雙柱式升降機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)

雙柱式升降機(jī)設(shè)計(jì),雙柱式,升降機(jī),設(shè)計(jì) 本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) (論文) 外 文 翻 譯 原 文 標(biāo) 題 Elevator System Based on PLC 譯 文 標(biāo) 題 PLC控制下的電梯系統(tǒng) 作者所在系別 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 作者所在專業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及自動(dòng)化 作者所在班級(jí) B13113 作 者 姓 名 胡曉斌 作 者 學(xué) 號(hào) 20134011306 指導(dǎo)教師姓名 賀俊杰 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 講師 完 成 時(shí) 間 2017 年 3 月 北華航天工業(yè)學(xué)院教務(wù)處制 譯文標(biāo)題 PLC控制下的電梯系統(tǒng) 原文標(biāo)題 Elevator System Based on PLC 作 者 Leonard Knox 譯 名 倫納德.諾克斯 國(guó) 籍 美國(guó) 原文出處 中國(guó)知網(wǎng)http://www.cnki.net/ 譯文： 由繼電器組成的順序控制系統(tǒng)是最早的一種實(shí)現(xiàn)電梯控制的方法。但是，進(jìn)入九十年代，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，人們對(duì)電梯的安全性、可靠性的要求越來(lái)越高，繼電器控制的弱點(diǎn)就越來(lái)越明顯。 電梯繼電器控制系統(tǒng)故障率高，大大降低了電梯的可靠性和安全性，經(jīng)常造成停梯，給乘用人員帶來(lái)不便和驚憂。且電梯一旦發(fā)生沖頂或蹲底，不但會(huì)造成電梯機(jī)械部件損壞，還可能出現(xiàn)人身事故。 可編程序控制器(PLC)最早是根據(jù)順序邏輯控制的需要而發(fā)展起來(lái)的，是專門為工業(yè)環(huán)境應(yīng)用而設(shè)計(jì)的數(shù)字運(yùn)算操作的電子裝置。鑒于其種種優(yōu)點(diǎn)，目前，電梯的繼電器控制方式己逐漸被PLC控制所代替。同時(shí)，由于電機(jī)交流變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)的發(fā)展，電梯的拖動(dòng)方式己由原來(lái)直流調(diào)速逐漸過(guò)渡到了交流變頻調(diào)速。因此，PLC控制技術(shù)加變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)己成為現(xiàn)代電梯行業(yè)的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)。 1. PLC控制電梯的優(yōu)點(diǎn)： (1)在電梯控制中采用了PLC，用軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)電梯運(yùn)行的自動(dòng)控制，可靠性大大提高。 (2)去掉了選層器及大部分繼電器，控制系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，外部線路簡(jiǎn)化。 (3)PLC可實(shí)現(xiàn)各種復(fù)雜的控制系統(tǒng)，方便地增加或改變控制功能。 (4) PLC可進(jìn)行故障自動(dòng)檢測(cè)與報(bào)警顯示，提高運(yùn)行安全性，并便于檢修。 (5)用于群控調(diào)配和管理，并提高電梯運(yùn)行效率。 (6)更改控制方案時(shí)不需改動(dòng)硬件接線。 2.電梯變頻調(diào)速控制的特點(diǎn) 隨著電力電子技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)控制技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，交流變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)的發(fā)展也十分迅速。電動(dòng)機(jī)交流變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)是當(dāng)今節(jié)電、改善工藝流程以提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和改善環(huán)境、推動(dòng)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的一種主要手段。變頻調(diào)速以其優(yōu)異的調(diào)速性能和起制動(dòng)平穩(wěn)性能、高效率、高功率因數(shù)和節(jié)電效果，廣泛的適用范圍及其它許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)而被國(guó)內(nèi)外公認(rèn)為最有發(fā)展前途的調(diào)速方式。 交流變頻調(diào)速電梯的特點(diǎn)： ⑴ 能源消耗低 ⑵ 電路負(fù)載低，所需緊急供電裝置小 在加速階段，所需起動(dòng)電流小于2.5倍的額定電流。且起動(dòng)電流峰值時(shí)間短。由于起動(dòng)電流大幅度減小，故功耗和供電纜線直徑可減小很多。所需的緊急供電裝置的尺寸也比較小。 ⑶ 可靠性高，使用壽命長(zhǎng)。 ⑷ 舒適感好 電梯運(yùn)行是跟隨最佳給定的速度曲線運(yùn)行的。其特性可適應(yīng)人體感受，并保證運(yùn)行噪聲小，制動(dòng)平穩(wěn) ⑸ 平層精度高 ⑹ 運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)無(wú)噪聲 在轎廂內(nèi)，機(jī)房?jī)?nèi)及鄰近區(qū)域確保噪聲小。因?yàn)槠湎到y(tǒng)中采用了高時(shí)鐘頻率。始終產(chǎn)生一個(gè)不失真的正弦波供電電流。電動(dòng)機(jī)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)距脈動(dòng)。因此，消除了振動(dòng)和噪聲。 3.電梯控制技術(shù) 所謂電梯控制技術(shù)是指電梯的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)及操縱系統(tǒng)的電氣自動(dòng)控制。作為我國(guó)20世紀(jì)70年代電梯的主要標(biāo)志是交流雙速電梯。其調(diào)速方法是采用改變電梯牽引電動(dòng)機(jī)的極對(duì)數(shù)，兩種或兩種不同級(jí)對(duì)數(shù)的繞組，其中極數(shù)少的繞組稱為高速繞組，極數(shù)多的繞組稱為低速繞組。高速繞組用于電梯的起動(dòng)及穩(wěn)速運(yùn)行，低速繞組用于制動(dòng)及電梯的維修。 80年代初，VVVF變頻變壓系統(tǒng)控制的電梯問(wèn)世。它采用交流電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，卻可以達(dá)到直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的水平，目前控制速度已達(dá)6米/秒。它的體積小，重量輕，效率高，節(jié)省能源等幾乎包括了以往電梯的所有優(yōu)點(diǎn)。是目前最新的電梯拖動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。 電梯在垂直運(yùn)行過(guò)程中，有起點(diǎn)站也有終點(diǎn)站。對(duì)于三層樓以上的建筑物的電梯，起點(diǎn)站和終點(diǎn)站之間還沒(méi)有?？空?