不定式(Infinitive)



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1、 第19講 不定式(一) 2 不定式(Infinitive)通常,英語動詞分為:不定式,-ing分詞,-ed分詞。一 不定式的結構形式1 不定式的一般形式,進行體和完成體a,一般式:to do 進行體式: to be doing 完成體式:to have done 完成進行體式:to have been doingb,不定式的否定形式:not/never等否定詞+不定式符號 eg:We decided not to buy that house. She wished never to see him again.c,不定式的被動態(tài):to be + -ed 分詞或to have been +
2、-ed分詞 eg:The matter to be discussed at the meeting is hard nut to crack. He is sure to have been taught by a good musician. 二 帶to的不定式(To-infinitive與不帶to的不定式(Bare-infinitive) 1 在情態(tài)動詞之后一般不帶to Eg:You must do as youre told. 但邊際情態(tài)動詞(Mmarginal Modal Auxiliary)如:need,dare等詞不同. 1)Need 作情態(tài)助動詞,其后接帶to不定式 作主動詞,
3、其后 接不帶to不定式 eg:We neednt say this evening.(助動詞) We dont need to stay this evening.(主動詞) 2)Dare 作情態(tài)助動詞接不帶to不定式 作主動詞接帶to不定式 eg:I dare not go there. I do not dare to go there. .2 在半助動詞后接不帶to 不定式 4 eg:Have you got to the dentists today I happened to be out when he called. 3 在情態(tài)成語(Modal Idiom)后 1)在would
4、rather / would sooner / would just as soon(寧愿),may / might (just) as well (不妨,可以),cannot but / cannot help but (不能不,不得不)等后接 不帶to的不定式 eg:Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. Since its a fine day we might as well walk. We can not but weep at the sad news. 2) 而 would rather/would sooner/wou
5、ld (just) as 之后也能跟than-/as- 分句,譯為“寧愿而不愿” 在這種that-/as-分句中接不帶to 的不定式. Eg: He would rather listen to others than talk himself. I would just as soon stay as go.4,在rather/sooner than之后,這兩者多同義,譯為:寧可而不 (1)當其置于句首時,+不帶to不定式 Eg: Rather than cause trouble,he left. (2)當其置于句中其他位置時,既可帶to也可 不帶to Eg: He decided to
6、write rather than tel- ephon 5,在“主動詞+主動詞”的第一主動詞之后,這里 第二主動詞指的是不帶to的不定式,常見的有: make believe(假裝),make do(with/on)(湊合) let drop/let fall(有意無意說出),let fly(at) (發(fā)出,射出),let slip(無意說出,錯過機會)let go(of)/leave go of(放開,放手),hear tell (of)(聽說),(let)go hang(見鬼去吧,才不 在乎 等等。 Eg: Lets make believe we have million dollar
7、s. He let fall a hint of his intentions.注:這類搭配間或也能有被動語態(tài):The chance was let slip.間或也能分開:It would be crazy to let a chance like that slip. 7 這種用法被歸入“使役動詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式”6,在“使役動詞+賓語”之后,let,make,have 等使役動詞+賓語 之后不帶to的不定式 Eg: We cant let it go. I dont know how she makes the money go round 特別:當使役動詞為被動語態(tài)時,不帶to
8、不定式轉為帶 to的不定式。例如: John made her tell him everything. She was made to tell him everything. 7,在“感覺動詞+賓語”之后,在see,hear,notice,feel 等感覺動詞+賓語之后用不帶to不定式。例如: The two boys were sorry indeed to see him go. I watched him eat his breakfast. (1)“l(fā)ook at和listen to+賓語”之后也能用不帶to的 不定式。 Eg: Look at that boy jump! Do
9、you like listen to other people talk? (2)上述動詞為被動語態(tài)時,不帶to不定式轉化為帶to 不定式。 Eg: They saw him enter the building. He was seen to enter the building. 8,在have know+賓語之后,這里的know以完成體形 式出現,譯為:看過,聽過。其后接不帶to不定 式。但如果是被動態(tài)則用帶to不定式。例如: I have never known(=seen) that man smile. That man has never been known to smile.
