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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書
系 部
機(jī)械工程系
指導(dǎo)教師
王小平
職 稱
高工
學(xué)生姓名
王豪
專業(yè)班級(jí)
05gb機(jī)制2
學(xué) 號(hào)
0515011223
設(shè)計(jì)題目
機(jī)車減震彈簧拆裝用10噸四立柱壓力機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
設(shè)
計(jì)
內(nèi)
容
目
標(biāo)
和
要
求
針對(duì)題目對(duì)機(jī)車減振彈簧的結(jié)構(gòu)、工況、受力狀況等進(jìn)行調(diào)研,并收集整理有關(guān)資料,確定壓力機(jī)的方案,依方案設(shè)計(jì)減振彈簧拆裝用壓力機(jī)。
設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容及要求
1. 收集了解鐵路機(jī)車減振彈簧的工作情況、結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、壓力機(jī)的工作原理及設(shè)計(jì)方法,以及有關(guān)的機(jī)械簡(jiǎn)圖、機(jī)械原理、力學(xué)、公差與配合 工藝、液壓技術(shù)等等
2. 研究探討減振彈簧拆裝的工藝過程,及其關(guān)鍵的難點(diǎn)是什么,提出解決方案,并對(duì)方案進(jìn)行可行性的分析和論證。
3. 對(duì)項(xiàng)目方案進(jìn)行總體設(shè)計(jì)和部件設(shè)計(jì),要求總裝圖規(guī)范,各部件的裝配關(guān)系要表示清楚,裝配工藝要明確,另部件設(shè)計(jì)要考慮材料、尺寸公差、形位公差、表面粗糙度、熱處理、焊接要求、加工工藝性能等等。
4. 液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)要求,了解國(guó)內(nèi)液壓行業(yè)的狀況,繪制液壓原理圖。
5. 設(shè)計(jì)說明書(論文)。格式要規(guī)范,要將所做項(xiàng)目從立項(xiàng)收集資料、調(diào)研、方案論證、設(shè)計(jì)、心得體會(huì)等用文字方式規(guī)范科學(xué)的表達(dá)出來,以此鍛煉和提高自己的文字表達(dá)能力。
6. 設(shè)計(jì)完后要對(duì)自己的設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行總結(jié),能否提出水平更高的改進(jìn)意見。
7. 在整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)中要努力培養(yǎng)和掌握解決此類問題的方法和能力,使自己實(shí)際動(dòng)手能力有一個(gè)質(zhì)的飛躍。
8. 進(jìn)度要求按學(xué)院有關(guān)規(guī)定完成。
指導(dǎo)教師簽名:
年 月 日
系 部審 核
此表由指導(dǎo)教師填寫 由所在系部審核
2-1
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)學(xué)生開題報(bào)告
課題名稱
機(jī)車減震彈簧拆裝用10噸四立柱壓力機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
課題來源
生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐
課題類型
AX
指導(dǎo)教師
王小平
學(xué)生姓名
王豪
學(xué) 號(hào)
0515011223
專業(yè)班級(jí)
05gb機(jī)制2
本課題的研究現(xiàn)狀、研究目的及意義
一、用途 該液壓機(jī)適用于可塑性材料的壓制工藝。如粉末制品成型、塑料制品成型、冷(熱)擠壓金屬成型、薄板拉伸以及橫壓、彎壓、翻透、校正等工藝。
二 、特點(diǎn) 機(jī)器具有獨(dú)立的動(dòng)力機(jī)構(gòu)和電氣系統(tǒng),采用按鈕集中控制,可實(shí)現(xiàn)調(diào)整、手動(dòng)及半自動(dòng)三種工作方式:機(jī)器的工作壓力、壓制速度,空載快下行和減速的行程和范圍,均可根據(jù)工藝需要進(jìn)行調(diào)整,并能完成頂出工藝,可帶頂出工藝、拉伸工藝三種工藝方式,每種工藝又為定壓,定程兩種工藝動(dòng)作供選擇,定壓成型工藝在壓制后具有頂出延時(shí)及自動(dòng)回程?! ?四柱液壓機(jī)的工作原理油泵把液壓油輸送到集成插裝閥塊,通過各個(gè)單向閥和溢流閥把液壓油分配到油缸的上腔或者下腔,在高壓油的作用下,使油缸進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng).液壓機(jī)是利用液體來傳遞壓力的設(shè)備。液體在密閉的容器中傳遞壓力時(shí)是遵循帕斯卡定律。 四柱液壓機(jī)的液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)由動(dòng)力機(jī)構(gòu)、控制機(jī)構(gòu)、執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、輔助機(jī)構(gòu)和工作介質(zhì)組成。a 動(dòng)力機(jī)構(gòu) 通常采用油泵作為動(dòng)力機(jī)構(gòu),一般為積式油泵。為了滿足執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)速度的要求, 選用一個(gè)油泵或多個(gè)油泵。低壓(油壓小于2.5MP)用 齒輪泵;中壓(油壓小于6.3MP)用葉片泵;高壓(油壓小于32.0MP)用柱塞泵。各種可塑性材料的壓力加工和成形,如不銹鋼板鋼板的擠壓、彎曲、拉伸及金屬零件的冷壓成形,同時(shí)亦可用于粉末制品、砂輪、膠木、樹脂熱固性制品的壓制。四柱液壓機(jī)簡(jiǎn)單、經(jīng)濟(jì)、實(shí)用。外觀采用八角形狀??刂齐娖飨洳捎貌AчT、PLC電腦控制或普通電器兩種,具有工作可靠,工作可靠,動(dòng)作直觀,維修方便。獨(dú)立按扭集中控制。具有調(diào)整、雙手單次循環(huán)二種操作方式。液壓控制可采用插裝閥集成系統(tǒng),動(dòng)作可靠,使用壽命長(zhǎng),液壓沖擊小,減少了連接管路與泄露點(diǎn),或普通液壓控制兩種.四柱液壓機(jī)具有廣泛的通用性.適用于各種塑性材料的加工和成形,如擠壓、彎曲、折邊、拉伸等;同時(shí)也可用于各種塑料、粉末制品的壓制成形。此外還可以用于制品的校正、壓裝和整形等。
課題類型:
(1)A—工程實(shí)踐型;B—理論研究型;C—科研裝置研制型;D—計(jì)算機(jī)軟件型;
E—綜合應(yīng)用型
(2)X—真實(shí)課題;Y—模擬課題;(1)、(2)均要填,如AY、BX等。
2-2
本課題的研究?jī)?nèi)容
1. 任務(wù)提出:
設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng),運(yùn)用液壓力壓縮機(jī)車減振彈簧,以便在對(duì)減振彈簧檢測(cè)時(shí)的拆裝。
2. 設(shè)計(jì)過程:
2.1、閱讀零件圖,制定設(shè)計(jì)方案,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行方案分析
2.2、對(duì)重點(diǎn)方案分析與計(jì)算
2.3、總體方案設(shè)計(jì)
(1) 設(shè)計(jì)示意圖
(2) 裝配示意圖
(3) 液壓系統(tǒng)示意圖
2.5 專題設(shè)計(jì)
小車組件、上板組件、底板組件、立柱、液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)
2.6 編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書
本課題研究的實(shí)施方案、進(jìn)度安排