，起點(diǎn)站設(shè)在一樓，終點(diǎn)站設(shè)在最高樓。設(shè)在一樓的起點(diǎn)站稱為基站，起點(diǎn)站和終點(diǎn)站稱為兩端站，兩端站之間稱為中間站。 各站廳外設(shè)有召喚箱，箱上設(shè)置有供乘用人員召喚電梯用的召喚按鈕或觸鈕，一般電梯在兩端站的召喚箱上各設(shè)置一只按鈕或觸鈕。中間層站的召喚箱各設(shè)置兩只按鈕或觸鈕。對(duì)于無(wú)司機(jī)控制的電梯，在各層站的召喚箱上均設(shè)置一只按鈕或觸鈕。而電梯的轎廂內(nèi)部設(shè)置有（雜物電梯除外）操縱箱。操縱箱上設(shè)置有手柄開(kāi)關(guān)或與層站對(duì)應(yīng)的按鈕或觸鈕，操縱箱上的按鈕或觸鈕城內(nèi)指令按鈕或觸鈕。外指令按鈕或觸鈕發(fā)出的電信號(hào)稱為外指令信號(hào)，內(nèi)指令按鈕或觸鈕發(fā)出的電信號(hào)成為內(nèi)指令信號(hào)。20世紀(jì)80年代中期后，觸鈕已被微動(dòng)按鈕所取代。 作為電梯基站的廳外召喚箱，除設(shè)置一只召喚按鈕或觸鈕外，還設(shè)置一只鑰匙開(kāi)關(guān)，以便下班關(guān)電梯時(shí)。司機(jī)或管理人員把電梯開(kāi)到基站后，可以通過(guò)專用鑰匙扭動(dòng)該鑰匙開(kāi)關(guān)。把電梯的廳門關(guān)閉妥當(dāng)后，自動(dòng)切斷電梯控制電源或動(dòng)力電源。 4. PLC控制電梯的設(shè)計(jì) 隨著城市建設(shè)的不斷發(fā)展，高層建筑不斷增多，電梯在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和生活中有著廣泛的應(yīng)用。電梯作為高層建筑中垂直運(yùn)行的交通工具已與人們的日常生活密不可分。實(shí)際上電梯是根據(jù)外部呼叫信號(hào)以及自身控制規(guī)律等運(yùn)行的，而呼叫是隨機(jī)的，電梯實(shí)際上是一個(gè)人機(jī)交互式的控制系統(tǒng)，單純用順序控制或邏輯控制是不能滿足控制要求的，因此，電梯控制系統(tǒng)采用隨機(jī)邏輯方式控制。目前電梯的控制普遍采用了兩種方式，一是采用微機(jī)作為信號(hào)控制單元，完成電梯信號(hào)的采集、運(yùn)行狀態(tài)和功能的設(shè)定，實(shí)現(xiàn)電梯的自動(dòng)調(diào)度和集選運(yùn)行功能，拖動(dòng)控制則由變頻器來(lái)完成；第二種控制方式用可編程控制器（PLC）取代微機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)信號(hào)集選控制。從控制方式和性能上來(lái)說(shuō)，這兩種方法并沒(méi)有太大的區(qū)別。國(guó)內(nèi)廠家大多選擇第二種方式，其原因在于生產(chǎn)規(guī)模較小，自己設(shè)計(jì)和制造微機(jī)控制裝置成本較高；而PLC可靠性高，程序設(shè)計(jì)方便靈活，抗干擾能力強(qiáng)、運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定可靠等特點(diǎn)，所以現(xiàn)在的電梯控制系統(tǒng)廣泛采用可編程控制器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。 5.電梯控制系統(tǒng)特性 在電梯運(yùn)行曲線中的啟動(dòng)段是關(guān)系到電梯運(yùn)行舒適感指標(biāo)的主要環(huán)節(jié)，而舒適感又與加速度直接相關(guān)，根據(jù)控制理論，要使某個(gè)量按預(yù)定規(guī)律變化必須對(duì)其進(jìn)行直接控制，對(duì)于電梯控制系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)，要使加速度按理想曲線變化就必須采用加速度反饋，根據(jù)電動(dòng)機(jī)的力矩方程式:M—MZ=ΔM=J（dn/dt），可見(jiàn)加速度的變化率反映了系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)距的變化，控制加速度就控制系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)距ΔM=M—MZ。故在此段采用加速度的時(shí)間控制原則，當(dāng)啟動(dòng)上升段速度達(dá)到穩(wěn)態(tài)值的90%時(shí)，將系統(tǒng)由加速度控制切換到速度控制，因?yàn)樵诜€(wěn)速段，速度為恒值控制波動(dòng)較小，加速度變化不大，且采用速度閉環(huán)控制可以使穩(wěn)態(tài)速度保持一定的精度，為制動(dòng)段的精確平層創(chuàng)造條件。在系統(tǒng)的速度上升段和穩(wěn)速段雖都采用PI調(diào)節(jié)器控制，但兩段的PI參數(shù)是不同的，以提高系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)響應(yīng)指標(biāo)。在系統(tǒng)的制動(dòng)段，即要對(duì)減速度進(jìn)行必要的控制，以保證舒適感，又要嚴(yán)格地按電梯運(yùn)行的速度和距離的關(guān)系來(lái)控制，以保證平層的精度。在系統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)速降至120r/min之前，為了使兩者得到兼顧，采取以加速度對(duì)時(shí)間控制為主，同時(shí)根據(jù)在每一制動(dòng)距離上實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)速與理論轉(zhuǎn)速的偏差來(lái)修正加速度給定曲線的方法。例如在距離平層點(diǎn)的某一距離L處，速度應(yīng)降為Vm/s，而實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)速高為V′m/s，則說(shuō)明所加的制動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)距不夠，因此計(jì)算出此處的給定減速度值-ag后，使其再加上一個(gè)負(fù)偏差ε，即使此處的減速度給定值修正為-（ag+ε）使給定減速度與實(shí)際速度負(fù)偏差加大，從而加大了制動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)距，使速度很快降到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值，當(dāng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速降到120r/min以后，此時(shí)轎廂距平層只有十幾厘米，電梯的運(yùn)行速度很低，為防止未到平層區(qū)就停車的現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)，以使電梯能較快地進(jìn)入平層區(qū)，在此段采用比例調(diào)節(jié)，并采用時(shí)間優(yōu)化控制，以保證電梯準(zhǔn)確及時(shí)地進(jìn)入平層區(qū)，以達(dá)到準(zhǔn)確可靠平層。 原文： Composed by the order of relay control system is a realization of the first elevator control method. However, to enter the nineties, with the development of science and technology and the widespread application of computer technology, the safety of elevators, reliability of the increasingly high demand on the relay control weaknesses are becoming evident. Elevator control system relays the failure rate high, greatly reduces the reliability and safety of elevators, and escalators stopped often to take with the staff about the inconvenience and fear. And the event rather than taking the lift or squat at the end of the lift will not only cause damage to mechanical components, but also personal accident may occur. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is the first order logic control in accordance with the needs of developed specifically for industrial environment applications to operate the electronic digital computing device. Given its advantages, at present, the relay control the lift has been gradually replaced by PLC control. At the same time, AC variable frequency motor speed control technology, the way the lift drag speed has been a gradual transition from DC to AC frequency converter. Thus, PLC control technology increases VVVF Elevator modern technology has become a hot industry. 1. PLC elevator control advantages (1) used in elevator control PLC, with software for automatic control of lift operation, reliability greatly increased. (2) layer was removed and a majority of the relay, the control system structure is simple, to simplify the external circuit. (3) PLC can be a variety of complex control system, easy to add or change control functions. (4) PLC can be automated fault detection and alarm display to improve the operation of security and ease of maintenance. (5) for the group control the allocation and management, and improve the efficiency of elevator operation. (6) do not need to change the control scheme changes when the hardware connection. 2. VVVF elevator control characteristics With the power electronics, microelectronics and computer technology to control the rapid development of technology, communication technology VVVF also a very rapid rate. AC variable frequency motor speed control technology is the power to improve the process in order to improve product quality and improving the environment and promoting technological progress as a primary means. Frequency of its excellent performance and the speed brake from a smooth performance, high efficiency, high power factor and power-saving effect of a broad scope of application and many other advantages of being at home and abroad recognized as the most promising approach speed. Exchange characteristics of VVVF Elevator (1)low energy consumption (2) low load circuit, the required emergency power supply device of small In the acceleration stage, the required start-up current of less than 2.5 times the rated current. Peak starting current and time is short. Since the starting current is drastically reduced, so power consumption and power supply cable diameter can be reduced a lot. Required for emergency power supply devices are also relatively small size. (3) high reliability and long service life. (4) good comfort Elevator operation is best to follow the speed curve of a given operation. Their characteristics can be adapted to human feelings, and to ensure that noise operation, smooth brake Ping layer and high precision (5) Stable noise-free (6) In the car, the engine room and adjacent areas to ensure that noise. Because their systems use a high clock frequency. Always produce a true sine wave power supply current yet. Motor torque ripple does not appear. Therefore, to eliminate vibration and noise. 3. Elevator control technology The so-called elevator control technology refers to the elevator drive system and electrical control system of automatic control. 