這樣的支承形式，半軸與橋殼沒有直接聯(lián)系，使半軸只承受驅動扭矩而不承受任何彎矩，這種半軸稱為“全浮式”半軸。所謂“浮”意即半軸不受彎曲載荷。
全浮式半軸，外端為凸緣盤與軸制成一體。但也有一些載重汽車把凸緣制成單獨零件，并借花鍵套合在半軸外端。因而，半軸的兩端都是花鍵，可以換頭使用。
?。?）半浮式半軸
半浮式半軸的內端與全浮式的一樣，不承受彎扭。其外端通過一個軸承直接支承在半軸外殼的內側。這種支承方式將使半軸外端承受彎矩。因此，這種半袖除傳遞扭矩外，還局部地承受彎矩，故稱為半浮式半軸。這種結構型式主要用于小客車。
圖示為紅旗牌CA7560型高級轎車的驅動橋。其半軸內端不受彎矩，而外端卻要承受全部彎矩，所以稱為半浮式支承。
?。?）3／4浮式半軸
3／4浮式半軸是受彎短的程度介于半浮式和全浮式之間。此式半軸目前應用不多，只在個別小臥車上應用，如華沙M20型汽車。
?。?）橋殼
1） 整體式橋殼
整體式橋殼因強度和剛度性能好，便于主減速器的安裝、調整和維修，而得到廣泛應用。整體式橋殼因制造方法不同，可分為整體鑄造式、中段鑄造壓入鋼管式和鋼板沖壓焊接式等。
2） 分段式驅動橋殼
分段式橋殼一般分為兩段，由螺栓1將兩段連成一體。分段式橋殼比較易于鑄造和加工。
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