先自己查閱資料,了解裝配過程――――――――――――――――――1周
自行設(shè)計(jì)思路――――――――――――――――――――――――――1周
參考指導(dǎo)老師的意見,改進(jìn)自己的方案―――――――――――――――2周
開始設(shè)計(jì)――――――――――――――――――――――――――――4周
完成實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告――――――――――――――――――――――――――2周
2-3
已查閱的主要參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 徐 華 主編. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(1-4). 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社.
[2] 左健民 主編. 液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng)――第三版. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2005.5
[3] 路甬祥 主編. 液壓氣動(dòng)技術(shù)手冊(cè). 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2003
[4] 章宏甲 主編. 液壓與氣壓傳動(dòng). 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2003
[5] 陸元章 主編. 現(xiàn)代機(jī)械設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(2). 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1996
[6] 章宏甲 黃誼 主編.液壓傳動(dòng).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1993
[7] 李天無 主編.簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械工程師手冊(cè). 北京:北京機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1984
[8] 彭文生 等 主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).華中理工大學(xué)出版社.2001
[9] 唐增寶 等 主編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì).華中理工大學(xué)出版社.1999
[10]上海第二工業(yè)大學(xué)液壓教研室編.液壓傳動(dòng)與控制. 上海科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社.1975
[11] 孟少農(nóng) 主編.機(jī)械加工工藝手冊(cè)第3卷. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1992
指導(dǎo)教師意見
指導(dǎo)教師簽名:
年 月 日
3
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)學(xué)生申請(qǐng)答辯表
課 題 名 稱
機(jī)車減震彈簧拆裝用10噸四立柱壓力機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
指導(dǎo)教師(職稱)
申 請(qǐng) 理 由
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)已完成,說明書已編好。
學(xué)生所在系部
機(jī)械工程系
專業(yè)班級(jí)
05gb機(jī)制2
學(xué)號(hào)
0515011223
學(xué)生簽名: 日期:
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)審表
序號(hào)
評(píng)分項(xiàng)目(理工科、管理類)
評(píng)分項(xiàng)目(文科)
滿分
評(píng)分
1
工作量
外文翻譯
15
2
文獻(xiàn)閱讀與外文翻譯
文獻(xiàn)閱讀與文獻(xiàn)綜述
10
3
技術(shù)水平與實(shí)際能力
創(chuàng)新能力與學(xué)術(shù)水平
25
4
研究成果基礎(chǔ)理論與專業(yè)知識(shí)
論證能力
25
5
文字表達(dá)
文字表達(dá)
10
6
學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度與規(guī)范要求
學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度與規(guī)范要求
15
總 分
100
評(píng)
語
(是否同意參加答辯)
指導(dǎo)教師簽名:
另附《畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)指導(dǎo)記錄冊(cè)》 年 月 日
4
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)評(píng)閱人評(píng)審表
學(xué)生姓名
王豪
專業(yè)班級(jí)
05gb機(jī)制2
學(xué)號(hào)
0515011223
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目
機(jī)車減震彈簧拆裝用10噸四立柱壓力機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
評(píng)閱人
評(píng)閱人職稱
序號(hào)
評(píng)分項(xiàng)目(理工科、管理類)
評(píng)分項(xiàng)目(文科)
滿分
評(píng)分
1
工作量
外文翻譯
15
2
文獻(xiàn)閱讀與外文翻譯
文獻(xiàn)閱讀與文獻(xiàn)綜述
10
3
技術(shù)水平與實(shí)際能力
創(chuàng)新能力與學(xué)術(shù)水平
25
4
研究成果基礎(chǔ)理論與專業(yè)知識(shí)
論證能力
25
5
文字表達(dá)
文字表達(dá)
10
6
學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度與規(guī)范要求
學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度與規(guī)范要求
15
總 分
100
評(píng)
語
評(píng)閱人簽名:
年 月 日
5
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯表
學(xué)生姓名
王豪
專業(yè)班級(jí)
05gb機(jī)制2
學(xué)號(hào)
0515011223
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目
機(jī)車減震彈簧拆裝用10噸四立柱壓力機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
序號(hào)
評(píng)審項(xiàng)目
指 標(biāo)
滿分
評(píng)分
1
報(bào)告內(nèi)容
思路清新;語言表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確,概念清楚,論點(diǎn)正確;實(shí)驗(yàn)方法科學(xué),分析歸納合理;結(jié)論有應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
40
2
報(bào)告過程
準(zhǔn)備工作充分,時(shí)間符合要求。
10
3
創(chuàng) 新
對(duì)前人工作有改進(jìn)或突破,或有獨(dú)特見解。
10
4
答 辯
回答問題有理論依據(jù),基本概念清楚。主要問題回答準(zhǔn)確,深入。