70 as the 20th century in China's elevator was marked by the exchange of two-speed elevator. Its speed is used to change the elevator traction motor of the very few, two or multi-level approach to the number of windings, very few of them as high-speed winding of the winding, a very few number of windings as the low-speed winding. Windings for high-speed elevator-speed start-up and running, low-speed windings for braking and the maintenance of elevators. The early 80s, VVVF inverter controlled variable lift system available. It uses AC motor drives, are able to reach the level of DC motor, control the speed of the current has reached 6 m / sec. Its small size, light weight, high efficiency, energy saving, including the past almost all the advantages of the lift. Is the latest elevator drive system. Operation in vertical lift, there is also the starting point of the terminus station. For more than three-story elevator buildings, the starting point of the terminal stations and stops between the had not, the starting point for these stations at the first floor of the terminal located at the highest floor. Starting point in the first floor of the station known as base stations, known as the starting point at both ends of the terminal stations and stations at both ends of intermediate stops between stations. Outside the station has a call box, box set are used by staff for elevator call button or touch the call button, the general ends of the lift stations in the call box on the Settings button or touch of a button. Middle layer of the station set up the call box button or touch button 2. No drivers for the control of elevators, at various stations are set up calls me on a button or touch button. Elevator car and the internal settings (except for debris elevator) to manipulate me. Control box switch on the handle or set up stations and the corresponding layer of buttons or touch-button control box on the touch-control button or command button or touch the city button. Outside the command button or touch-button issue as the signal outside the command signal, within the command button or touch-button issue within the signal as a command signal. 80 In the mid-20th century, the touch button has been replaced by micro-button. As the elevator call box outside the base station, in addition to set up a call button or touch button, but also set a key switch in order to work the elevator clearance. Drivers or management staff to open the elevator to the base station can wriggle through a dedicated key to the key switch. Close the elevator in place to automatically cut off the elevator control power supply or power supply. 4. PLC Control Elevator Design With the continuous development of urban construction, the increasing high-rise buildings, elevators and life in the national economy has a broad application. Elevator high-rise buildings as a means of transport in the vertical run of daily life has been inextricably linked with people. In fact the lift is based on external call control signals, as well as the laws of their own, such as running, and the call is random, the lift is actually a man-machine interactive control system, simple to use control or logic control order can not meet the control requirements, and therefore , elevator control system uses a random control logic. Elevator control is currently generally used in two ways, first, the use of computer as a signal control unit, the completion of the lift signal acquisition, operation and function of the set, to achieve the lift and set the automatic scheduling function to run the election, drag the control from inverter to complete; the second control mode with programmable logic controller (PLC) to replace the computer control signal sets the election. From the control and performance, these two types of methods and there is no significant difference. Most of the domestic manufacturers to choose the second approach, because the smaller scale of production, their design and manufacture of high cost of computer control devices; and PLC high reliability, convenient and flexible program design, anti-interference ability, stable and reliable operation of the characteristics of Therefore, the elevator control system is now widely used to realize programmable controller. 