高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)(專題攻略)之閱讀理解 解題技巧之細(xì)節(jié)理解
《高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)(專題攻略)之閱讀理解 解題技巧之細(xì)節(jié)理解》由會(huì)員分享,可在線閱讀,更多相關(guān)《高考英語總復(fù)習(xí)(專題攻略)之閱讀理解 解題技巧之細(xì)節(jié)理解(13頁珍藏版)》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。
高考英語閱讀理解解題技巧之細(xì)節(jié)理解在2008年高考閱讀理解中,對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)理解類題型的考查同往年一樣,依然占了較大的比例,全國及各省、市均有對(duì)此題型的考察,無一例外。細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解。它們大都是根據(jù)文章中的具體信息如事實(shí)、例證、原因、過程、論述等進(jìn)行提問的。有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案,有些則需要我們?cè)诶斫獾幕A(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到,比如計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。常見的命題方式通常有:1.特殊疑問句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題;2. 以是非題的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT;3. 以According to 開頭提問方式;4. 以填空題的形式,如:(1)To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised. (2)By the first sentence of the passage author means that.(3)It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on.(4)If you are interested in knowing about what peoples life will be, you may visit. (5)The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that . (6)The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to.5. 就文中數(shù)字、排序、識(shí)圖等提問。做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí),大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問題是閱讀速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧,考生要培養(yǎng)自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時(shí),不必通篇細(xì)看原文,而常常可采取 “帶著問題找答案”的方法先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語。然后以此為線索。要快速地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié),就要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句仔細(xì)品味,對(duì)照比較確定答案。除了運(yùn)用掃讀法(scanning)外,還可以兼用排除法將“無此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項(xiàng)排除。了解細(xì)節(jié)題干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)也有助于考生提高答題的正確率。一般情況下,干擾項(xiàng)有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):(1)是原文信息,但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容;(2)符合常識(shí),但不是文章內(nèi)容;(3)與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似,只是在程度上有些變動(dòng);(4)在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反;(5)部分正確,部分錯(cuò)誤。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題只要直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對(duì)客觀的事實(shí)作出解釋或判斷,只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時(shí)還要求讀者記住重要細(xì)節(jié),在必要的時(shí)候(做判斷、推斷或結(jié)論的時(shí)候)能夠準(zhǔn)確而迅速地將他們回憶起來。解此類題要求考生快速抓住原文中的關(guān)鍵信息,直接得出答案,但要注意往往答案與原文中的語句并非一模一樣,而是用不同的詞語或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題就需要通過有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來獲取信息,然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過一系列加工、整理,方能做出正確的判斷此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。值得一提的是,有時(shí)原文中的信息可能只是一個(gè)短語,甚至一個(gè)單詞,因此需要我們?cè)陂喿x中特別仔細(xì)才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。細(xì)節(jié)理解題大致有如下幾種??碱}型:1描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題,常??疾炜忌鷮?duì)文中有關(guān)人物動(dòng)作、思想感情、心理活動(dòng)、觀點(diǎn),或事件的起因、發(fā)展、過程、結(jié)果等方面的理解。這類描寫信息往往較直接,一般不太需要考生對(duì)它們進(jìn)行較深入的理解,對(duì)于該類題,考生一般都可以較直接地從原文中找到與題目對(duì)應(yīng)的有關(guān)信息。例題You either have it, or you donta sense of direction, that is. But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sahara without a map, while others can lose themselves in the next street?Scientists say were all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properly understood how it works. One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we dont use is, we lose it.“Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around,” says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project. “However, if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car, they never develop the skills.”Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction. He makes the following suggestions:If you are using a map, turn it so it relates to the way you are facing.If you leave your bike in a strange place, put it near something like a big stone or a tree. Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike. When you return, go back along the same route.Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you. Count your steps so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.Now you need never get lost again!65. Scientists believe that_.A. some babies are born with a sense of direction.B. people learn a sense of direction as they grow olderC. people never lose their sense of directionD. everybody possesses a sense of direction from birth66. What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage?A. They never have a sense of direction without mapsB. They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of directionC. They have a sense of direction and can find their way aroundD. They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.68. According to the passage, the best way to find your way around is to _.A. ask policemen for directions.B. use walls, streams, and streets to guide yourselfC. remember your route by looking out for steps and stairsD. count the number of landmarks that you see【答案與解析】65.選D。根據(jù)第二段首句可知:科學(xué)家認(rèn)為我們生來就有方向感。66.選C。根據(jù)第三段首句可知,七歲大的小孩就具備了辨別方向的能力。68.選B。根據(jù)Jim Martland所給的第三條建議中的“ by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you.”即可得出答案。2數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題此類試題一般要求考生能根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),找出計(jì)算關(guān)系,通過計(jì)算,得出正確的結(jié)論。這類計(jì)算一般來說比較簡單,關(guān)鍵是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系,選準(zhǔn)比較的數(shù)據(jù),弄清單位換算關(guān)系,確定計(jì)算方法,問題便迎刃而解了。對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)較多、項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜用時(shí)間或空間跨度較大的短文,通??刹捎谩傲斜矸ā保窗匆欢ǖ囊?guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出,化模糊為清晰,為計(jì)算打下基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于相對(duì)不太復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù),可采用“推算法”,即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基準(zhǔn),進(jìn)行簡單的運(yùn)算就可得出。例題Tuition Fees (學(xué)費(fèi))Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui waikatoacnz. Accommodation (住宿)You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc waikatoacnz69. You have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000【答案與解析】選B。本篇是介紹新西蘭Waikato大學(xué)的廣告。從Tuition Fees (學(xué)費(fèi)):Tuition fees are different from department to departmentgenerally from$5,000 to$6,000 a year. For further information:tui waikato.ac.nz . Accommodation(住宿):You can have a room in a4- bedroom fiat, which will cost about$100 a month with other regular living costs of about$150 a month for one person. For further information:acc waikatoacnz可知答案為B。$5000(學(xué)費(fèi))+$100(住宿費(fèi))x12(months)+$150(生活費(fèi))x12=$80003排序題這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事情發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系,找出事件的正確順序。做此類試題時(shí)可采用“首尾法定位法”,即找出事件發(fā)展的首與尾,迅速縮小范圍,從而快速選出正確選項(xiàng)?;蛑苯又鹨挥门懦ò错樞蚺懦贸稣_選項(xiàng)。例題People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store, a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system (系統(tǒng)) that will organize the trip around the store. If youre looking for toothpicks, you type in the word or pick it from a list, and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them.54. Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping carts?a. Start the system. b. Make a shopping list.c. Find the things you want. d. Go to a self-checkout stand.A. abdcB. bacd C. acbd D. bcad4信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題信息尋找題一般在應(yīng)用文體中較常見,體現(xiàn)于查字典、閱讀廣告、公告、演出海報(bào)、車船航班時(shí)間表等之中。這類閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面,能滿足各種人對(duì)信息的需求,但在高考試題中,常常是就某一方面提問,考生完全沒有必要從頭到尾仔細(xì)閱讀,因?yàn)椴牧现杏泻芏嗳哂酂o效信息。做此類題時(shí),宜采用“題干定全法”。即:先閱讀題干,然后根據(jù)問題要求,有針對(duì)性地閱讀相關(guān)部分快速尋找有效信息。廣告是閱讀理解題??嫉囊环N題材。廣告屬應(yīng)用文體。嚴(yán)格來說廣告屬快速尋找信息題。但是廣告有著其他快速尋找信息題不同的特點(diǎn)。廣告文體簡潔明快,省略了大量的詞語,達(dá)到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同時(shí)具有語言精練,形象性、鼓動(dòng)性強(qiáng)的良好效果。廣告閱讀題多為細(xì)節(jié)理解題,關(guān)鍵在于正確理解廣告內(nèi)容??忌仨毦邆漭^強(qiáng)的語言運(yùn)用能力,熟悉文化背景,利用各種手段(如:補(bǔ)全、聯(lián)想、推測(cè)等)正確解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。