40
總 分
100
答
辯
組
評(píng)
語
答辯組組長(zhǎng)(簽字): 年 月 日
答
辯
委
員
會(huì)
意
見
答辯委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)人(簽字): 年 月 日
6-1
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯記錄表
學(xué)生姓名
王豪
專業(yè)班級(jí)
05gb機(jī)制2
學(xué)號(hào)
0515011223
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目
機(jī)車減震彈簧拆裝用10噸四立柱壓力機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
答辯時(shí)間
答辯地點(diǎn)
答辯委員會(huì)名單
張道德,謝成瑜,馬麗,王小平
問題1
提問人:
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回答(要點(diǎn)):
問題2
提問人:
問題:
回答(要點(diǎn)):
問題3
提問人:
問題:
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記錄人簽名
(不足加附頁)
6-2
問題4
提問人:
問題:
回答(要點(diǎn)):
問題5
提問人:
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問題6
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問題7
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回答(要點(diǎn)):
問題8
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回答(要點(diǎn)):
記錄人簽名
7
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定總表
學(xué)生姓名: 王 豪 專業(yè)班級(jí): 05gb機(jī)制2
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:機(jī)車減震彈簧拆裝用10噸四立柱壓力機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
成績(jī)類別
成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定
Ⅰ指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)定成績(jī)
Ⅱ評(píng)閱人評(píng)定成績(jī)
Ⅲ答辯組評(píng)定成績(jī)
總評(píng)成績(jī)
Ⅰ×40%+Ⅱ×20%+Ⅲ×40%
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畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)
機(jī)車減振彈簧拆裝用10T四立柱壓力機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名:
王 豪
學(xué) 號(hào):
0515011223
所在系部:
機(jī)械工程系
專業(yè)班級(jí):
05機(jī)自本(2)班
指導(dǎo)教師:
王小平(高工)
日 期:
2009年6月
The motorcycle reduces to flap spring coil to dismantle to pack to use a 10 Ts four sign pillar pressure the design of the machine
By
Hao Wang
June 2008
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)
英 文 文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯
學(xué)生姓名:
王 豪
學(xué) 號(hào):
0515011223
所在系部:
機(jī)械工程系
專業(yè)班級(jí):
05機(jī)自本(2)班
指導(dǎo)教師:
王小平(高工)
日 期:
2009年6月
摘 要
本論文主要說明機(jī)車減震彈簧拆裝用10噸四立柱壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的基本過程及工作過程。鐵路機(jī)車的減振彈簧是鐵路機(jī)車安全正常運(yùn)行的重要部件之一,工況差長(zhǎng)期處于交變應(yīng)力的作用下,故必須對(duì)它進(jìn)行定期的檢測(cè)。故設(shè)計(jì)10T四立柱壓力機(jī)對(duì)減振彈簧進(jìn)行拆裝,本壓力機(jī)主要由上板組件、底板組件、立柱、液壓系統(tǒng)、小車組件及一些特殊部件,根據(jù)工作所需而設(shè)計(jì)的。
論文主要內(nèi)容包括四大部分:
(1)壓力機(jī)總體方案分析 通過了解加工部件的形狀特點(diǎn)及其各個(gè)參數(shù),設(shè)計(jì)幾個(gè)可行性方案并最終確定壓力機(jī)的總體方案。
(2)壓力機(jī)的總體設(shè)計(jì) 確定壓力機(jī)各部件之間的相互關(guān)系,設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單經(jīng)濟(jì)的零部件,繪制機(jī)床的尺寸聯(lián)系圖及工作示意圖。
(3)壓力機(jī)各部件設(shè)計(jì) 主要是對(duì)底板組件、上板組件、小車組件、立柱等各部件的尺寸設(shè)計(jì)及其裝配設(shè)計(jì)。
(4)液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) 根據(jù)提供的10mp來設(shè)計(jì)用多大缸徑的液壓缸,從而設(shè)計(jì)整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)。
關(guān)鍵字:壓力機(jī) 缸徑 組件 設(shè)計(jì) 過程
Abstract
This thesis mainly explains that the motorcycle reduces earthquake spring coil to dismantle to pack to use 10 tons four sign basic process and work process of the pillar pressure machine design.The railroad motorcycle reduces to flap one of the important partses that the spring coil is that the railroad motorcycle is safe to normally circulate, the work condition is bad over a long period of time be placed in to hand over to change in response to the function of the dint next, past have to carry on a periodical examination to it.Past design a 10 Ts four sign pillar pressure machine to flap spring coil to carry on dismantling to pack towards reduce, this pressure enters mainly from top plank module, scaleboard module, sign pillar, liquid to press system, small car module and some special partses, according to work need but design.
