裝配圖導(dǎo)向塊設(shè)計
裝配圖導(dǎo)向塊設(shè)計,裝配,導(dǎo)向,設(shè)計
機械加工工藝過程卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱 零件名稱 夾具體共1 頁第1 頁材 料 牌 號HT200毛 坯 種 類鍛 造毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯件數(shù)1每 臺 件 數(shù)備 注工序號工 名序 稱工 序 內(nèi) 容車間工段設(shè) 備工 藝 裝 備工 時準終單件10鍛造鍛造成型20時效時效處理30銑銑底平面機加工銑床X61W游標卡尺,銑夾具,銑刀40銑銑上平面機加工銑床X61W游標卡尺,銑夾具,銑刀50銑銑臺階平面機加工銑床X61W游標卡尺,銑夾具,銑刀60銑銑底平面2-R6圓弧 R9圓弧機加工銑床X61W游標卡尺,銑夾具,銑刀70.鉆鉆頂面2-M6孔機加工鉆床Z35A鉆頭,游標卡尺,鉆夾具80.鉆鉆面2-M6孔機加工鉆床Z35A鉆頭,游標卡尺,鉆夾具90.鉆鉆2-5孔機加工鉆床Z35A鉆頭,游標卡尺,鉆夾具80.鉆鉆面2-M12孔機加工鉆床Z35A鉆頭,游標卡尺,鉆夾具90.鉆鉆2-8孔機加工鉆床Z35A鉆頭,游標卡尺,鉆夾具100.鉗工去除銳邊毛剌110檢終檢設(shè) 計(日 期)校 對(日期)審 核(日期)標準化(日期)會 簽(日期)標記處數(shù)更改文件號簽 字日 期標記處數(shù)更改文件號簽 字日 期機械加工工藝過程卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共1頁第1頁材 料 牌 號HT200毛 坯 種 類鑄鐵毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)備 注 工 序 號工 名序 稱 工 序 內(nèi) 容 車 間 工 段設(shè) 備工 藝 裝 備備注1鑄造鑄造2熱處理時效3銑銑58.5mm兩側(cè)平面X62W銑床專用夾具,游標卡尺、銑刀4銑銑端面保證105mmX62W銑床專用夾具,游標卡尺、銑刀5銑銑21mm臺階面X62W銑床專用夾具,游標卡尺、銑刀6銑銑28mm槽X62W銑床游標卡尺,專用夾具,銑刀7鏜鏜28孔T618鏜床專用夾具,游標卡尺、鏜刀8鏜鏜22孔T618鏜床專用夾具,游標卡尺、鏜刀9鉆鉆M16孔Z4012鉆床專用夾具、 鉆頭 絲攻10鉆鉆2-M6孔Z4012鉆床專用夾具、 鉆頭 絲攻11鉆鉆4-M8孔Z4012鉆床專用夾具、 鉆頭 絲攻12去毛刺去各部分銳邊毛刺鉗工臺平板銼13終檢終檢檢驗臺上141516 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)標記處數(shù)更改文件號簽 字 日 期標記處數(shù)更改文件號簽 字 日 期機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共12頁第1頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號1鑄造HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1鑄造成型 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共12頁第2頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號2銑58.5mm兩側(cè)平面HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)銑床X62W1夾具編號夾具名稱切削液 工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1安裝專用夾具、00002粗銑兩側(cè)平面留余量各1mm銑刀,游標卡尺397.5150.27513精銑兩側(cè)平面至尺寸銑刀,游標卡尺397.5150.2721 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共12頁第3頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號3銑端面保證105mmHT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)銑床X62W夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1安裝專用夾具、00002粗銑端面留余量各1mm銑刀,游標卡尺400150.27413精銑端面至尺寸銑刀,游標卡尺,500150.2711 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共12頁第4頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號4銑21mm臺階面HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)銑床X62W夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1安裝專用夾具、00002粗銑端面留余量各1mm銑刀,游標卡尺500150.27413精銑端面至尺寸銑刀,游標卡尺500150.2711 