單級(jí)直齒圓柱減速器設(shè)計(jì)【F=1.25KN V=1.5ms D=250mm】
單級(jí)直齒圓柱減速器設(shè)計(jì)【F=1.25KN V=1.5ms D=250mm】,F=1.25KN V=1.5ms D=250mm,單級(jí)直齒圓柱減速器設(shè)計(jì)【F=1.25KN,V=1.5ms,D=250mm】,單級(jí)直齒,圓柱,減速器,設(shè)計(jì),kn,ms,mm,妹妹
寧xx學(xué)院機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計(jì)單級(jí)直齒圓柱減速器所在學(xué)院專 業(yè)班 級(jí)姓 名學(xué) 號(hào)指導(dǎo)老師 年 月 日29機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說明書目錄一、任務(wù)書3二、減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式4三、電動(dòng)機(jī)選擇4四、傳動(dòng)比分配5五、動(dòng)力運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)計(jì)算6六、V帶設(shè)計(jì)傳動(dòng)零件的設(shè)計(jì)7七、齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算10八、軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算15九、軸承、鍵和聯(lián)軸器的選擇19十、箱體尺寸及附件的設(shè)計(jì)25總 結(jié)28參考文獻(xiàn)29致 謝30一、任務(wù)書如下圖1-1,這是一個(gè)帶式運(yùn)輸機(jī)傳動(dòng)方案圖,主要技術(shù)參數(shù):1.原始數(shù)據(jù)(1)運(yùn)輸帶工作拉力:1.25KN=1250 F /N; (2)運(yùn)輸帶工作速度1.5v/(m.s-1) )(3)卷筒直徑 250 D/mm.2.工作條件連續(xù)單向運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),載荷平穩(wěn),空載啟動(dòng),使用期限8年,小批量生產(chǎn),兩班制工作,運(yùn)輸帶速度允許誤差5%。3.設(shè)計(jì)要求采用一級(jí)圓柱直齒傳動(dòng)4.設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù) 編寫設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說明書1份(4000-6000字),繪制減速器裝配圖1張(A1圖紙),零件工作圖。 1-1二、減速器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式本減速器設(shè)計(jì)為水平剖分,封閉臥式結(jié)構(gòu)三、電動(dòng)機(jī)選擇1、電動(dòng)機(jī)類型的選擇: Y系列三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī)2、電動(dòng)機(jī)功率選擇:(1)傳動(dòng)裝置的總功率:從電動(dòng)機(jī)到工作機(jī)的傳動(dòng)總效率為:其中、分別為V帶傳動(dòng)、齒輪傳動(dòng)、滾動(dòng)軸承、彈性套柱銷聯(lián)軸器和滾筒的效率,查取機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P459的附錄3 選取=0.96 、=0.97(8級(jí)精度)、=0.99(球軸承)、=0.995、=0.96故(1)工作機(jī)的功率PW (3)所需電動(dòng)機(jī)功率Pd又因?yàn)殡妱?dòng)機(jī)的額定功率查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P499的附錄50,選取電動(dòng)機(jī)的額定功率大于為2.14kW,滿足電動(dòng)機(jī)的額定功率 。3、確定電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速:計(jì)算滾筒工作轉(zhuǎn)速:按機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(第三版)P5推薦的傳動(dòng)比合理范圍,取圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng)一級(jí)減速器傳動(dòng)比范圍Ia=36。由相關(guān)手冊(cè)V帶傳動(dòng)比I1=24,則總傳動(dòng)比理時(shí)范圍為Ia=624。故電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速的可選范圍為n筒=(624)119=7142856r/min符合這一范圍的同步轉(zhuǎn)速有750、1000、和1500r/min。(4) 確定電動(dòng)機(jī)的型號(hào)選上述不同轉(zhuǎn)速的電動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行比較,查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P499附錄50及相關(guān)資料得電動(dòng)機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)和計(jì)算出總的傳動(dòng)比,列于下表:方案電機(jī)型號(hào)額定功率kW電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速r/min電機(jī)質(zhì)量kg參考價(jià)格(元)總傳動(dòng)比同步轉(zhuǎn)速滿載轉(zhuǎn)速1Y100L1-42.2150014403876012.572Y112M -62.210009606310227.7973Y132S-82.2750720798006.083表二為降低電動(dòng)機(jī)重量和價(jià)格,由表二選取同步轉(zhuǎn)速為1500r/min的Y系列電動(dòng)機(jī),型號(hào)為Y100L1-4。查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P500附錄51,得到電動(dòng)機(jī)的主要參數(shù)以及安裝的有關(guān)尺寸(mm),見以下兩表:電動(dòng)機(jī)的技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)電動(dòng)機(jī)型號(hào)額定功率(kw)同步轉(zhuǎn)速(r/min)滿載轉(zhuǎn)速(r/min)Y100L1-42.2150014402.22.2四、傳動(dòng)比分配工作機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速取,則五、動(dòng)力運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù)計(jì)算(1) 轉(zhuǎn)速n (2)功率P (3)轉(zhuǎn)矩T 把上述計(jì)算結(jié)果列于下表:參數(shù)軸名輸入功率 (kW)轉(zhuǎn)速(r/min)輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩(N.m)傳動(dòng)比傳動(dòng)效率軸0(電動(dòng)機(jī)軸)2.14144014.1930.96軸1(高速軸)2.0548040.874.190.9603軸2(低速軸)1.99114.56156.310.9801軸3(滾筒軸)1.95153.19六、V帶設(shè)計(jì)傳動(dòng)零件的設(shè)計(jì)(1)計(jì)算設(shè)計(jì)功率Pd表4 工作情況系數(shù)工作機(jī)原動(dòng)機(jī)類類一天工作時(shí)間/h10161016載荷平穩(wěn)液體攪拌機(jī);離心式水泵;通風(fēng)機(jī)和鼓風(fēng)機(jī)();離心式壓縮機(jī);輕型運(yùn)輸機(jī)1.01.11.21.11.21.3載荷變動(dòng)小帶式運(yùn)輸機(jī)(運(yùn)送砂石、谷物),通風(fēng)機(jī)();發(fā)電機(jī);旋轉(zhuǎn)式水泵;金屬切削機(jī)床;剪床;壓力機(jī);印刷機(jī);振動(dòng)篩1.11.21.31.21.31.4載荷變動(dòng)較大螺旋式運(yùn)輸機(jī);斗式上料機(jī);往復(fù)式水泵和壓縮機(jī);鍛錘;磨粉機(jī);鋸木機(jī)和木工機(jī)械;紡織機(jī)械1.21.31.41.41.51.6載荷變動(dòng)很大破碎機(jī)(旋轉(zhuǎn)式、顎式等);球磨機(jī);棒磨機(jī);起重機(jī);挖掘機(jī);橡膠輥壓機(jī)1.31.41.51.51.61.8根據(jù)V帶的載荷平穩(wěn),兩班工作制(16小時(shí)),查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P296表4,取KA1.1。即(2)選擇帶型普通V帶的帶型根據(jù)傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)功率Pd和小帶輪的轉(zhuǎn)速n1按機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P297圖1311選取。根據(jù)算出的Pd2.42kW及小帶輪轉(zhuǎn)速n11440r/min ,查圖得:d d=112140可知應(yīng)選取A型V帶。