The thesis main contents include four greatly part of:
(1)、Pressure machine the total project be analytical Pass the shape characteristics that understanding processes a parts and it each parameter, design a few possibility projects to combine end assurance pressure machine of total project.
(2)、The total design of pressure machine Certain pressure the correlation of of each parts of machine, design in brief economic of zero partses, draw the size of tool machine contact diagram and work sketch map.
(3)、Pressure each parts of machine design Mainly is to the scaleboard module, ascend plank module, small car module and sign pillar each parts of etc. of size design and its assemble design.
(4)、The liquid presses the design of system Design to use to have another a big urn the liquid of the path to press an urn according to the 10 mps provide, design the whole liquid to press system thus.
Key word: Pressure machine Urn path Module Design Process
ii
目 錄
摘要………………………………………………………………………………i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………ii
1 緒論……………………………………………………………………………1
2 總體方案的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………………………5
2.1 總體方案 ……………………………………………………………………5
3 液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………………………6
3.1 明確系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)要求 …………………………………………………………6
3.2 工況分析 ………………………………………………………………6
3.2.1 負(fù)載分析 …………………………………………………………6
3.2.2 運(yùn)動(dòng)分析 …………………………………………………………7
3.3 確定液壓缸主要參數(shù) …………………………………………………8
3.3.1 確定液壓缸 ………………………………………………………8
3.3.2 初選系統(tǒng)的工作壓力 ……………………………………………8
3.3.3 計(jì)算液壓缸的工作面積和流量 …………………………………9
3.3.4 繪制執(zhí)行元件工況圖 ……………………………………………10
3.3.5 擬定液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖 ……………………………………………11
3.4 液壓回路的選擇 ………………………………………………………11
3.4.1 選擇系統(tǒng)類型 ……………………………………………………12
3.4.2 選擇調(diào)速回路 ……………………………………………………12
3.4.3 選擇液壓泵的類型 ………………………………………………13
3.4.4 選擇執(zhí)行元件 ……………………………………………………13
3.4.5 選擇調(diào)壓方式 ……………………………………………………13
3.4.6 選擇換向回路 ……………………………………………………13
3.4.7 繪制原理圖 ………………………………………………………13
3.5 計(jì)算和選擇液壓元件 …………………………………………………14
3.5.1選擇液壓泵 ………………………………………………………14
3.5.2選擇液壓控制閥 …………………………………………………15
3.5.3 計(jì)算泵的驅(qū)動(dòng)功率,選擇電機(jī) …………………………………16
3.5.4輔助元件 …………………………………………………………17
3.5.5 聯(lián)軸器的選擇 ……………………………………………………18
3.5.6液壓介質(zhì)的選擇 …………………………………………………19
3.6 液壓系統(tǒng)的性能驗(yàn)算 …………………………………………………20
3.6.1 壓力損失 …………………………………………………………20
3.6.2 發(fā)熱計(jì)算 …………………………………………………………20
3.7 液壓裝置結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) ……………………………………………………20
3.7.1 液壓裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)形式 ……………………………………………20
3.7.2 液壓泵的類型 …………………………………………………20
4 機(jī)械系統(tǒng)總圖及其各個(gè)部件的設(shè)計(jì)………………………………………21
4.1 橫梁設(shè)計(jì) ………………………………………………………22
4.1.1 橫梁的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) …………………………………………22
4.1.2 橫梁強(qiáng)度和剛度的校核 ……………………………………24
4.1.3 橫梁的固定 ………………………………………………30
4.2 立柱設(shè)計(jì) ………………………………………………………31
4.2.1 立柱的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) …………………………………………31
4.2.2 立柱的強(qiáng)度校核 …………………………………………31
4.2.3 立柱的裝配配合 …………………………………………33
4.2.4 立柱的預(yù)緊 ………………………………………………33
4.3 滑動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)(小車)的設(shè)計(jì) ………………………………………33
4.3.1 小車結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) ……………………………………………33
4.3.2 小車關(guān)鍵部件強(qiáng)度校核……………………………………34
4.3.3 其他零件設(shè)計(jì)圖及小車裝配要求……………………………35
總結(jié)………………………………………………………………………………38
致謝………………………………………………………………………………39
參考文獻(xiàn) ………………………………………………………………………40
2
High-speed machining and demand for
the development of
High-speed machining is contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component of the high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality, and other features. This article presents the technical definition of the current state of development of China's application fields and the demand situation.
High-speed machining is oriented to the 21st century a new high-tech, high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality as a basic feature, in the automobile industry, aerospace, Die Manufacturing and instrumentation industries gained increasingly widespread application, and has made significant technical and economic benefits. contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component part.
HSC is to achieve high efficiency of the core technology manufacturers, intensive processes and equipment packaged so that it has a high production efficiency. It can be said that the high-speed machining is an increase in the quantity of equipment significantly improve processing efficiency essential to the technology. High-speed machining is the major advantages : improve production efficiency, improve accuracy and reduce the processing of cutting resistance.