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共14頁第5頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號5銑28mm槽HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)銑床X62W夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1安裝專用夾具、00002粗銑端面留余量各1mm銑刀,游標卡尺400140.27513精銑端面至尺寸銑刀,游標卡尺500140.2711 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共14頁第6頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號6鏜28孔HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)鏜床T618夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1鏜28孔游標卡尺、鏜刀12701000.22.51 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共12頁第7頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號7鏜22孔HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)鏜床T618夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1安裝V形塊00002鏜22孔游標卡尺、鏜刀12701000.22.51 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共12頁第8頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號8鉆M16孔HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)鉆床Z4120夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1鉆M16底孔塞規(guī)、14鉆頭700150.21712攻絲M16孔塞規(guī)、M16絲攻400100.0711 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共12頁第9頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號9鉆2-M6孔HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)鉆床Z4120夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1鉆M6底孔塞規(guī)、鉆頭500100.212.512攻絲M6孔塞規(guī)、M6絲攻200100.070.513 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共12頁第10頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號10鉆4-M8孔HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)鉆床Z4120夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1鉆M8底孔塞規(guī)、7鉆頭500100.21412攻絲M8孔塞規(guī)、M8絲攻200100.0711 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共12頁第11頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號11鉗工HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1去除銳邊毛剌 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)機械加工工序卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱導(dǎo)向塊零件名稱導(dǎo)向塊共12頁第12頁車間工序號工序名稱材 料 牌 號12終檢HT200毛 坯 種 類毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯可制件數(shù)每 臺 件 數(shù)鑄造設(shè)備名稱設(shè)備型號設(shè)備編號同時加工件數(shù)夾具編號夾具名稱切削液工位器具編號工位器具名稱工序工時 (分)準終單件工步號工 步 內(nèi) 容工 藝 裝 備主軸轉(zhuǎn)速切削速度進給量切削深度進給次數(shù)工步工時r/minm/minmm/rmm機動輔助1檢驗 設(shè) 計(日 期) 校 對(日期) 審 核(日期) 標準化(日期) 會 簽(日期)13機械加工工藝過程卡片產(chǎn)品型號零件圖號產(chǎn)品名稱 零件名稱 夾具體共1 頁第1 頁材 料 牌 號45毛 坯 種 類鍛造毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯件數(shù)1每 臺 件 數(shù)備 注工序號工 名序 稱工 序 內(nèi) 容車間工段設(shè) 備工 藝 裝 備工 時準終單件10鍛造鍛造成型20時效時效處理30銑銑底平面機加工銑床X61W游標卡尺,銑夾具,銑刀40銑銑上平面機加工銑床X61W游標卡尺,銑夾具,銑刀50銑銑底平面12mm槽機加工銑床X61W游標卡尺,銑夾具,銑刀60銑銑底平面2-R7圓弧機加工銑床X61W游標卡尺,銑夾具,銑刀70.