(3)確定帶輪的基準(zhǔn)直徑并驗(yàn)證帶速由機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P298表137查得,小帶輪基準(zhǔn)直徑為112140mm則取dd1= 112mm ddmin.=75 mm(dd1根據(jù)P295表13-4查得)表3. V帶帶輪最小基準(zhǔn)直徑槽型YZABCDE205075125200355500由機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P295表13-4查“V帶輪的基準(zhǔn)直徑”,得=355mm 誤差驗(yàn)算傳動(dòng)比: (為彈性滑動(dòng)率)誤差 符合要求 帶速 滿足5m/sv300mm,所以宜選用E型輪輻式帶輪??傊?,小帶輪選H型孔板式結(jié)構(gòu),大帶輪選擇E型輪輻式結(jié)構(gòu)。(7)確定帶的張緊裝置 選用結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,調(diào)整方便的定期調(diào)整中心距的張緊裝置。(8)計(jì)算壓軸力 由機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P303表1312查得,A型帶的初拉力F055N,上面已得到=161.74o,z=6,則(9)帶輪的材料選用灰鑄鐵,HT200。本方案中帶輪為中小尺寸,選用腹板輪。七、齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算(1)選擇齒輪材料、熱處理方法及精度等級(jí) 齒輪材料、熱處理方法及齒面硬度因?yàn)檩d荷中有輕微振動(dòng),傳動(dòng)速度不高,傳動(dòng)尺寸無特殊要求,屬于一般的齒輪傳動(dòng),故兩齒輪均可用軟齒面齒輪。查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P322表1410,小齒輪選用45號(hào)鋼,調(diào)質(zhì)處理,硬度260HBS;大齒輪選用45號(hào)鋼,調(diào)質(zhì)處理,硬度為220HBS。 精度等級(jí)初選減速器為一般齒輪傳動(dòng),圓周速度不會(huì)太大,根據(jù)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)P145表57,初選8級(jí)精度。選小齒輪齒數(shù)Z1=20,則大齒輪齒數(shù)為Z2=i Z1,所以=4.1920=83.8使兩齒輪的齒數(shù)互為質(zhì)數(shù),取值(2)按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)齒輪由于本設(shè)計(jì)中的減速器是軟齒面的閉式齒輪傳動(dòng),齒輪承載能力主要由齒輪接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度決定,其設(shè)計(jì)公式為: 確定載荷系數(shù)K因?yàn)樵擙X輪傳動(dòng)是軟齒面的齒輪,圓周速度也不大,精度也不高,而且齒輪相對(duì)軸承是對(duì)稱布置,根據(jù)電動(dòng)機(jī)和載荷的性質(zhì)查機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)P147表58,得K的范圍為1.41.6, 取K1.5。 小齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)矩接觸疲勞許用應(yīng)力 )接觸疲勞極限應(yīng)力由機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)P150圖530中的MQ取值線,根據(jù)兩齒輪的齒面硬度,查得45鋼的調(diào)質(zhì)處理后的極限應(yīng)力為=600MPa , =560MPa )接觸疲勞壽命系數(shù)ZN 應(yīng)力循環(huán)次數(shù)公式為 N=60 n jth 工作壽命每年按300天,每天工作28小時(shí),故 th=(3001028)=48000h N1=60466.798148000=1.344109 查機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)P151圖531,且允許齒輪表面有一定的點(diǎn)蝕 ZN1=1.02 ZN2=1.15) 接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度的最小安全系數(shù)SHmin查機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)P151表510,得SHmin1 )計(jì)算接觸疲勞許用應(yīng)力。將以上各數(shù)值代入許用接觸應(yīng)力計(jì)算公式得 )齒寬系數(shù)由于本設(shè)計(jì)的齒輪傳動(dòng)中的齒輪為對(duì)稱布置,且為軟齒面?zhèn)鲃?dòng),查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P326表1412,得到齒寬系數(shù)的范圍為0.81.1。取。 )計(jì)算小齒輪直徑d1 由于,故應(yīng)將代入齒面接觸疲勞設(shè)計(jì)公式,得 圓周速度v查機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)P145表57,v1和N2=,查機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)P156圖534得, YN1=1 , YN2=1 )彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度的最小安全系數(shù)SFmin 本傳動(dòng)要求一般的可靠性,查機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)P151表510,取SFmin1.2。)彎曲疲勞許用應(yīng)力 將以上各參數(shù)代入彎曲疲勞許用應(yīng)力公式得 )齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度校核 因此,齒輪齒根的抗彎強(qiáng)度是安全的。八、軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算(1) 高速軸的設(shè)計(jì) 選擇軸的材料和熱處理采用45鋼,并經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)處理,查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P369表161,得其許用彎曲應(yīng)力,。 初步計(jì)算軸的直徑 由前計(jì)算可知:P1=2.05KW,n1=480r/min 其中,A取112。 考慮到有一個(gè)鍵槽,將該軸徑加大5%,則 查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P458附錄1,取d=25mm 軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)高速軸初步確定采用齒輪軸,即將齒輪與軸制為一體。根據(jù)軸上零件的安裝和固定要求,初步確定軸的結(jié)構(gòu)。設(shè)有7個(gè)軸段。1段:該段是小齒輪的左軸端與帶輪連接,該軸段直徑為25mm,查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P475附錄23,取該軸伸L160mm。 2段: 參考機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P373,取軸肩高度h為1.5mm,則d2=d1+2h=28mm。 此軸段一部分用于裝軸承蓋,一部分伸出箱體外。3段:此段裝軸承,取軸肩高度h為1mm,則d3=d2+2h=30mm。選用深溝球軸承。查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P476附錄24,此處選用的軸承代號(hào)為6306,其內(nèi)徑為30mm,寬度為19 mm。為了起固定作用,此段的寬度比軸承寬度小12mm。取此段長(zhǎng)L3=17mm。4段與6段:為了使齒輪與軸承不發(fā)生相互沖撞以及加工方便,齒輪與軸承之間要有一定距離,取軸肩高度為2mm,則d4=d6=d3+2h=33mm,長(zhǎng)度取5mm,則L4= L65mm。5段:此段為齒輪軸段。由小齒輪分度圓直徑d=60mm可知,d6=60mm。因?yàn)樾↓X輪的寬度為70mm,則L5=70mm。7段:此段裝軸承,選用的軸承與右邊的軸承一致,即d7=30mm,L717mm。由上可算出,兩軸承的跨度Lmm 高速軸的軸段示意圖如下: 按彎矩復(fù)合強(qiáng)度計(jì)算A、圓周力:B、徑向力: )繪制軸受力簡(jiǎn)圖)繪制垂直面彎矩圖軸承支反力: 由兩邊對(duì)稱,知截面C的彎矩也對(duì)稱。截面C在垂直面彎矩為如圖)繪制水平面彎矩圖)繪制合彎矩圖)繪制扭轉(zhuǎn)圖轉(zhuǎn)矩產(chǎn)生的扭剪力按脈動(dòng)循環(huán)變化,取=0.6,)繪制當(dāng)量彎矩圖 截面C處的當(dāng)量彎矩:)校核危險(xiǎn)截面C的強(qiáng)度 軸上合成彎矩最大的截面在位于齒輪輪緣的C處,W0.1d43所以 軸強(qiáng)度足夠。(2)低速軸的設(shè)計(jì) 選擇軸的材料和熱處理采用45鋼,并經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)處理,查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P369表161,得其許用彎曲應(yīng)力,。 