10、9,在help(help+賓語)之后,可用帶to不定式也可 用不帶to不定式。 Eg: Ill help you solve it.10,在介詞except/but之后,如果在此之前有動詞 “do”的任何形式,其后不帶to,否則帶to. Eg: They did nothing except work. Theres no choice but to wait. 注:在SVC句型中,如果主語部分有動詞do的任 和形式,則作主語補足語的不定式可帶to也 可不帶to.例如: All you do now is (to) complete the form. The only thing I can
11、 do now is (to) go on by myself.11,在why/why not?之后,在此句式中,緊接 why之后的不定式常不帶to.例如: Why argue with him? Why not give Mary some flowers? 1)在一些習慣性用法之后 a)在go,come,try等動詞之后可接不帶to的不 定式。例如: Go post(=go and post) a letter to me. I must go telephone(=go and lelephone) 2)在某些帶有感情色彩的簡短話語中間接不帶 to的不定式作謂語.但在某些結構中也可用 帶
12、to不定式。例如: Me(to) borrow money from him. Him ask her for help.練習: 一. (1)Rather thanrun risk of lost everything they accepted his term. (2)Don Jose had grown morose and rarely left the house except_attend Mass. 二. (1)His uncle was said to havethis remark. (2)He picked up a stone,andthe barking dog. 19
13、.2關于不定式符號的幾個問題1,不定式符號的單獨使用問題 1)為了避免重復,可以省略不定式符號之后的 動詞原形及其補足成分。這種用法常見于非正 式語體中。例如: You may go if you wish to(). He always speaks faster than he needs to. 2)如果不定式符號之后的動詞原形為be/have,在 省略句中be/have保留,但隨后的成分仍可省。 Eg:He hasnt finish yet. Well,he ought to have() 3)有時不定式號和隨后的動詞及其補足成分都可以省。例如: You will make if yo
14、u try (to) 2,不定式符號的省略問題 1)當兩個帶to不定式由and/or連接時,第二個不、 定式符號常省略。例如: Christina hardly knew whether to laugh or () cry. 2)但若兩個并列的帶to不定式有對比含義,第二 個不定式號不能省。例如: To be ,or not to be,thats a question. 3)在不用并列連詞的情況下,第二個不定式符號 也不能省。例如: Please go to the seaside, to swim to get suntanned. He likes to stay with the p
15、easant,to work in the field with them. 4)當三個或三個以上帶to不定式構成排比結構時, 所有的不定式符號均保留。例如: Please not to contradict or confute;not to believe and take for granted;not to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider.3,不定式符號to與介詞to的辨別問題 1)動詞+介詞to Eg:Keeping what belongs to another amount to stealing. He adm
16、itted to having taken the money.注:agree,mean,come,get,swear若接不定式則含義不同。例如: He swore to tell the truth.(表示“發(fā)誓要”) He came to realize that he was mistaken (表示“終于明白”) 2)動詞+名詞/代詞+介詞to. Eg:He attributes his success to hard work/ hard working. Its hard to reconcile oneself to being sick a long time. 3)動詞+ed
17、分詞+介詞to Eg:He is resigned to losing the competition He was reduced to begging for food 4)動詞+副詞小品詞+介詞to Eg:We were looking forward to seeing you again. 5)形容詞+介詞to Eg:Whatever you may say,she is a deaf to reasoning. 6)名詞+介詞to Eg:The classroom is provided with some visual aids to teaching English. 7)以介
18、詞to結尾的復雜介詞(complex preposition) Eg:He wrote to me preliminary to visiting me.第20講 不定式(二)20.1不定式與形容詞的搭配關系1,主句主語是不定式結構的邏輯主語能用于這一搭配的形 容詞都是一些動態(tài)形容詞,可分為四大類: 1)表示喜怒哀樂的形容詞+不定式 例如: He is glad to help others. 2021-7-29 第二十講不定式(二) 2021-7-29 20.1不定式與形容詞的搭配關系1,主句主語是不定式結構的邏輯主語能用于這一搭配的形 容詞都是一些動態(tài)形容詞,可分為四大類: 1)表示喜怒哀