鉆鉆2-M6孔機加工鉆床Z35A鉆頭,游標卡尺,鉆夾具80.鉆鉆M8孔機加工鉆床Z35A鉆頭,游標卡尺,鉆夾具90.鉆鉆12孔機加工鉆床Z35A鉆頭,游標卡尺,鉆夾具100.鉗工去除銳邊毛剌110檢終檢設(shè) 計(日 期)校 對(日期)審 核(日期)標準化(日期)會 簽(日期)標記處數(shù)更改文件號簽 字 日 期標記處數(shù)更改文件號簽 字 日 期教學(xué)單位 機電工程學(xué)院 學(xué)生學(xué)號 編 號 英文翻譯題目 并條機 學(xué)生姓名 專業(yè)名稱 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 指導(dǎo)教師 2015 年 5月 4日 并并條機作者:約翰. 恩斯特單位:赫特福徳大學(xué)1. 操作裝置1.1 操作原理 四到八個粗疏機或并條機(見圖5-4)紗條被供給牽伸裝置(3),一對給棉羅拉(2)位于每一個條筒(1)之上以確保進料步驟在控制者沒有錯誤牽伸時被執(zhí)行。這對進料輥在一個粗紗架或工作臺上進行,而且每一個都積極推動。紗條進入牽伸裝置離開它,在四到八的牽伸之后,作為一個經(jīng)紗它缺乏重要的凝聚力。為了避免經(jīng)紗的瓦解,即哪一個將是其他系統(tǒng)間交接在當(dāng)前的高運營速度之下不可避免的,它將紗條快速凝聚在牽伸裝置之后。這個紗條然后引導(dǎo)管(4)通過一個通道管(6)裝置進入一個條筒(7),它必須被放置在這個條筒里空間最優(yōu)利用的清潔圈里。來使條筒攜帶盡可能多的原料,通過使用軋光或槽輥紗條被壓縮(5)。 圖 5-41.2 粗紗架(紗條喂給) 特別的,粗紗架必須是這樣設(shè)計的避免錯誤的牽伸;在發(fā)生紗條斷裂時機器停止;紗條斷裂可以被簡單、舒適和安全的處理。為此,它必須提供一個可旋轉(zhuǎn)的輥或輥副在任一個條筒上,一個紗條一個。一個引導(dǎo)紗條進入牽伸裝置的引導(dǎo)裝置也是必需的,一個有滾軸的工作臺或只是一個滾軸,可以提高必須的指導(dǎo)。在高速操作大牽伸并條機時首選滾軸單獨,當(dāng)運輸是被滾動方式影響時摩擦較它依賴滑動時低。橫向進給滾軸副也起電接觸軸的作用來監(jiān)視紗條,如果一個紗條斷裂,這個金屬軸將接觸。當(dāng)絕緣片不在存在于它們之間時,機器停止。幾乎所有的牽伸機都有在線紗條喂給,也就是喂給條筒在向機器運動的方向上被排列成一長行。立達公司提供橫向的進給作為一個選項,這里紗條最初的橫向運動,在一個90角相對于材料的流動方向通過機器。在進入牽伸裝置之前,它們被轉(zhuǎn)移到物料流動方向,對于一個工廠有相應(yīng)的機器布局,在使用空間上,這可以給出經(jīng)濟上的優(yōu)勢。通常的,紗條或許被輸入多達八條筒每牽伸頭,而且這些條筒或許會有多達1000mm的直徑。紗條位置緊密相連是很重要的,但不是在另一個之上,即當(dāng)它們遇到牽伸裝置時。1.3 牽伸裝置要求牽伸裝置是并條機的核心,因此運用的部分對質(zhì)量有最決定性的影響,通常放在牽伸裝置上的要求相當(dāng)?shù)母撸汉唵?、不?fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu);平穩(wěn)運行的滾軸的堅固設(shè)計(中心);一個操作模式提供一個高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品,甚至在高速運行下;高度的靈活性,也就是,適合所有的紗條,纖維的長度、纖條的把數(shù)等,在短絨的紡織下這可以被處理;在牽伸裝置之間對纖維運動的最優(yōu)控制;高精度的操作和調(diào)整;對輥的間距和牽伸水平的快速簡單的適應(yīng)性;易于維護和清潔;最優(yōu)人體工程學(xué)設(shè)計。對于牽伸機構(gòu)的影響在所有類型的牽伸裝置,影響牽伸的因素如下依賴于纖維原料的因素:大量纖維在須條橫截面;纖維的有序度(并行處理);纖維束的橫截面形狀;纖維束的緊密度;纖維之間的附著力取決于表面結(jié)構(gòu),須條的卷曲,潤滑,壓縮;纖維長度;均勻分布的纖維長度(主要形式);現(xiàn)為樹立的扭轉(zhuǎn)。1.4 取決于牽伸裝置的影響:輥軸的直徑;上羅拉的硬度;上羅拉施加的壓力;上羅拉的表面特性;下羅拉上的槽;纖維引導(dǎo)設(shè)備的類型和形式,例如壓力棒、銷鍵、皮圈、冷凝器等;加緊的距離(羅拉設(shè)置);牽伸水平;各種牽伸階段之間的牽伸分布。1.5 下羅拉下羅拉由鋼制成,安裝在羅拉支架或在框架中來作為梳針、輥子、滾珠軸承,它們從主傳動齒輪積極傳動,為了提高它們攜帶纖維的能力,它們形成了以下類型之一的出局槽(見圖5-5)橫槽;斜槽(螺旋槽);滾花槽。滾花槽是用于羅拉接收皮圈,來提高皮圈驅(qū)動的轉(zhuǎn)換,其他的輥子有軸向的,或者,漸增的、螺旋的槽,后者使其安靜的運行,而且與軸向槽相比它更能加緊纖維。