初步計(jì)算軸的直徑由前計(jì)算可知:P2=1.99KW,n2=114.56r/min計(jì)算軸徑公式:即:其中,A取106。 考慮到有一個(gè)鍵槽,將該軸徑加大5%,則 查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P458附錄1,取d=40mm九、軸承、鍵和聯(lián)軸器的選擇根據(jù)軸上零件得安裝和固定要求,并考慮配合高速軸的結(jié)構(gòu),初步確定低速軸的結(jié)構(gòu)。設(shè)有6個(gè)軸段。1段: 此段裝聯(lián)軸器。裝聯(lián)軸器處選用最小直徑d1=40mm,根據(jù)機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P482附錄40,選用彈性套柱銷聯(lián)軸器,其軸孔直徑為40mm,軸孔長(zhǎng)度為60mm。根據(jù)聯(lián)軸器的軸孔長(zhǎng)度,又由機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P475附錄23,取軸伸段(即段)長(zhǎng)度L158mm。2段:查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P373,取軸肩高度h為1.5mm,則d2=d1+2h=mm此軸段一部分長(zhǎng)度用于裝軸承蓋,一部分伸出箱體外。3段:取軸肩高度h為2.5mm,則d3=d2+2h=43+2mm。此段裝軸承與套筒。選用深溝球軸承。查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P476附錄24,此處選用的軸承代號(hào)為6209,其內(nèi)徑為50mm,寬度為18mm。為了起固定作用,此段的寬度比軸承寬度小12mm。取套筒長(zhǎng)度為10mm,則此段長(zhǎng)L3=(18-2)+10+2=28mm。4段:此段裝齒輪,取軸肩高度h為2.5mm,則d4=d3+2h=mm。因?yàn)榇簖X輪的寬度為60mm,則L4=60-2=58mm5段:取軸肩高度h為2.5mm,則d5=d4+2h=50mm,長(zhǎng)度與右面的套筒相同,即L5=10mm。6段:此段裝軸承,選用的軸承與右邊的軸承一致,即d6=40mm,L617mm。由上可算出,兩軸承的跨度L。 低速軸的軸段示意圖如下: 按彎矩復(fù)合強(qiáng)度計(jì)算A、圓周力:B、徑向力:)求支反力FAX、FBY、FAZ、FBZ)由兩邊對(duì)稱,知截面C的彎矩也對(duì)稱。截面C在垂直面彎矩為受力圖:)截面C在水平面上彎矩為:)合成彎矩為:)轉(zhuǎn)矩產(chǎn)生的扭剪力按脈動(dòng)循環(huán)變化,取=0.6,截面C處的當(dāng)量彎矩:)校核危險(xiǎn)截面C的強(qiáng)度 軸上合成彎矩最大的截面在位于齒輪輪緣的C處,W0.1d43所以軸強(qiáng)度足夠。(3)確定滾動(dòng)軸承的潤(rùn)滑和密封由于軸承周向速度為1m/s (A-B)=35-23=12mm;低速軸:L2(A-B)=45-38=7mm由前設(shè)定高速軸的L=60mm,低速軸的可知,滿足要求。4、滾動(dòng)軸承的選擇與校核計(jì)算根據(jù)機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P437推薦的軸承壽命最好與減速器壽命相同,取10年,一年按300天計(jì)算, T h=(3001028)=48000h(1)高速軸承的校核選用的軸承是6306深溝型球軸承。軸承的當(dāng)量動(dòng)負(fù)荷為 由機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P407表186查得,fd1.21.8,取fd=1.2。因?yàn)镕a1=0N,F(xiàn)r1= 518.8N,則 查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P407表185得,X= 1,Y= 0 。 查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)p406表18-3得:ft=1 ,查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)p405得:深溝球軸承的壽命指數(shù)為3 ,Cr= 20.8KN;則 所以預(yù)期壽命足夠,軸承符合要求。(2)低速軸承的校核選用6209型深溝型球軸承。軸承的當(dāng)量動(dòng)負(fù)荷為由機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P407表186查得,fd1.21.8,取fd=1.2。因?yàn)镕a2=0N,F(xiàn)r2=492N,則 查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P407表185得,X=1 ,Y=0 。查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)p406表18-3得:ft=1 ,查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)p405得:深溝球軸承的壽命指數(shù)為3 ,Cr=22.8KN;則所以預(yù)期壽命足夠,軸承符合要求。5、鍵聯(lián)接的選擇及其校核計(jì)算(1)選擇鍵的類型和規(guī)格 軸上零件的周向固定選用A形普通平鍵,聯(lián)軸器選用B形普通平鍵。 高速軸(參考機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)p471、附錄17,袖珍機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師手冊(cè)p835、表15-12a):根據(jù)帶輪與軸連接處的軸徑25mm,軸長(zhǎng)為60mm,查得鍵的截面尺寸b8mm ,h7mm 根據(jù)輪轂寬取鍵長(zhǎng)L40mm 高速齒輪是與軸共同制造,屬于齒輪軸。 低速軸:根據(jù)安裝齒輪處軸徑,查得鍵的截面尺寸,根據(jù)輪轂寬取鍵長(zhǎng)。根據(jù)安裝聯(lián)軸器處軸徑,查得鍵的截面尺寸,取鍵長(zhǎng)L=50mm。根據(jù)輪轂寬取鍵長(zhǎng)L72mm(長(zhǎng)度比輪轂的長(zhǎng)度小10mm)(2)校核鍵的強(qiáng)度 高速軸軸端處的鍵的校核:鍵上所受作用力: )鍵的剪切強(qiáng)度 鍵的剪切強(qiáng)度足夠。)鍵聯(lián)接的擠壓強(qiáng)度 鍵聯(lián)接的擠壓強(qiáng)度足夠。 低速軸兩鍵的校核A、 低速軸裝齒輪軸段的鍵的校核:鍵上所受作用力:)鍵的剪切強(qiáng)度 鍵的剪切強(qiáng)度足夠。)鍵聯(lián)接的擠壓強(qiáng)度 鍵聯(lián)接的擠壓強(qiáng)度足夠。B、低速軸軸端處的鍵的校核:鍵上所受作用力 :)鍵的剪切強(qiáng)度 鍵的剪切強(qiáng)度足夠。)鍵聯(lián)接的擠壓強(qiáng)度 鍵聯(lián)接的擠壓強(qiáng)度足夠。(6)潤(rùn)滑與密封 齒輪的潤(rùn)滑采用浸油潤(rùn)滑,浸油深度為一個(gè)齒高,但不小于10mm。 滾動(dòng)軸承的潤(rùn)滑由于軸承周向速度為1m/s 2m/s,所以選用軸承內(nèi)充填油脂來潤(rùn)滑。 潤(rùn)滑油的選擇齒輪選用普通工業(yè)齒輪潤(rùn)滑油,軸承選用鈣基潤(rùn)滑脂。 密封方法的選取箱內(nèi)密封采用擋油盤。箱外密封選用凸緣式軸承蓋,在非軸伸端采用悶蓋,在軸伸端采用透蓋,兩者均采用墊片加以密封;此外,對(duì)于透蓋還需要在軸伸處設(shè)置氈圈加以密封。十、箱體尺寸及附件的設(shè)計(jì)采用HT250鑄造而成,其主要結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸如下:中心距a=154.5mm,取整160mm 總長(zhǎng)度L:總寬度B: 總高度H: 箱座壁厚:,未滿足要求,直接取8 mm箱蓋壁厚:,未滿足要求,直接取8mm 箱座凸緣厚度b: =1.5*8=12 mm箱蓋凸緣厚度b1: =1.5*8=12mm箱座底凸緣厚度b2:=2.5*8=20 mm箱座肋厚m:=0.85*8=6.8 mm箱蓋肋厚m1:=0.85*8=6.8mm扳手空間: C118mm,C216mm軸承座端面外徑D2:高速軸上的軸承: 低速軸上的軸承: 軸承旁螺栓間距s:高速軸上的軸承: 低速軸上的軸承: 軸承旁凸臺(tái)半徑R1: 箱體外壁至軸承座端面距離: 地腳螺釘直徑: 地腳螺釘數(shù)量n:因?yàn)閍=160mm250mm,所以n=4 軸承旁螺栓直徑: 凸緣聯(lián)接螺栓直徑: ,取10mm凸緣聯(lián)接螺栓間距L:, 取L100mm軸承蓋螺釘直徑與數(shù)量n:高速軸上的軸承:d3=6, n4 低速軸上的軸承: d3=8,n4檢查孔蓋螺釘直徑:,取d46mm檢查孔蓋螺釘數(shù)量n:因?yàn)閍=160mm3050 ,取 40mm 箱體內(nèi)壁至箱底距離: 20mm減速器中心高H: ,取H185mm。箱蓋外壁圓弧直徑R: 箱體內(nèi)壁至軸承座孔外端面距離L1: 箱體內(nèi)壁軸向距離L2: 兩側(cè)軸承座孔外端面間距離L3: 2、附件的設(shè)計(jì)(1)檢查孔和蓋板查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P440表204,取檢查孔及其蓋板的尺寸為:A115,160,210,260,360,460,取A115mmA195mm,A275mm,B170mm,B90mmd4為M6,數(shù)目n4R10h3ABA1B1A2B2hRndL11590957075503104M615(2)通氣器選用結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單的通氣螺塞,由機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P441表205,取檢查孔及其蓋板的尺寸為(單位:mm): dDD1SLlaD1M22 1.53225.422291547(3)油面指示器 由機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P482附錄31,取油標(biāo)的尺寸為:視孔 A形密封圈規(guī)格(4)放油螺塞螺塞的材料使用Q235,用帶有細(xì)牙螺紋的螺塞擰緊,并在端面接觸處增設(shè)用耐油橡膠制成的油封圈來保持密封。