The high-speed machining of meaning, at present there is no uniform understanding, there are generally several points as follows : high cutting speed. usually faster than that of their normal cutting 5 -10 times; machine tool spindle speed high, generally spindle speed in -20000r/min above 10,000 for high-speed cutting; Feed at high velocity, usually 15 -50m/min up to 90m/min; For different cutting materials and the wiring used the tool material, high-speed cutting the meaning is not necessarily the same; Cutting process, bladed through frequency (Tooth Passing Frequency) closer to the "machine-tool - Workpiece "system the dominant natural frequency (Dominant Natural Frequency), can be considered to be high-speed cutting. Visibility high-speed machining is a comprehensive concept.
1992. Germany, the Darmstadt University of Technology, Professor H. Schulz in the 52th on the increase of high-speed cutting for the concept and the scope, as shown in Figure 1. Think different cutting targets, shown in the figure of the transition area (Transition), to be what is commonly called the high-speed cutting, This is also the time of metal cutting process related to the technical staff are looking forward to, or is expected to achieve the cutting speed.
High-speed machining of machine tools, knives and cutting process, and other aspects specific requirements. Several were from the following aspects : high-speed machining technology development status and trends.
At this stage, in order to achieve high-speed machining, general wiring with high flexibility of high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, By using a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. These equipment in common is : We must also have high-speed and high-speed spindle system feeding system, Cutting can be achieved in high-speed process. High-speed cutting with the traditional cutting the biggest difference is that "Machine-tool-workpiece" the dynamic characteristics of cutting performance is stronger influence. In the system, the machine spindle stiffness, grip or form, a long knife set, spindle Broach, torque tool set, Performance high-speed impact are important factors.
In the high-speed cutting, material removal rate (Metal Removal Rate, MRR), unit time that the material was removed volume, usually based on the "machine-tool-workpiece" whether Processing System "chatter." Therefore, in order to satisfy the high-speed machining needs, we must first improve the static and dynamic stiffness of machine spindle is particularly the stiffness characteristics. HSC reason at this stage to be successful, a very crucial factor is the dynamic characteristics of the master and processing capability.
In order to better describe the machine spindle stiffness characteristics of the project presented new dimensionless parameter - DN value, used for the evaluation of the machine tool spindle structure on the high-speed machining of adaptability. DN value of the so-called "axis diameter per minute speed with the product." The newly developed spindle machining center DN values have been great over one million. To reduce the weight bearing, but also with an array of steel products than to the much more light ceramic ball bearings; Bearing Lubrication most impressive manner mixed with oil lubrication methods. In the field of high-speed machining. have air bearings and the development of magnetic bearings and magnetic bearings and air bearings combined constitute the magnetic gas / air mixing spindle.
Feed the machine sector, high-speed machining used in the feed drive is usually larger lead, multiple high-speed ball screw and ball array of small-diameter silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic ball, to reduce its centrifugal and gyroscopic torque; By using hollow-cooling technology to reduce operating at high speed ball screw as temperature generated by the friction between the lead screw and thermal deformation.
In recent years, the use of linear motor-driven high-speed system of up to'' Such feed system has removed the motor from workstations to Slide in the middle of all mechanical transmission links, Implementation of Machine Tool Feed System of zero transmission. Because no linear motor rotating components, from the role of centrifugal force, can greatly increase the feed rate. Linear Motor Another major advantage of the trip is unrestricted. The linear motor is a very time for a continuous machine shop in possession of the bed. Resurfacing of the very meeting where a very early stage movement can go, but the whole system of up to the stiffness without any influence. By using high-speed screw, or linear motor can greatly enhance machine system of up to the rapid response. The maximum acceleration linear motors up to 2-10G (G for the acceleration of gravity), the largest feed rate of up to 60 -200m/min or higher.
2002 world-renowned Shanghai Pudong maglev train project of maglev track steel processing, Using the Shenyang Machine Tool Group Holdings Limited McNair friendship company production plants into extra-long high-speed system for large-scale processing centers achieve . The machine feeding system for the linear guide and rack gear drive, the largest table feed rate of 60 m / min, Quick trip of 100 m / min, 2 g acceleration, maximum speed spindle 20000 r / min, the main motor power 80 kW. X-axis distance of up to 30 m, 25 m cutting long maglev track steel error is less than 0.15 mm. Maglev trains for the smooth completion of the project provided a strong guarantee for technology
In addition, the campaign machine performance will also directly affect the processing efficiency and accuracy of processing. Mold and the free surface of high-speed machining, the main wiring with small cut deep into methods for processing. Machine requirements in the feed rate conditions, should have high-precision positioning functions and high-precision interpolation function, especially high-precision arc interpolation. Arc processing is to adopt legislation or thread milling cutter mold or machining parts, the essential processing methods.
Cutting Tools Tool Material development
high-speed cutting and technological development of the history, tool material is continuous progress of history. The representation of high-speed cutting tool material is cubic boron nitride (CBN). Face Milling Cutter use of CBN, its cutting speed can be as high as 5000 m / min, mainly for the gray cast iron machining. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) has been described as a tool of the 21st century tool, It is particularly applicable to the cutting aluminum alloy containing silica material, which is light weight metal materials, high strength, widely used in the automobile, motorcycle engine, electronic devices shell, the base, and so on. At present, the use of polycrystalline diamond cutter Face Milling alloy, 5000m/min the cutting speed has reached a practical level. In addition ceramic tool also applies to gray iron of high-speed machining;
Tool Coating : CBN and diamond cutter, despite good high-speed performance, but the cost is relatively high. Using the coating technology to make cutting tool is the low price, with excellent mechanical properties, which can effectively reduce the cost. Now high-speed processing of milling cutter, with most of the wiring between the Ti-A1-N composite technology for the way of multi-processing, If present in the non-ferrous metal or alloy material dry cutting, DLC (Diamond Like Carbon) coating on the cutter was of great concern. It is expected that the market outlook is very significant;
Tool clamping system : Tool clamping system to support high-speed cutting is an important technology, Currently the most widely used is a two-faced tool clamping system. Has been formally invested as a commodity market at the same clamping tool system are : HSK, KM, Bigplus. NC5, AHO systems.