在螺旋槽上滾動的上羅拉發(fā)生在多種方式上并用更少的沖擊。下羅拉的直徑可處于2090mm范圍,但是通常使用的直徑在2550mm之間,一個牽伸裝置包括36個這樣的羅拉,在長的機器中(總監(jiān)環(huán)錠紡紗機),下羅拉由用螺釘固定在一起的短的長度所組成的。牽伸裝置中羅拉之間的距離通??烧{(diào),然后就可適應(yīng)纖維的長度。1.6 上羅拉上羅拉不是主驅(qū)動,它們可以是整體輥中的任一(紡紗設(shè)備機器)或者雙輥(粗紗幀、環(huán)錠紡紗機器)(見圖5-6)。滾珠軸承通常只在輥配置中使用,厚圖層成型的輥表面是由合成橡膠組成的,這種涂料的一個重要特點是它的硬度。軟圖層周圍纖維束在更大程度上比硬的更好的指導(dǎo)纖維。另一方面,它們磨損更快,因此可以更好指導(dǎo)的軟涂層的使用是必要的。也就是很少有纖維可以用高的牽伸水平被移動(例如在前面的環(huán)錠紡紗機器的羅拉),這不是必須的,硬涂層用得更多。根據(jù)度條款中指定的硬度,以下范圍是有區(qū)別的:軟 6070 中等 7090硬超過901.7 上羅拉的保養(yǎng)說明由于在紡紗中涂層的磨損,它們必須得不時的被重新打磨,這要定期的按照預(yù)定的時間表去做,使用研磨盤或輥子去除材料的涂層。如果涂層的厚度也減少到定義的最小值,也就是如果它變得太薄而不能在壓力下提供足夠的彈性,然后老的涂層就必須被移除,一個替代品必須被移到核心。磨削操作有一個羅拉表面的粗化效果,即使沒有光學(xué)放大這不是很明顯,在處理敏感纖維時,粗糙的羅拉表面會導(dǎo)致拉普光圈的形成。在這種情況下,羅拉涂層可被視為磨削后表面光滑是用了:應(yīng)用化學(xué)膜例如漆或者另一種平滑介質(zhì);酸處理;用紫外光照(Berkolising,出自Berchtold公司,瑞士)。1.8上羅拉壓力要控制纖維,上羅拉必須被迫在高壓下對下羅拉,這些壓力可以由以下產(chǎn)生:靜負載的方式裝載(目前已被淘汰);彈性加載(最常用的形式);液壓系統(tǒng)(幾乎沒有用過);氣動加載(立達公司);磁加載(中美合作所的洛威爾公司)。2. 基礎(chǔ)早期的并條機幾乎都是4上4下羅拉牽伸系統(tǒng),3上4下羅拉系統(tǒng)是早期版本的發(fā)展。之后眾多的新形式出現(xiàn),在紡織廠所展示的相同品種中沒有機器像這樣,幾乎只在兩個牽伸區(qū)進行處理。在極端情況下,斷裂牽伸位于1.052.5之間,但是通常情況下它們都在1.251.8之間,極端總牽伸位于3.512之間,但是正常的總牽伸位于48之間。在很多現(xiàn)代的牽伸機中,牽伸不再是通過交換齒輪來調(diào)整的,而是通過簡單設(shè)置變速器或步進驅(qū)動器,調(diào)整步驟可以是連續(xù)的或是離散的。現(xiàn)代的牽伸機在它們可以處理的原材料方面更加靈活,而且設(shè)置操作已經(jīng)被簡化。3. 上、下羅拉牽伸裝置這種裝置的特征是中壓滾軸和兩個下羅拉的約束,這兩個下羅拉在同一個支架上進行,而且相對于彼此不可調(diào)。概念可以由主牽伸區(qū)域壓力棒所包含的東西來提高,這種類型的裝置現(xiàn)在主要在梳理室,也在某些程度的牽伸機上,例如,在Marzoli和Vouk機器(見圖5-7)。3.1 上、下有壓力棒羅拉牽伸裝置這種形式首次被發(fā)展是Platt在1960s而且一直被使用至今。事實上,壓力棒裝置可能是牽伸機中使用最廣泛的牽伸裝置形式了。這個設(shè)計的發(fā)展起點是實現(xiàn)牽伸裝置的運轉(zhuǎn)更平穩(wěn),輥子更大,這尤其適用于前輥,不僅僅是由于穩(wěn)定性的影響。對于一個給定的圓圈速度,較大的輥子可以在較低的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度下被操作。然而,擴大輥子同時增加了夾間距,因此,在主牽伸區(qū),一個特殊的引導(dǎo)流是必須的,至少對于短纖維來說,這是一個導(dǎo)軌或壓力棒,它可以從下邊或上邊開始操作(如普拉的設(shè)計)。除了普拉的裝置,類似的裝置曾經(jīng)或正在建立的有 Rieter,Schubert & Salzer 和 Toyoda (見圖5-8)。3.2 上、下有壓力棒羅拉牽伸裝置(Zinser) 嚴格來說,這也是一個3羅拉、壓力棒牽伸裝置,但是第4個羅拉有一些低的加載被添加到輸送輥作為一個指導(dǎo)去演示。這指導(dǎo)曲線中的網(wǎng)繞著槽輥直接進入輸送中心周,從而促使成條狀。上羅拉有統(tǒng)一的直徑,加大是為了在壓力水平較低時保持壓力(見圖5-9)。3.3 上、下羅拉牽伸裝置(Rieter,見圖5-10)在這個裝置中,有5個氣動加載壓力輥安裝在兩個大的(90mm)和兩個小的(28mm)的不可調(diào)的下羅拉上,壓力輥停放在兩頭。它們的直徑有39mm,盡管這3個中間輥可能被直徑為28mm的輥取代,這取決于環(huán)境。實施牽伸在場B(初始牽伸)和場A(主牽伸),這個夾間距可以被讀取,也可以通過簡單的徑向移動輥2和4的調(diào)整來適應(yīng)纖維長度。在主牽伸區(qū)域,一個壓力棒來確保穩(wěn)定的指引,尤其是對短的纖維。牽伸裝置排列在一條曲線上,這允許網(wǎng)絡(luò)物質(zhì)流的適當(dāng)指引,這彎曲傾向使得系統(tǒng)容易去服務(wù)。4. 牽伸裝置的抽吸系統(tǒng) 并條機的任務(wù)之一就是除塵 ,釋放的塵埃幾乎完全發(fā)生在牽伸裝置,而且這應(yīng)該是全封閉的,所以塵埃不能進入到周圍的大氣中。這充滿灰塵的空氣就被吸入提?。