由機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P442表206,取放油螺塞的尺寸如下(單位:mm):dD0LlaDSd1M24 2343116425.42226(5)定位銷 定位銷直徑 ,兩個(gè),分別裝在箱體的長(zhǎng)對(duì)角線上。12+1224,取L25mm。(6)起蓋螺釘起蓋螺釘10mm,兩個(gè),長(zhǎng)度L箱蓋凸緣厚度b1=12mm,取L15mm ,端部制成小圓柱端,不帶螺紋,用35鋼制造,熱處理。(7)起吊裝置箱蓋上方安裝兩個(gè)吊環(huán)螺釘,查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P468附錄13,取吊環(huán)螺釘尺寸如下(單位:mm):d(D)d1(max)D1(公稱)d2(max)h1(max)hd4M89.12021.171836r1r(min)l(公稱)a(max)b(max)D2(公稱min)h2(公稱min)41162.510132.5箱座凸緣的下方鑄出吊鉤,查機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)P444表207得,B=C1+C2=18+16=34mmH=0.8B=34*0.8=27.2mmh=0.5H=13.6mmr2 =0.25B=6.8mmb=2 =2*8=16mm總 結(jié) 本次設(shè)計(jì),使我進(jìn)一步鞏固,加深和拓寬對(duì)機(jī)械原理,綜合運(yùn)用液壓傳動(dòng),材料和其他專業(yè)課程知識(shí)的力學(xué),分析和解決機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)問題,知識(shí)。通過設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐,逐步樹立正確的設(shè)計(jì)思想,增強(qiáng)創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)意識(shí),熟悉機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的一般規(guī)律,分析問題和解決問題的能力。通過設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,圖紙和技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),應(yīng)用說明書,設(shè)計(jì)說明書和其他有關(guān)材料,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的基本技能和綜合訓(xùn)練。因此,它在我們的四年大學(xué)生活中占有重要而又獨(dú)特的的地位。參考文獻(xiàn)1濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)M,高等教育出版社,20052孫桓,陳作模,機(jī)械原理M,高等教育出版社,20053孫波,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)寶典M,西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社,20084. 楊黎明.機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京:國防工業(yè)出版社,19965. 王昆等.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)(機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ))課程設(shè)計(jì).高等教育出版社,20066. 徐灝.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1995.127. 劉鴻文.材料力學(xué),第4版.北京:高等教育出版社,20068. 濮良貴等.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì),第八版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006。9. 葉玉駒等.機(jī)械制圖手冊(cè),第四版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2008致 謝我要感謝我的指導(dǎo)教師XX老師。老師雖身負(fù)教學(xué)、科研重任,仍抽出時(shí)間,不時(shí)召集我和同門以督責(zé)課業(yè),從初稿到定稿,不厭其煩,一審再審,大到篇章布局的偏頗,小到語句格式的瑕疵,都一一予以指出。是他傳授給我方方面面的知識(shí),拓寬了我的知識(shí)面,培養(yǎng)了我的功底,對(duì)論文的完成不無裨益。我還要感謝學(xué)院所有教過我的老師,是你們讓我成熟成長(zhǎng);感謝學(xué)院的各位工作人員,他細(xì)致的工作使我和同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí)和生活井然有序。謹(jǐn)向我的父母和家人表示誠摯的謝意。他們是我生命中永遠(yuǎn)的依靠和支持,他們無微不至的關(guān)懷,是我前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力;他們的殷殷希望,激發(fā)我不斷前行。沒有他們就沒有我,我的點(diǎn)滴成就都來自他們。讓我依依不舍的還有各位學(xué)友、同門和室友。在我需要幫助的時(shí)候他們伸出溫暖的雙手,鼎立襄助。能和他們相遇、相交、相知是人生的一大幸事。Introduction to the common speed reducerDevice overview:Reducer is the prime mover and work machine independent closed between the transmission device, used to reduce speed and increase torque, in order to meet the job needs, also used for growth in some occasions, known as the accelerator.When choosing reducer should be according to the selection of working machine conditions, technical parameters, the performance of the engine, the factors such as economy, comparing the gabarite of different types and varieties of reducer, transmission efficiency and carrying capacity, quality, price, etc., choose the most suitable speed reducer.Reducer is a relatively sophisticated machinery, the use of its purpose is to reduce rotation speed, increase torque.Structural characteristics ofReducer is mainly composed of transmission parts (gear or worm), shaft, bearing, box and its accessories. Its basic structure has three parts:1gear, shaft and bearing combinationPinion and shaft made of an organic whole, gear shaft, this structure is used in the gear shaft and the diameter of the diameter of the weather related, if the diameter of the shaft is d, the gear tooth root circle diameter for df, when df - d 6 7 mn or less, this structure should be adopted. And when df - d 6 7 mn, separated with gear and shaft for the two parts of the structure, such as low speed shaft and large gear. The gear and shaft circumferential fixed flat linkage, shaft parts shaft shoulder, shaft sleeve and bearing cover is used as the axial fixation. Two shaft adopts the deep groove ball bearings. This combination, the less used to