5. Elevator control system characteristics Operation of the lift curve is above the start to run comfort indicators lift the key features, and comfort are directly related with the acceleration, according to control theory, for a certain amount of change according to the law must be directly controlled, for elevator control system, according to the ideal acceleration curve acceleration feedback to be used, in accordance with the motor torque equation: M-MZ = ΔM = J (dn / dt), can be seen reflected in the rate of change of acceleration of the system of dynamic torque changes on the control system to control the acceleration of the dynamic torque ΔM = M-MZ. Therefore, during this time to control the use of the principle of acceleration, when the start rate of increase in steady-state value above 90%, the acceleration control system by the switch to speed control, as in paragraph steady speed, speed control for the constant fluctuations in the smaller, little change in acceleration, speed and the use of closed-loop control can maintain a steady-state speed accuracy and precision for the braking section to create the conditions ping layer. Is rising at a rate in the system, and although the above-speed PI regulator used to control, but two of the PI parameters are different in order to improve the system dynamic response indicators. The brake in the system, that is, to reduce the speed of control necessary to ensure the comfort, but also strictly in accordance with the operation of the lift of the relationship between speed and distance control to ensure the accuracy of flat layers. To the speed in the system before 120r/min, in order to take into account both be taken to control the acceleration of time-based and at the same time in each braking distance based on actual speed and speed deviations from the theory to fix the acceleration curve of a given method. For example, from a flat layer at the distance L, the speed should be reduced to Vm / s, while the actual high speed V'm / s, is illustrated by the increase in the braking torque is not enough here, therefore to calculate value determined by the speed-ag after it combined with a negative deviation of ε, even here the value given by the speed of amended - (ag + ε) so that a given rate of deceleration and the actual increase of negative bias, which increases braking torque big, so fast down to the standard value, when the motor speed 120r/min down after the car at this time only a dozen or so cm layer anomaly, low speed lift, in order to prevent yet floor parking area on the phenomenon in order to enable faster access to the lift to floor area ratio adjustment used in this paragraph and the use of optimal control of time in order to ensure accurate and timely access to elevator floor area, in order to achieve accurate and reliable level layer. 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 評(píng) 語(yǔ) 外文翻譯成績(jī)： 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日 注：1. 指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)譯文進(jìn)行評(píng)閱時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面：①翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的主題是否高度相關(guān)，并作為外文參考文獻(xiàn)列入畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的參考文獻(xiàn)；②翻譯的外文文獻(xiàn)字?jǐn)?shù)是否達(dá)到規(guī)定數(shù)量（3 000字以上）；③譯文語(yǔ)言是否準(zhǔn)確、通順、具有參考價(jià)值。 2. 外文原文應(yīng)以附件的方式置于譯文之后。