ㄈ鐖D5-11所示Schubert & Salzer 機器 )。裝置的每一個輥都有相應(yīng)的清潔裝置,所以飛毛和纖維傾向于堅持輥也可以被帶走。它吸入空氣是通過管道直接進入空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的排氣管道,或是過機器里的過濾器。過濾空氣最好應(yīng)該返回到排氣管道,但也可以吹到房間的空氣中。5.成卷紗條放樣紗條的擺線沉積已被證明是最有利的方法來填充一個條筒,在這個過程中,兩個轉(zhuǎn)移動作的沉積點同時進行,旋轉(zhuǎn)板R,引導(dǎo)通過L,吸引紗條遠離傳送氣缸D ,然后連續(xù)沉積一圈,然而,因為轉(zhuǎn)盤C這個條筒不斷的旋轉(zhuǎn),它圓的沉積點也是不斷變化的,在條筒里一個關(guān)于圈的螺旋裝置被生產(chǎn)出來(見圖5-12)。 在許多圈條器中條筒不在轉(zhuǎn)動,在這種情況下,這兩個動作都必須從上邊感應(yīng),這個板在第二個大板上高速旋轉(zhuǎn),第二個也旋轉(zhuǎn),但是在較低的速度上。這也導(dǎo)致了圓圈的改變,因此擺線沉積。就一切情況而論,紗條必須被沉積以在條筒的中間從上到下創(chuàng)建一個中空的空間,確??臻g使棉層不會在條筒的中間完全重疊。這可以避免材料形成中央金字塔形,離開條筒半空的部分。中空空間的直徑應(yīng)該是條筒的直徑的四分之一到三分之一(見圖5-13)。6. 大的和小的紗圈中空的空間可以用小紗圈(見圖5-15)或者用大紗圈(見圖5-14),小紗圈的直徑即是紗條直徑要小于條筒的半徑。對于大的紗圈,紗條線圈直徑較大于條筒的半徑。大紗圈通常使用于中小型的條筒,小紗圈通常使用于大的條筒。大約的直徑關(guān)系應(yīng)是: dC/dB = 145 或 dC/dB = 25 對于直徑是中型的條筒來說,大的紗圈比小的紗圈好,因為下盤速度可以用于同一的圓周速度(減少力度、噪音和磨損)。而且,條筒的容量在5%10%以上。然而,對于大條筒,它會是更有利的如果板保持盡可能小,這樣少量的就不得不旋轉(zhuǎn)。- 12 - The DrawframAuthor: John ErnstInstitution: University of hertfordshire1. Operating Devices1.1 Operating Principle Four to eight card or drawframe(see Fig.5-4) slivers are fed to the drafting arrangement (3)A feed roller pair(2)is located above each can(1)to enable the feed step to be performed in a controlled maner without false draftsThe feed roller pairs are carried in a creel frame or table and each is positively drivenThe slivers running into the drafting arrangement leave it,after a draft of 4 to 8,as a web lacking significant cohesionIn order to avoid disintegration of the web,which would other wise be unavoidable at the high operating speeds currently in use,it is condensed into a sliver immediately after the drafting arrangementThis sliver is then guided through a tube(4)via a passage(6)of the tube gear into a can(7),in which it must be laid in clean coils with optimal utilization of the space in the canTo enable the can to take up as much material as possible,the sliver is compressed by passing it through calendering or grooved rollers(5) Fig5-4 Modern drawframe1.2 Creel(sliver feed)In particular,the creel must be designed so that:false drafts are avoided;the machine stops upon occurrence of a sliver break;sliver breaks can be dealt with easily,comfortably and safelyFor this purpose,it is necessary to provide a rotatable roller or roller pair(2)above each can,one for each sliverA guiding device for leading the slivers into the drafting arrangement is