bear radial load and axial load. When the axial load is larger, should adopt angular contact ball bearing, taper roller bearing and deep groove ball bearing and thrust bearing of composite structures. Bearing is the use of the gear rotates splashing through the thin oil, lubrication. Box medium oil pool of the lubricating oil, the rotation gear splash splash into the lid on the inner wall of the inner flow box side groove to points, through the oil flow into the bearing. Nu when oiled gear circumferential speed 2 m/s, or less grease lubricated bearings should be adopted, in order to avoid possible wash it splashing through the thin oil lubricating grease, the oil retaining ring can be used to separate it. To prevent loss of lubricating oil and dust into the trunk, between bearing end cover and outrigger shaft equipped with sealing element.2 bodyEnclosure is the important part in the reducer parts. It is the base of the transmission parts, should have sufficient strength and rigidity.Cabinet is usually made of grey cast iron, for overloading or cast steel casing impact load reducer can also be used. Monomer production reducer, in order to simplify the process, to reduce the cost, can use steel plate welded box.Gray cast iron has good casting and vibration reduction performance. To facilitate the shafting parts installation and disassembly, made along the axis line horizontal split-casing box body. On the box cover and the lower box body with a bolt connection into a whole. The connecting bolt of the bearing should be close to the bearing hole, and the bearing seat at the side of convex set, should have enough supporting material surface, in order to place the connecting bolt, and to ensure that the wrench to tighten bolts need to space. In order to ensure the body has enough stiffness, plus support rib near the bearing hole. In order to ensure the stability and reduce as much as possible on the basis of speed reducer in the mechanical processing of base plane of the area, the case base is generally not used the complete plane.3 reducer fittingsIn order to guarantee the normal work of the speed reducer, in addition to combination of gear, shaft, bearing and the structure design of box body is to give enough attention, also should be considered as reducer oil lubricating oil pool, oil discharge, check the oil level height, processing, maintenance when assembling and disassembling of the box cover and the box of accurate positioning, loading auxiliary parts and components, such as reasonable selection and design.1) inspection to check the meshing condition of transmission parts, and to infuse lubricating oil contents, should be set in the appropriate location of the box body inspection hole. Inspection hole is located in the top lid can be observed directly on the gear mesh part. Normally, inspection hole of cover plate on the box cover with screws.2) the ventilator speed reducer is working, the casing temperature, gas expansion pressure, to make overall thermal air free to discharge, to maintain pressure balance inside and outside, not make the lubricating oil or shaft extension along the points box surface seal leakage cracks and other, usually on the top of the box body installed ventilator.3) bearing cover for the fixed shaft parts of axial position and carry axial load, the bearing hole on both ends with bearing cover closed. Bearing bore of flange type and embedded two kinds. Use hex bolt fixed on the box body, bearing cover is overhang shaft hole, which is equipped with sealing device. Flange type bearing cover has the advantage of tear open outfit, easy to adjust the bearing, but compared with the embedded bearing cover, the number of parts is bigger, the size is bigger, appearance is not smooth.4) positioning pin every time in order to ensure the container cover, remained bearing hole processing accuracy, should be in before finishing the bearing hole, in the box cover and the box seats on the connecting flange of the locating pin. Placed vertically on both sides of the enclosure on the connecting flange, symmetrical body should be symmetrical arrangement, in order to avoid mistake.5) oil level indicator to check the oil in the oil pool reducer hight, often maintain oil pool with just the right amount of oil, usually in the box body is convenient for observation, the oil level is relatively stable, installing the oil level indicator.6) oil drain plug oil change, dirty oil and cleaner emissions, should be in the box seat, at the