19、樂的形容詞+不定式 例如: He is glad to help others. 2)表示運氣好壞的形容詞+不定式 例如: He was lucky to find it. 3)表示心理狀態(tài),個人態(tài)度的形容詞+不定式 例如: Heis anxious to see her. 注:但如果主句主語是不定式的邏輯主語,就用將不定 式的邏輯主語引出。例如: Id be afraid for her to go swimming alone. 4)表示性格特征和行為表現的形容詞+不定式 例如: He is foolish to meet her again.特別:這類句子都可以轉化為it句型: It i
20、s foolish of him to meet her again.2,主句主語是不定式的邏輯賓語,這種一般有兩種情況: 1)能以不定式結構作主語并能轉化為線性it結構 Eg:Thequestion is difficult to answer. To answer that question is difficult. It is difficult to answer the question. 2)不能以不定式作主句主語,因而不能用it先行結構 轉換。例如: The coffee is bitter to taste. to taste the coffee is bitter .(f
21、alse)這種“形容詞+不定式”結構在一定上下文中往往帶有否 定含義。但這種否定含義與形容詞本身的意義有著密切關系。3,“某些形容詞+不定式結構”作主語補語的歧義現象, 這類結構的主句主語既可是不定式的邏輯主語也可是邏輯賓語,從而引起歧義。例如: The book is easy to sell.=These book sell easily. =It is easy to sell these book. 2021-7-29 20.2不定式與名詞的搭配關系 1.不定式與名詞構成主動關系,動賓關系,同位關系主動關系e.g:He was the last guest to arrive(= wh
22、o arrive).He is not the man to draw back(= who will draw back) when his dignity is concerned.動賓關系e.g:He has a large family to support(= that he must support).注意:當不定式屬于不及物動詞時,根據需要,其后需加適當介詞。例如:Marry needs a friend to piay with. 2021-7-29 同位關系e.g:The boy had an impulse to jump over the fence.I have no
23、wish to quarrel with you.2. 用主動態(tài)還是被動態(tài)兩種情況均可,意義無甚區(qū)別e.g:There is no time to lose/to be lost.有些情況下用主動態(tài)更自然,例如:Ive got letters to write tonight.在一些情況下被動態(tài)為妥,例如:The case to be investigated are not to be made public in press.3. “名詞+不定式 ”與 “名詞+ 介詞+ -ing 分詞” 2021-7-29 有些名詞如attempt,effort,freedom等(書P235),在其后用不
24、定式或介詞+ -ing分詞均可。例如:Have you any intention to go/of going there?I have many reasons to fear/for fearing him.有些名詞只用不定式,這類名詞包括:ability, agreement, ambition,anxiety, curiosity, disposition,mind,obligation,permission, refusal, reluctance, temptation, 等例如:I have a wish to travel in the countryside. 我希望去鄉(xiāng)間
25、旅行。有些名詞后只接介詞+ -ing分詞,如:aptitude,delay,difficulty(書P235)等:例如:他有豐富的教學經驗。 He has much experience in teaching. 2021-7-29 20.3不定式與動詞的搭配關系三種情況:1) 動詞+不定式 agree, aim, etc. (見書P237) 他同意陪我去逛街。 He agreed to go shopping with me. 我要當個律師。(以為目標) I aim to be a lawyer.2) 動詞+賓語+不定式 第一類動詞:see, hear, watch, feel(表示感覺的動
26、詞) 你看到他出去了嗎? Did you see him go out? 2021-7-29 第二類動詞:have, let, make, get(表示“致使”的動詞) 例如:老師讓我們明天交作業(yè). The teacher had us hand in homework tomorrow.第三類動詞:arrange for, ask for, rely on(詞組動詞) 例如:我安排了一輛車去車站接你。 I arranged for a car to pick you up at the station. 他要求/依賴他的朋友來幫助他。 He asked for /relied on his
27、friend to help him. 2021-7-29 第四類動詞:consider, declare, find, prove等(表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞) 我認為他是個傻瓜。 I considered him (to be) a fool. 法官宣布他無罪。 The judge declared him (to be) innocent.第五類動詞:advise, allow, forbid等(表示“勸告”、“允許”、“禁止”等動詞) 我建議他戒煙。 I advised him to give up smoking. 我不準你吸煙。 I forbid you to smoke here. 2