In the high-speed machining, tool and fixture rotary performance of the balance not only affects the precision machining and tool life. it will also affect the life of machine tools. So, the choice of tool system, it should be a balanced selection of good products.
Process Parameters
Cutting speed of high-speed processing of conventional shear velocity of about 10 times. For every tooth cutter feed rate remained basically unchanged, to guarantee parts machining precision, surface quality and durability of the tool, Feed volume will also be a corresponding increase about 10 times, reaching 60 m / min, Some even as high as 120 m / min. Therefore, high-speed machining is usually preclude the use of high-speed, feed and depth of cut small cutting parameters. Due to the high-speed machining cutting cushion tend to be small, the formation of very thin chip light, Cutting put the heat away quickly; If the wiring using a new thermal stability better tool materials and coatings, Using the dry cutting process for high-speed machining is the ideal technology program.
High-speed machining field of application
Flexible efficient production line
To adapt to the needs of new models, auto body panel molds and resin-prevention block the forming die. must shorten the production cycle and reduce the cost of production and, therefore, we must make great efforts to promote the production of high-speed die in the process. SAIC affiliated with the company that : Compared to the past, finishing, further precision; the same time, the surface roughness must be met, the bending of precision, this should be subject to appropriate intensive manual processing. Due to the extremely high cutting speed, and the last finishing processes, the processing cycle should be greatly reduced.
To play for machining centers and boring and milling machining center category represented by the high-speed machining technology and automatic tool change function of distinctions Potential to improve processing efficiency, the processing of complex parts used to be concentrated as much as possible the wiring process, that is a fixture in achieving multiple processes centralized processing and dilute the traditional cars, milling, boring, Thread processing different cutting the limits of technology, equipment and give full play to the high-speed cutting tool function, NC is currently raising machine efficiency and speed up product development in an effective way. Therefore, the proposed multi-purpose tool of the new requirements call for a tool to complete different parts of the machining processes, ATC reduce the number of ATC to save time, to reduce the quantity and tool inventory, and management to reduce production costs. More commonly used in a multifunctional Tool, milling, boring and milling, drilling milling, drilling-milling thread-range tool. At the same time, mass production line, against the use of technology requires the development of special tools, tool or a smart composite tool, improve processing efficiency and accuracy and reduced investment. In the high-speed cutting conditions, and some special tools can be part of the processing time to the original 1 / 10 below, results are quite remarkable.
HSC has a lot of advantages such as : a large number of materials required resection of the workpiece with ultrafine, thin structure of the workpiece, Traditionally, the need to spend very long hours for processing mobile workpiece and the design of rapid change, short product life cycle of the workpiece, able to demonstrate high-speed cutting brought advantages.