bottom of the oil pool of the lowest opening oil drain hole location, usually with a screw oil drain plug, oil drain plug and body joint face between gasket shall be leak proof.7) seal screw for strengthening qi box, usually during assembly on housing subdivision surface coated with sodium silicate or sealant, when remove often due to the cementation close is difficult to open. So often the appropriate placement of the box cover connecting flange, work out 2 screw holes, screwing in enlightening the box with a cylindrical side or flat side box screws. Gyration rev box screws can will cover on top. Small reducer also dont have rev. Cases of screw, when the lid with a screwdriver to pry out of the box cover, and the box can be the same as the size of the screw to the connecting bolt at the flange.Main loadMachine with reducer connection work load condition is more complex, has much effect on the speed reducer, is one of the important factors, selection and calculation speed reducer the load state of the work machine (motivation) is the load condition, usually divided into three categories:(1) - even load;(2) - medium impact load;(3) - strong impact load.Design programA, the original design information and data1 the type of prime mover, specifications, speed, power (or torque), the startup characteristic, short-term overload capacity, the moment of inertia, etc.2 the type of machine, specifications, use, speed, power (or torque). Working system: the constant load or changing load and variable load load diagram; Rev., braking and short-time overload torque, start frequency; Shock and vibration levels; Direction of rotation, etc.3the prime mover for machine and connection way of the reducer, shaft and if there is a radial force and axial force.4installation type (reducer and prime mover, the relative position of working machine, vertical and horizontal).5transmission ratio and its error is allowed.6the size and weight requirements.7to the degree of service life, safety and reliability requirements.8environmental temperature, dust concentration, air velocity and environmental conditions such as ph value; (if there is a circulating lubrication and cooling conditions, lubrication station) and the limitation on the vibration and noise.9to the requirements of operation and control.10 the source of material, blank, standard parts and inventory.11factory manufacturing capabilities.12on volume, cost and price requirements.13, the delivery date.The article in the first four is a prerequisite, other aspects according to conventional design, such as the design life is generally! Years. Used for important occasions, reliability should be higher.Second, select the type of gear reducer and installation typeThree, set at the beginning of each process methods and parametersSelected performance level, set at the beginning of the main parts of the gear and the material, heat treatment, finishing methods, lubrication, and lubrication oil.Fourth, determine the transmission seriesAccording to the total transmission ratio, to determine the transmission series and all levels of the transmission ratio.Five, the initial geometry parametersEarly calculate gear transmission center distance (or pitch diameter), modulus and other geometric parameters.Six, the overall design schemeDetermine the structure of the reducer, shaft size, span and the bearing model, etc.Seven, checkCheck the strength of the gear, shaft, key load, calculation of bearing life.Eight, lubrication cooling calculationTo determine the speed reducer and accessoryTen, gear carburized depth is determinedWhen necessary for tooth form and tooth to fix quantity calculation process data.Eleven, drawing construction drawingIn the design should implement national and industry related standards.Using the classification1 reducer in use can be divided into two categories, general reducer and special reducer, design, manufacture and use of the two characteristics of each are not identical. 