28、021-7-29 3) 動詞+(賓語)+不定式這類動詞如ask,cant bear,hate等,既可直接帶不定式,也可帶賓語+不定式。例如:I cant bear to see you like this.She hates people to be so selfish.其中大多數可帶that- 分句。例如:He hated that people should be so selfish.有的可直接帶-ing分詞結構。例如:I hate troubling you about trifles. 2021-7-29 第21講-ING分詞 2021-7-29 21.1-ING分詞與動詞的搭配關
29、系:-ING分詞與動詞的搭配關系: 1、V+Ing分詞 2、V+賓語+介詞+ing分詞 2021-7-29 1、V+Ing分詞能帶-ing分詞而不能帶不定式結構作賓語的常見動詞: admit, acknowledge, anticipate, advocate,appreciate, avoid, cant help, cant resist, cant stand, consider, contemplate, defer, deny, dislake, favor, dont mind, ensure, escape, finish, give up, include, miss, pra
30、ctice, pardon, put off, report, risk, stop, suggest etc. 2021-7-29 Examples: 1. He acknowledged being ignorant of the facts. 2. Please pardon my disturbing you. 3. We appreciate your inviting us to your party. 2021-7-29 -ING分詞的邏輯主語: 1.在特定的語境中,-ing分詞的邏輯主語對于談話雙方是不言而喻的,因而無需表達出來。 eg. Father suggested go
31、ing by bus. 2021-7-29 2.-ing分詞的邏輯主語已在句中其他地方出現,因而也無需表示出來。 eg. Would you mind ringing me up to tomorrow. 2021-7-29 3.-ing分詞本身帶有自己的主語,因而要表現出來。如果不表示出來回產生歧義。 eg. She insisted on me going. 2021-7-29 -ING分詞的邏輯主語可以為: 名詞通格、名詞屬格、代詞賓格和物主限定詞 eg. John JohnsI dont mind him buying another one. his 在口語中,比較傾向于用名詞通格和
32、代詞賓格。 2021-7-29 2.動詞+賓語+介詞+ -ing分詞1.V+賓語+into+-ing分詞. 2.V+賓語+from+-ing分詞. 3.V+賓語+for/on/of等+ing分詞 2021-7-29 V+賓語+into+-ing分詞常見的這些詞有:trick, mislead, shame, surprise, talk, trape, beguile, deceive, fool,etc.1. He tricked her into marrying him by pretending that he was rich.(這個男的他。)2. Her sudden questi
33、on surprised him into betraying himself.3.Bob talked us into walking home with him 2021-7-29 V+賓語+from+-ing分詞常見的這些詞有:stop, keep, prevent, hinder, restain, save,etc.eg.We cant stop it (from) happening here.注:在此句式中,如果是主動形式則from有時可以省略;若為被動態(tài),則from不可省略。eg.It cant be stopped from happening here. 2021-7-29
34、 21.2既能直接帶不定式又能直接帶-ing分詞的V1.能帶不定式和-ing分詞而意義無甚區(qū)別的V 2.能帶不定式和-ing分詞而意義不同的V 2021-7-29 能帶不定式和-ing分詞而意義無甚區(qū)別的V: attempt, begin, cant bear, continue, deserve, dread, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, plan, prefer, start,etc. 2021-7-29 1.在begin, cant bear, cease, continue, dread, like, love, neglect,
35、prefer, propose, start,etc.V之后,如表示一般的行為,用-ing分詞居多;如表示特定的或具體的動作,則用不定式較多。 eg. I cant bear living alone. I cant bear to see the child treated stupidly. 2021-7-29 3.在begin, start之后,若跟的是靜態(tài)動詞,便只能用不定式。 We began to to see what he meant.注:當 begin, start已用于進行體時,其后的V也用不定式。 Its beginning to rain It begins to ra
36、in 有何區(qū)別 It begins rainning 2021-7-29 4.在attempt, intend, plan之后,既可跟不定式又可以接-ing分詞。(一般跟不定式) eg. I planned to go/going myself.如果上述詞為進行體,則只能跟不定式。 eg. We are planning to visit France this summer. We plan to visit France this summer. 2021-7-29 能帶不定式和-ing分詞而意義不同的V 在forget, go on, leave off, mean, regret,re
37、member, stop,etc.這類動詞又可以分為五類: 2021-7-29 1.在remember, forget之后,用-ing分詞表示動作發(fā)生在“記得”、“忘記”之前,用不定式則表示動作發(fā)生在“記得”、“忘記”之后。 (記得、忘記做過sth.)(記得、忘記要做sth.) eg. Cant you remember telling me the story last night?=You told me the story last night. Cant you remember it? You must remember to tell him all that. =You must