高速切削加工的發(fā)展及需求
高速切削加工是當(dāng)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的重要組成部分,擁有高效率、高精度及高表面質(zhì)量等特征。本文介紹此技術(shù)的定義、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、適用領(lǐng)域以及中國(guó)的需求情況。
高速切削加工是面向21世紀(jì)的一項(xiàng)高新技術(shù),它以高效率、高精度和高表面質(zhì)量為基本特征,在汽車工業(yè)、航空航天、模具制造和儀器儀表等行業(yè)中獲得了愈來愈廣泛的應(yīng)用,并已取得了重大的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,是當(dāng)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的重要組成部分。
高速切削是實(shí)現(xiàn)高效率制造的核心技術(shù),工序的集約化和設(shè)備的通用化使之具有很高的生產(chǎn)效率??梢哉f,高速切削加工是一種不增加設(shè)備數(shù)量而大幅度提高加工效率所必不可少的技術(shù)。高速切削加工的優(yōu)點(diǎn)主要在于:提高生產(chǎn)效率、提高加工精度及降低切削阻力。
有關(guān)高速切削加工的含義,目前尚無統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識(shí),通常有如下幾種觀點(diǎn):切削速度很高,通常認(rèn)為其速度超過普通切削的5-10倍;機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速很高,一般將主軸轉(zhuǎn)速在10000-20000r/min以上定為高速切削;進(jìn)給速度很高,通常達(dá)15-50m/min,最高可達(dá)90m/min;對(duì)于不同的切削材料和所釆用的刀具材料,高速切削的含義也不盡相同;切削過程中,刀刃的通過頻率(Tooth Passing Frequency)接近于“機(jī)床-刀具-工件”系統(tǒng)的主導(dǎo)自然頻率(Dominant Natural Frequency)時(shí),可認(rèn)為是高速切削??梢姼咚偾邢骷庸な且粋€(gè)綜合的概念。
1992年,德國(guó)Darmstadt工業(yè)大學(xué)的H. Schulz教授在CIRP上提出了高速切削加工的概念及其涵蓋的范圍,如圖1所示。認(rèn)為對(duì)于不同的切削對(duì)象,圖中所示的過渡區(qū)(Transition)即為通常所謂的高速切削範(fàn)圍,這也是當(dāng)時(shí)金屬切削工藝相關(guān)的技術(shù)人員所期待或者可望實(shí)現(xiàn)的切削速度。
高速切削加工對(duì)機(jī)床、刀具和切削工藝等方面都有一些具體的要求。下面分別從這幾個(gè)方面闡述高速切削加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和趨勢(shì)。
現(xiàn)階段,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)高速切削加工,一般釆用高柔性的高速數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心,也有釆用專用的高速銑、鉆床。這些設(shè)備的共同之處是:必須同時(shí)具有高速主軸系統(tǒng)和高速進(jìn)給系統(tǒng),才能實(shí)現(xiàn)材料切削過程的高速化。高速切削與傳統(tǒng)切削最大的區(qū)別是,“機(jī)床-刀具-工件”系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)特性對(duì)切削性能有更強(qiáng)的影響力。在該系統(tǒng)中,機(jī)床主軸的剛度、刀柄形式、刀長(zhǎng)設(shè)定、主軸拉刀力、刀具扭力設(shè)定等,都是影響高速切削性能的重要因素。
在高速切削中,材料去除率(Metal Removal Rate,MRR),即單位時(shí)間內(nèi)材料被切除的體積,通常受限于“機(jī)床-刀具-工件”工藝系統(tǒng)是否出現(xiàn)“顫振”。因此,為了滿足高速切削加工的需求,首先要提高機(jī)床動(dòng)靜剛度尤其是主軸的剛度特性?,F(xiàn)階段高速切削之所以能夠成功,一個(gè)很關(guān)鍵的因素在于對(duì)系統(tǒng)動(dòng)態(tài)特性問題的掌握和處理能力。
為了更好地描述機(jī)床主軸的剛度特性,工程上提出新的無量綱參數(shù)—DN值,用以評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)床的主軸結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)高速切削加工的適應(yīng)性。所謂DN值即“主軸直徑與每分鐘轉(zhuǎn)速之積”。新近開發(fā)的加工中心主軸DN值大都已超過100萬。為了減輕軸承的重量,還釆用了比鋼制品要輕得多的陶瓷球軸承;軸承潤(rùn)滑方式大都釆用油氣混合潤(rùn)滑方式。在高速切削加工領(lǐng)域,目前已開發(fā)空氣軸承和磁軸承以及由磁軸承和空氣軸承合并構(gòu)成的磁氣/空氣混合主軸。
在機(jī)床進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)方面,高速切削加工所用的進(jìn)給驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)通常都為大導(dǎo)程、多頭高速滾珠絲槓,滾珠釆用小直徑氮化硅(Si3N4)陶瓷球,以減少其離心力和陀螺力矩;釆用空心強(qiáng)冷技術(shù)來減少高速滾珠絲槓運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)由于摩擦產(chǎn)生溫升而造成的絲槓熱變形。
近幾年來,用直線電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的高速進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)問世,這種進(jìn)給方式取消了從電動(dòng)機(jī)到工作臺(tái)溜板之間的一切中間機(jī)械傳動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié),實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)床進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的零傳動(dòng)。由于直線電機(jī)沒有任何旋轉(zhuǎn)元件,不受離心力的作用,可以大大提高進(jìn)給速度。直線電機(jī)的另一大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是行程不受限制。直線電機(jī)的次極是一段一段連續(xù)鋪在機(jī)床的床身上。次極鋪到哪里,初極工作臺(tái)就可運(yùn)動(dòng)到哪里,而且對(duì)整個(gè)進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的剛度沒有任何影響。釆用高速絲槓或直線電機(jī),能夠大大提高機(jī)床進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的快速響應(yīng)。直線電機(jī)最高加速度可達(dá)2-10G(G為重力加速度),最大進(jìn)給速度可達(dá)60-200m/min或更高。