70-80 - s of the 20th century, reducer technology has made great development in the world, and closely integrated with the development of new technology revolution. The main types: gear reducer; Worm gear reducer; Gear - worm reducer; Planetary gear reducer.2general reducer has a helical gear reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, worm gear reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, cycloid pin wheel reducer, the worm gear and worm reducer, planetary friction type mechanical stepless variable speed machine, and so on.1) cylindrical gear reducerSingle stage level 2, level 2, level 2 above. Decorate a form: expansion, shunt type, coaxial type.2) cone gear reducerUsed for the input shaft and output shaft position into the intersection.3) worm gear reducerIs mainly used for transmission ratio 10 occasions, I drive more compact structure. Its defect is low efficiency. Wide application of Archimedes worm gear reducer.4) gear - worm reducerIf gear drive level at high speed, the structure is compact;If worm transmission at high speed, high efficiency.5) planetary gear reducerWith a range of high transmission efficiency, transmission ratio, transmission power is 12 w 50000 kw, small volume and weight3common types of reducer1) the main characteristics of worm gear and worm reducer is a reverse self-locking function, can have a large reduction ratio, the input shaft and output shaft is not in the same axis, is not in the same plane. But generally larger, transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high.2) harmonic reducer harmonic drive is to use the elastic deformation of flexible components controlled to transfer movement and power, small size, high precision, but the disadvantage is that soft wheel life is limited, dont impact resistance, rigidity compared with metal parts. Input speed cannot be too high.3) planetary gear reducer, its advantage is more compact in structure, return clearance is small, high precision, long service life, rated output torque can do a lot of. But the price a little expensive. Reducer: in short, generally after the machine power in design and manufacture, the rated power will not change, at this time, the greater the speed, the smaller is the torque (or torque); Speed is smaller, the greater the torque.The transmission ratio distribution principle1 to make the bearing capacity of transmission at all levels are equal;2 make all levels of transmission gear oil immersion depth is roughly similar in;3minimize the reducer for the shape of the size or weight, etcModel selectionAs far as possible choose close to ideal reduction ratio:Reduction ratio = / servo motor speed reducer output shaft speedTorque calculation:For the life of the reducer, torque calculation is very important, and should pay attention to the maximum torque value of the acceleration (TP), which is superMaximum load torque of reducer.Apply power is usually the servo on market model for power, the applicability of the speed reducer is very high, can remain above 1.2 coefficient of work, but in use can also with their own needs to decide:There are two main points:A. choose servo motor output maximum diameter of axle diameter of axle is not greater than form.B. If the computed torque, rotational speed can meet the normal operation, but in the net output servo have insufficient phenomenon, we can in the motor drive, do current limit control, or on the mechanical shaft torque protection, it is very necessary.Installation methodThe correct installation, use and maintenance of the reducer, it is an important link in ensure the normal operation of machinery and equipment. When you install reducer, therefore, please be sure to use related matters in strict accordance with the following installation, assembly and use seriously.The first step is to install before confirm the motor and reducer are intact, and strict inspection of motor and reducer connected each part size matches, here is the positioning convex table of the machine, input shaft and gear reducer groove size and tolerance, etc.The second step is to unscrew the gear reducer dustproof holes on flange lateral screw, adjust the clamping ring dustproof holes and side holes to make it align with each other, and insert the socket head screw. After taking the motor shaft key.The third step is to connect the motor and the reducer nature. Connection must be to ensure the output gear reducer input shaft and motor shaft concentricity is consistent, and the outer flange is parallel. Such as concentricity is inconsistent, can lead to broken motor shaft or reducer gear wear and tear.Check the maintenanceDifferent lubricant mixed ban each other. Oil level screw, oil drain plug and the location of the ventilator is determined by the installation position. Their relative position refer to the installation drawing to determine that speed reducer.One, the oil level checkCut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooling!Remove the oil level screw check filled with oil.Install