38、 tell him all that.Dont forget it. 2021-7-29 regret. I regret telling you that Jhon stole it. (后悔做過/正在做sth.) I regret to tell you that Jhon stole it. (感覺遺憾/抱歉去做sth.) 2021-7-29 在stop, leave off, go on等V之后,通常用-ing分詞結構作賓語;若用不定式結構,便不是賓語而是目的狀語,相當于in order to. eg. They stopped watching TV at 9:30. =At 9:3
39、0 they did not watch TV any more. They stopped to watch TV at 9:30. =They poused to at 9:30 in order to watch TV. 2021-7-29 3.在try, mean, cant help等V之后用-ing分詞還是不定式,取決于這些V本身的不同含義。 eg. Your plan would mean spending hours. (意味著。) I didnt mean to make you angry. (打算。) 2021-7-29 4.在agree, decide等V之后,可直接加
40、不定式,但若帶-ing分詞,則必須在-ing分詞前添加介詞。 eg. to share They agreed the remuneration. on sharing 2021-7-29 5.在encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise, authorise等V之后,一般用-ing分詞結構作賓語,但也可帶有自己的邏輯主語的不定式結構。 eg. They encouraged learning English by radio and TV. They encouraged me to learn English by radio and TV. 2
41、021-7-29 在英語實際交際中,還有一些特殊用法或句型。 (1) There be no doing = It is impossible to do 。 There is no telling whether he will keep his words. 他會不會遵守諾言很難說。 (2) How / What about doing = How do you like / What do you think of How about hiking this Sunday? 本周星期天去遠足怎么樣? (3) on doing= as soon as + clause , On heari
42、ng the bad news, the little girl burst out crying. 一聽到這一噩耗,小女孩就大哭了起來。 2021-7-29 (4) There be no end to doing 無止境。 If everyone wants others to dance to his music, there will be no end to fighting in the world. 要是大家都要其它的人來按照他的意志做事,那么世界上就永遠沒有安寧的日子。 (5) without so much as doing = even. not. 甚至,連都沒有。 He
43、started his company without so much as having his own office. 他創(chuàng)辦公司時連自己的辦公室都沒有(from )。 (6) lose no time in doing = begin to do at once. 立刻做。 There are very few days left for examination, so we can lose no time in revising our lessons. 離考試沒幾天了,我們得抓緊復習我們的功課了。 2021-7-29 (7) be up on the point of doing
44、= be going to do 即將做。 We believe our China is on the point of creating a new era. 我們相信我們中國即將開創(chuàng)一個新時代。 (8) in (the) hope of doing 懷著希望。 After graduating from university, he went to Shenzhen in the hope of finding a good job. 大學畢業(yè)以后,他去深圳希望找到一個好的工作。 (9) for the purpose of doing = for the sake of 為了。 He
45、went on studying abroad for the purpose of serving the people better. 他繼續(xù)去國外深造以便能更好地為人民服務。 2021-7-29 (10) come near doing = almost do幾乎,差一點兒。 He came near dying in the traffic accident. 他在那場車禍中差一點喪了命 2021-7-29 第22講-ED分詞 2021-7-29 221 -ed分詞作前置修飾語 -ed分詞作前置修飾語通常來自及物動詞,少數來自不及物動詞。分述如下: 1)來自及物動詞的-ed分詞作前置修
46、飾語 來自及物動詞的-ed分詞作前置修飾語通常帶有被動意義和完成意義;而能作上述用法的-ing分詞有的來自及物動詞,有的來自不及物動詞,通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義。試比較: frozen food a freezing wind a bored traveler a boring journey a lost cause a losing battle a conquered army a conquering army a finished article the last finishing touch the spoken word a speaking bird a recorded