2002年舉世矚目的上海浦東磁懸浮列車工程中的磁浮軌道鋼梁加工,釆用沈陽機(jī)床控股有限公司集團(tuán)中捷友誼公司廠生產(chǎn)的超長(zhǎng)進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)高速大型加工中心實(shí)現(xiàn)。該機(jī)床的進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)為直線導(dǎo)軌和齒輪齒條傳動(dòng),工作臺(tái)最大進(jìn)給速度60m/min,快速行程100m/min,加速度2g,主軸最高轉(zhuǎn)速20000r/min,主電機(jī)功率80kW。其X軸的行程長(zhǎng)達(dá)30m,切削25m長(zhǎng)的磁浮軌道鋼梁誤差小于0.15mm,為磁懸浮列車工程的順利竣工提供了有力的技術(shù)保證。
此外,機(jī)床的運(yùn)動(dòng)性能也將直接影響加工效率和加工精度。在模具及自由曲面的高速切削加工中,主要釆用小切深大進(jìn)給的加工方法。要求機(jī)床在大進(jìn)給速度條件下,應(yīng)具有高精度定位功能和高精度插補(bǔ)功能,特別是圓弧高精度插補(bǔ)。圓弧加工是釆用立銑刀或螺紋刀具加工零部件或模具時(shí),必不可少的加工方法。
刀具材料的發(fā)展:高速切削技術(shù)發(fā)展的歷史,也就是刀具材料不斷進(jìn)步的歷史。高速切削的代表性刀具材料是立方氮化硼(CBN)。端面銑削使用CBN刀具時(shí),其切削速度可高達(dá)5000m/min,主要用于灰口鑄鐵的切削加工。聚晶金剛石(PCD)刀具被稱之為21世紀(jì)的刀具,它特別適用于切削含有SiO2的鋁合金材料,而這種金屬材料重量輕、強(qiáng)度高,廣泛地應(yīng)用于汽車、摩托車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、電子裝置的殼體、底座等方面。目前,用聚晶金剛石刀具端面銑削鋁合金時(shí),5000m/min的切削速度已達(dá)到實(shí)用化水平,此外陶瓷刀具也適用于灰口鑄鐵的高速切削加工;
涂層刀具:CBN和金剛石刀具盡管具有很好的高速切削性能,但成本相對(duì)較高。釆用涂層技術(shù)能夠使切削刀具既價(jià)格低廉,又具有優(yōu)異性能,可有效降低加工成本。現(xiàn)在高速加工用的立銑刀,大都釆用TiAIN系的復(fù)合多層涂鍍技術(shù)進(jìn)行處理,如目前在對(duì)鋁合金或有色金屬材料進(jìn)行干式切削時(shí),DLC(Diamond Like Carbon)涂層刀具就受到極大的關(guān)注,預(yù)計(jì)其巿場(chǎng)前景十分可觀;
刀具夾持系統(tǒng):刀具的夾持系統(tǒng)是支撐高速切削的重要技術(shù),目前使用最為廣泛的是兩面夾緊式工具系統(tǒng)。已作為商品正式投放巿場(chǎng)的兩面夾緊式工具系統(tǒng)主要有:HSK、KM、Bigplus、NC5、AHO等系統(tǒng)。
在高速切削的情況下,刀具與夾具回轉(zhuǎn)平衡性能的優(yōu)劣,不僅影響加工精度和刀具壽命,而且也會(huì)影響機(jī)床的使用壽命。因此,在選擇工具系統(tǒng)時(shí),應(yīng)盡量選用平衡性能良好的產(chǎn)品。
高速加工的切削速度為常規(guī)切速的10倍左右。為了使刀具每齒進(jìn)給量基本保持不變,以保證零件的加工精度、表面質(zhì)量和刀具的耐用度,則進(jìn)給量也必須相應(yīng)提高10倍左右,達(dá)到60m/min以上,有的甚至高達(dá)120m/min。因此,高速切削加工通常是釆用高轉(zhuǎn)速、大進(jìn)給和小切深的切削工藝參數(shù)。由于高速切削的切削余量往往很小,所形成的切屑很薄很輕,把切削時(shí)產(chǎn)生的熱量很快帶走;若釆用全新耐熱性更好的刀具材料和涂層,釆用干切削工藝也是高速切削加工的理想工藝方案。
用高速加工中心組成高效率的柔性生產(chǎn)線(FTL或FML),具有小型化、柔性突出以及易于變更加工內(nèi)容等顯著特點(diǎn)。圖2為上汽集團(tuán)某發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)公司利用該生產(chǎn)線加工發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)體、汽缸蓋、濾清器座等工件的實(shí)例。
為了盡快適應(yīng)新車型的需要,汽車車身覆蓋件模具和樹脂防沖擋的成形模具等,均必須縮短制作周期和降低生產(chǎn)成本,因此,必須下大力推進(jìn)模具生產(chǎn)高速化的進(jìn)程。上汽集團(tuán)所屬各公司認(rèn)為:與過去的精加工相比,進(jìn)一步實(shí)現(xiàn)高精度化;同時(shí)必須滿足表面粗糙度、彎曲度的精度要求,為此應(yīng)施以適當(dāng)?shù)氖止ぞ藜庸?,由于切削速度的極大提高,與過去的精加工工序相比,加工周期應(yīng)大幅度縮短。
為了發(fā)揮以車削加工中心和鏜銑類加工中心為代表的高速切削加工技術(shù)和自動(dòng)換刀功能的優(yōu)勢(shì),提高加工效率,對(duì)復(fù)雜零件的加工應(yīng)盡可能釆用集中工序的原則,即要求在一次裝夾中實(shí)現(xiàn)多道工序的集中加工,淡化傳統(tǒng)的車、銑、鏜、螺紋加工等不同切削工藝的界限,充分發(fā)揮設(shè)備和刀具的高速切削功能,是當(dāng)前提高數(shù)控機(jī)床效率、加快產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的有效途徑。為此,對(duì)刀具提出了多功能的新要求,要求一種刀具能完成零件不同工序的加工,減少換刀次數(shù),節(jié)省換刀時(shí)間,以減少刀具的數(shù)量和庫存量,有利于管理和降低制造成本。較常用的有多功能車刀、銑刀、鏜銑刀、鉆銑刀、鉆-銑螺紋-倒角等刀具。與此同時(shí),在批量生產(chǎn)線上,使用針對(duì)工藝需要開發(fā)的專用刀具、復(fù)合刀具或智能刀具,可以提高加工效率和精度,減少投資。在高速切削條件下,有的專用刀具可將零件的加工時(shí)間降至原來的1/10以下,效果十分顯著。
高速切削具有相當(dāng)多的好處,例如:有大量材料需要切除的工件,具有超細(xì)、薄結(jié)構(gòu)的工件,傳統(tǒng)上需要花相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的機(jī)動(dòng)工時(shí)加工的工件以及設(shè)計(jì)變更快速、產(chǎn)品周期短的工件,均能顯示出高速切削所帶來的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
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