the oil level screw.Second, the check of oilCut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooling!Open the oil plug, pick up sample.Check the oil viscosity index- if oil significantly turbidity, it is recommended that the replacement as soon as possible.To bring oil level screw speed reducer- check the oil level, whether qualified- the installation of oil level screw3the oil replacementAfter cooling oil viscosity increases with difficulty, reducer should be under the running temperature oil change.Cut off the power supply, prevent to get an electric shock! Waiting for reducer cooled down no burning danger!Note: when an oil change speed reducer should still keep warm.Under the oil drain screw one by oil pan.Open the oil level screw, ventilator and oil drain plug.All the oil out.Install drain plug.Injection with brand new oil.Oil shall conform to the installation location.Check the oil level in the oil level screw.Tighten the oil level screw and ventilator.Failure to solveSpeed reducer leakage oil cause analysis and solutionAnalysis of the causes1the pressure inside the tankIn closed reducer, each pair of gears meshing friction will emit heat, according to the Boyle trails by specific law, as the lengthen of running time, the deceleration box temperature gradually raised, and the reduction volume inside the case, so the pressure increase, in the case of lubricating oil splash, sprinkle on the inner wall of the deceleration box. Because the permeability of oil is strong, the overall pressure, which a seal is lax and the oil bleeding out from where.2the structure of the speed reducer design is not reasonable cause oil leakageSuch as design of reducer without ventilation hood, pressure reducer can not be achieved, in the pressure more and more high, oil leakage occurs.3amount to muchReducer in the process of operation, oil pool was badly agitation, lubricating oil splash around in the machine, if the amount is overmuch, make a lot of the place such as lubricating oil accumulation in the shaft seal, joint surface and lead to leakage.4improper maintenance technologyIn equipment maintenance, due to the combined surface dirt removal is not complete, or sealant improper selection, seal, not timely replacement of seals, etc way can also cause oil leakage.Treatment schemeGovernance using polymer composite materials to repair speed reducer leakage oil, polymer composite materials based on polymer, metal or ceramic powder, fiber and other materials for, under the action of curing agent, curing catalyst of composite materials. All kinds of material in performance from each other each other, to produce synergistic effect, the comprehensive performance is better than the original ingredients of composite materials. Have extremely strong sticky relay, mechanical properties, and chemical corrosion resistance and other performance, and therefore is widely used in metal equipment, mechanical wear, scratches, pits, cracks, leakage, repair such as casting sand holes, and chemistry of chemical storage tank, reaction tank, pipe anti-corrosion protection and restoration. For reducer static seal leakage point can use the ka wah polymer composite materials and technology field leakage of governance, without disassembly, polymer composite materials in the leakage of external governance, save time and effort, the effect is immediate, the product has excellent adhesion, oil resistance, and 350% of the tensile strength, overcome the impact of reducer vibration, well solved for many years for the enterprise is unable to solve the problem. If reducer running in static seal leak, the oil level of emergency repairing adhesive available surface engineering technologies NianDu, so as to achieve the aim of eliminate oil leakage.Development trend1high level and high performance. Widely used cylindrical gear carburizing and quenching, grinding, carrying capacity increased by more than 4 times, small volume, light weight, low noise, high efficiency and high reliability.2modular combination design. Basic parameters using priority number, size, parts versatility and interchangeability, series of easy to expand and newer, conducive to tissue mass production and reduce cost.3style diversification, variant design. To get rid of the traditional single base installation, added a hollow shaft mounted, floating bearing base, motor and reducer one-piece, different types, such as multiple mounting surface for expanding the
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