47、 talk a recording machine a closed shop the closing hour written language writing paper 2021-7-29 有 些 -ed分 詞 通 常 不 能 單 獨 使 用 作 前 置 修 飾 語 ,但 若 加 前 綴 un-或 者 為 副 詞 所 修 飾 而 構 成 “ 副 詞+-ed分 詞 ” 的 復 合 形 容 詞 以 后 , 便 可 作 作 前 置 修飾 語 。 例 如 : uninvited guests badly-built house untold sufferings far-fetched reas
48、ons unheard-of stories newly-born children an undetermined boundary half-baked ideas an unedited story highly-developed industry an unexpected happening a properly-started engine 2021-7-29 2) 來 自 不 及 物 動 詞 的 -ed分 詞 作 前 置 修 飾 語 來 自 不 及 物 動 詞 的 -ed分 詞 很 少 能 單 獨 用 作 前 置 修 飾 語 ,能 作 這 種 用 法 的 僅 限 于 下 面 幾
49、 個 詞 , 這 些 前 置 修 飾 語僅 表 示 完 成 意 義 , 不 表 示 被 動 意 義 。 例 如 : a retired worker = a worker who has retired an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped fallen leaves = leaves that have fallen 2021-7-29 某 些 來 自 不 及 物 動 詞 的 -ed分 詞 , 單 獨 一 個 詞 不 可 以 作 前置 修 飾 語 ( 如 不 可 以 說 a behaved boy, a traveled busin
50、essman) , 但 若 與 某 些 副 詞 構 成 復 合 形 容 詞 , 便可 作 前 置 修 飾 語 。 例 如 : well-behaved children=children who behave well a widely-travelled businessman=one who has traveled widely 2021-7-29 222 -ed分 詞 作 補 語 能 用 作 補 語 的 -ed分 詞 也 大 都 來 自 及 物 動 詞 。凡 是 已 經 形 容 詞 化 了 的 -ed分 詞 , 大 都 可 以 既 作名 詞 修 飾 語 又 作 主 語 補 語 或 賓
51、語 補 語 。 例 如 : The door remains locked。 I found the door locked。 I found a locked door。 The man looked disappointed。 I found him disappointed。 He was the most disappointed man。 2021-7-29 1) 古 英 語 遺 留 下 來 的 幾 個 -ed分詞 的 用 法 問 題 在 現 代 英 語 中 , 還 有 少 數 從 古英 語 遺 留 下 來 、 現 在 只 用 作 形 容詞 的 -ed分 詞 , 有 的 在 形 式
52、上 與一 般 的 -ed分 詞 不 同 , 有 的 在 用作 名 詞 修 飾 語 或 補 語 時 各 采 取 不同 形 式 。 茲 列 表 如 下 : 2021-7-29 原 形 -ed分 詞 形 容 詞 作 名 詞 修 飾 語 形 容 詞 作 補 語bend bent Bent, bended bentbless Blessed/blest Blessed/blesid/ Blessed, blestbind bound bounden bounddrink drunk drunken drunklight lit lighted litmelt melted molten meltedro
53、t rotten rotten rottenshave shaved shaven shavedshrink shrunk shrunken shrunk sink sunk SunkenBeloved Sunkbeloved 2021-7-29 2) 能 帶 -ed分 詞 作 賓 語 補 語 的 動 詞 分 類 可 以 帶 -ed分 詞 作 賓 補 的 動 詞 有 以 下 三 類 : 第 一 類 包 括 see, hear, feel, find, think等 表 示 感 覺 和心 理 狀 態(tài) 的 動 詞 : I saw the student assembled in the hall。
54、 He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light。 第 二 類 包 括 make, get, have, keep等 表 示 “ 致 使 ” 意義 的 動 詞 : I have my hair cut every ten days。 He was trying to make himself understood。 Please keep us in formed of the latest developments。 2021-7-29 注 意 : 在 “ have+賓 語 +-ed分 詞 ” 這 一 結 構 中 ,have有 三 種 不 同 意 義
55、 。 比 較 : We had the problem solved。 ( 表 示 “ 致使 ” , 一 種 有 意 的 行 為 ) She had her arm broken in an accident。( 表 示 “ 遭 受 ” , 一 種 非 有 意 的 行 為 ) I have not any money left。 ( 表 示 “ 有 ” ) 第 三 類 包 括 : like, want, wish, order等 表 示希 望 、 要 求 、 命 令 等 意 義 的 動 詞 : The commander ordered the army unit( to be) reorga