通常運(yùn)用“補(bǔ)全成分法”和“聯(lián)想推測(cè)法”兩種方法來解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。做題方法同樣采用“題干定向法”。(1)補(bǔ)全成分法省略名在廣告體閱讀材料中大量出現(xiàn),可以說廣告閱讀理解材料中大多數(shù)句子都是省略句。我們應(yīng)結(jié)合全文語境及邏輯關(guān)系將省略句補(bǔ)全,從而更加準(zhǔn)確地理解。如:Driver wanted. 根據(jù)文義,可將該句補(bǔ)充為:A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司機(jī))。(2)聯(lián)想推測(cè)法在些廣告時(shí)間、日期、地點(diǎn)、電話、票價(jià)等用了縮略詞,甚至一概沒有提及,這就需要考生前后連貫,充分想象,整體理解。搜尋已知信息,推斷語篇意義。為節(jié)省篇幅,特別是在商業(yè)廣告中,常使用縮寫詞,盡管有些縮寫不太規(guī)范,但卻常用,常見的縮寫詞有:Tel. =telephone number Ph. =phone Add (r). =address co. =company Ltd=LimitedMax=maximum Min=minimumhr=hour t=timefig=figure ft=foot ml=mile doz=dozenMt=Mountain P=pageprof. =professor Dr. =doctors=south n=north w=west Sta=Station pop=popular vs=versusXmas=Christmas info=information VIP=very important persons hrs=hoursaft=after ad=advertisement p/t=part time exp=experienced PC=personal computer MA=Master of ArtsBS degree=bachelors degree (學(xué)士學(xué)位)例題Welcome to Adventureland!Everyone loves Adventureland! The Parks and Exhibitions were built for you to explore (探索) , enjoy, and admire their wonders. Every visit will be an unforgettable experience. You will go away enriched, longing to come back. What are you going to do this time?The Travel PavilionExplore places you have never been to before, and experience different ways of life.Visit the Amazon jungle village, the Turkish market, the Tai floating market, the Berber mountain house and others. Talk to the people there who will tell you about their lives, and things they make. You can try making a carpet, making nets, fishing The Future TowerThis exhibition shows how progress will touch our lives. It allows us to look into the future and explore the cities of the next century and the way well be living then. Spend some time in our space station climb into our simulator (模擬裝置) for the Journey to Mars!The Nature ParkThis is not really one park but several.In the Safari Park you can drive among African animals in one of our Range Cruisers; see lions, giraffes, elephants in the wild. Move on to the Ocean Park to watch the dolphins and whales. And then there is still the Aviary to seeThe PyramidThis is the center of Adventureland. Run out of film, need some postcards and stamps? For all these things and many more, visit our underground shopping centre. Come here for information and ideas too.63. The Travel Pavilion is built to help visitors _.A. realize the importance of travelingB. become familiar with mountain countriesC. learn how to make things such as fishing netsD. learn something about different places in the world64. If you are interested in knowing about what peoples life will be, you may visit _.A. the Travel Pavilion B. the Future TowerC. the Safari Park D. the Pyramid65. If you want to get a toy lion to take home, where will you most likely go?A. The Pyramid B. The Nature Park. C. The Future Tower D. The Travel Pavilion5. 圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題此類試題要求根據(jù)短文中的描寫找出相應(yīng)的圖形,或根據(jù)圖形選出相應(yīng)的文字??刹捎谩拔淖宙i定法”,即找出描述圖形的句段,按“文”鎖“圖”,迅速鎖定相關(guān)圖形,或用“圖形標(biāo)示法”,在圖形中標(biāo)出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容,以便做題。例題The Home of My PeopleWhen Lewis and Clark stepped onto the Weippe Prairie in present-day Idaho in September 1808, they met the Nez Perce Indians. In the following years, the white explorers(探險(xiǎn)者)began to fight with the Indians for their land. Some Nez Perce chiefs signed agreements with the U.S. government, selling part of their lands. But the government always broke those agreements and demanded more land. Other chiefs refused to go along with the governments plans. The most famous was Chief Joseph, whose people lived in the Wallowa Valley(present-day Oregon). “In order to have all people understand how much land we owned, ”he once explained, “my father planted poles around it and said: Inside is the home of my peopleIt circled around the graves(墳?zāi)梗﹐f our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man. ”But in 1874, the U.S. government declared the valley open for white settlement and ordered the Nez Perce onto a reservation(保留地). Seeing that resistance was useless, Chief Joseph agreed to move. Later, fighting broke out between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers. Chief Joseph tried to lead his people to Canada, winning several battles against the soldiers during their flight. But finally, he was forced to give in. 56. Which historic site (on the map)lies in the south of todays Nez Perce Reservation? A. Buffalo Eddy. B. Dug Bar. C. Joseph Canyon Viewpoint. D. Chief Looking Glass Camp. 57. What can we learn about the Nez Perce lands from the map? A. They were in the state of Oregon. B. They have become a historic site. C. They have become much smaller. D. They were limited to the Wallowa Valley. 