56、nized。 The viewers wish the serial film( to be)continued。 2021-7-29 1) Known for her caricatures(漫畫) of the United States society, . A Peggy Brown wrote and illustrated books for childrenB the writing and illustrating of books for children by Peggy BrownC childrens books were written and illustrated
57、 by Peggy BrownD Peggy Browns writing and illustrating of childrens books前面-ed分詞短語,空檔處應是主謂俱全句,排除B和D.從-ed分詞短語中(Known for her )可知,主句的主語是人而不是物,所以C也不對。 2021-7-29 9) by the decision, the lawyer quickly left the court room.A Angering B Having angered C Being angry D Angered空白處只能用-ed分詞才可和后面的“by”短語發(fā)生聯(lián)系,并且其邏
58、輯主語和主句主語一致。 第22講 -ed分詞22.1-ed分詞作前置修飾語 1,來自及物動詞的-ed分詞作前置修飾語 1)及物動詞-ed:被動和完成 及物動詞和不及物動詞-ing:主動和未完成 Eg:Frozen food A freezing wind注:有些-ed分詞不能單獨用作前置修飾語,但若加前綴un-或為副詞所修飾而構成“副詞+-ed分詞”的復合形容詞,便可作前置修飾語。例如: Eg: Uninvited guests Badly-built house 2,來自不及物動詞的-ed分詞作前置修飾語 1)這一類分詞很少能夠單獨使用,這些前置修 飾語僅能表示完成意義,不表示被動。例如:
59、2021-7-29 A retired worker=a worker who has retired An escaped prisoner=a prison who has escaped 2)有些這類-ed分詞,單獨一個詞不可以作前置修飾語。 但若與某些副詞構成復合形容詞,便可作前置修飾語。 Eg: A behaved boy(WRONG) Well-behaved children=children who behave well newly-arrived visitors=visitors who have newly arrived.22.2 ed分詞作補語,凡是已經形容詞化了的
60、-ed分詞,大都既可作名詞修飾語又可作主語補語或賓語補語。例如: The door remains locked I found the door locked I found a locked door 1,古英遺留下來的幾個-ed分詞的用法問題,就是一些形式上與-ed分詞不同。有的用作名詞修飾語或補語時采用 2021-7-29 2,能帶-ed分詞作賓補的動詞分類:2021-7-29原形-ed分詞形容詞作名詞修飾語形容詞作補語bend bent Bent,bended bentbless blessed blessed blestbind bound bounden bounddrink d
61、runk drunken drunklight lit lighted litmelt melted molten meltedrot rotted rotten rottenshave shaved shaven shavedshrink shrunk shrunken shrunksink sunk sunken sunk 2,能帶-ed分詞作賓補的動詞分類: 1)表示感覺和心理狀態(tài):see,hear,feel,find,think We found her greatly changed. 2)表示“致使”意義:make,have,get,keep I have my hair cut
62、everyday.注:在“have+賓語+-ed分詞”中,have有三種意義 We had the problem solved(“致使”,有意的行為) She had her arm broken in an accident.(“遭受”,無意的行為) I have no money left.(表示“有”) 3)表示“希望,命令,要求”意義:like,want,wish, order He wont like such question(to be) discussed at the meeting. 2021-7-29 22.3“懸垂分詞”:指-ing分詞或-ed分詞結構在句中找不到邏輯
63、主語。又叫“無依著分詞” 1,“依著法則”和“懸垂分詞” 1)當-ing分詞或-ed分詞結構在句中起關系分句或狀語分句結構作用時,都有邏輯主語,這種邏輯主語就是主句的主語。 Sitting at the back as we are,we cant hear a word. 2)但有時,分詞的邏輯主語并不是主句的主語,而是主句的其他成分。 The hunter saw a huge lion drinking at the spring注:由此可以看出,“依著法則”就是通過它的邏輯主語而對主句發(fā)生依著關系.否則就成了“懸垂分詞”或“無依著分詞。”。如: 2021-7-29 2,懸垂分詞的可接受性問題:要作具體問題具體分析。比如:在科技語體中:懸垂分詞和無依著的不定式結構用得較多。這可以接受,因為科技語體中常避免主語。如: Using the electric energy,its necessary to change its form.在其他語體中,只要不造成歧義或混亂,都可以接受。 When driving carelessly,its easy to have an acccident.但在脫離上下文中,有些懸垂現象可以避免。 2021-7-29 Tank you for your appreciation!2021-7-29
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