6表格理解題表格閱讀題需正確理解表格中所提供的內(nèi)容,看懂行和列分別代表的意義,在正確理解的基礎(chǔ)上才能做出正確的選擇。通常情況下需要對(duì)表格的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行比較,找準(zhǔn)正確的計(jì)算關(guān)系尤為重要。由于表格具有信息量大的特點(diǎn),而有些信息與題干無關(guān),如通篇閱讀,既缺少針對(duì)性又浪費(fèi)時(shí)間,一般采用“首讀題干法”為上策,即先讀題目要求,帶著問題在表格里查找相關(guān)信息,去偽存真。如考查有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的相互關(guān)系,這就需要對(duì)各數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,找出隱含規(guī)律,此時(shí)常用“文表分析法”來提示其規(guī)律。Country or AreaManufacturingResources DevelopmentCommerce and ServicesOthersTotalA722038089520137098490B20490405170107027310C2937012036300101066800D365706813012090120116910E71608401952071028320The above chart shows Japanese direct investment in Asian countries or areas (A、B、C、D, and E) from 1951 till 2003. The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in the mainland of China, but in commerce and services Hong Kong was over China by seventy billion. In resources development, Japan didnt show interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore. In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia.1. We learn from the passage that the “A” in the chart stands for _.A. China B. Singapore C. Indonesia D. Hong Kong2. In total, Japan invested about 70 billion dollars more in Hong Kong than in _.A. Singapore B. Indonesia C. Taiwan D. China3. Japanese investment in resources development in Singapore was _times that in Taiwan.A. three B. four C. five D. six4. In manufacturing, Indonesia ranked _.A. first B. second C. third D. fourth5. According to the chart, we know _ attracted Japan most.A. manufacturing B. resources development C. commerce and services D. others【答案與解析】考查學(xué)生理解圖表和結(jié)合文字?jǐn)⑹鰯z取有關(guān)信息的做題能力。此題首先要清楚A、B、C、D、E所代表的國家或地區(qū)。從“The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in the mainland of China, ”可以知道A、E代表香港和中國大陸,從后一句“but in commerce and services Hong Kong was over China by seventy billion.”可以進(jìn)一步確定A代表香港,E代表中國大陸。從“In resources development, Japan didnt show interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore.”可以知道C是新加坡,B是臺(tái)灣,D無疑就是印度尼西亞了,從最后一句“In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia”也可得到印證。確定了這五個(gè)國家和地區(qū),問題就迎刃而解了。答案:1-5 DDAAC 7代詞指代題解題技能代詞指代題要求考生一定的上下文推測(cè)代詞的指代意義。此類題一般是在人物或事物關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜的情況下使用的一種題型,所以理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關(guān)系是關(guān)鍵所在。例題1The theory is supported by the facts that, so far, none of the stolen cars have been returned. Also, the amount of money demanded-under 3,000 Taiwanese dollars seems too little for a car worth many times more. Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal. “We have more important things to do, ” he said.52. The underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refers to _.A. criminals B. pigeons C. the stolen cars D. demands for money 例題2Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable (可以預(yù)見的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves (涉及) a “sudden insight” which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.54. What does the underlined word “this” refer to?A. Great contributions to the societyB. Long-time study of the subject matter.C. Various statements about problem solving.D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.【答案與解析】選B。這里的this指代前面的內(nèi)容,從本段的第一句可以看出,其指代的是Long-time study of the subject matter。- 1.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對(duì)于不預(yù)覽、不比對(duì)內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來的問題本站不予受理。
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