also requiredA table with rollers,or simply a line of rollers,can provide the required guidanceRollers alone are preferred in rapidly operating high-draft drawframes,since friction is lower when transport is effected by means of rolling than when it relies upon slidingThe infeed roller pairs(2)also serve as electrical contact rollers for monitoring the sliverIf a sliver breaks,the metal rollers come into contact when the insulating sliver is no longer present between them,and the machine is stoppedAlmost all drawframes have in-line sliver feed,ie the feed cans are arranged in a row in the direction of movement into the machineRieter offers lateral infeed as an optionHere,the slivers initially move laterally,at an angle of 90relative to the direction of flow of material through the machineThey are diverted into the material flow direction prior to entering the drafting arrangementThis can give advantages of economy in the use of space for a mill having a corresponding machine layoutNormally,slivers may be fed in from up to eight cans per drawing head,and the cans may have diameters up to 1000(40 inches)It is important that the slivers lie closely adjacent,but not on top of one other,as they run into the drafting arrangement1.3 The drafting arrangementRequirementsThe drafting arrangement is the heart of the drawframe and thus the part which exerts the most decisive influence on qualityThe requirements placed on the drafting arrangement in general are correspondingly high:simple,uncomplicated construction;stable design with smooth running of the roller(centricity);a mode of operation giving a high-quality product even at high running speeds;high degree of flexibility,ie suitability for all raw materials,fibre lengths,sliver hanks,etc,that might be processed in the short-staple spinning mill;optimal control over the movement of the fibres during the drafting operation;high precision both of operation and adjustment;rapid and simple adjustability of roller spacings and draft levels;ease of maintenance and cleaning;optimal ergonomic designInfluences on the draftIn all types of drafting arrangement,the factors that affect the fraft are as followsFactors dependent upon the fibre material:mass of fibre in the strand cross-section;degree of order of the fibres(parallel disposition);shape of the cross section of the fiber strand;compactness of the fibre strand;adhesion between the fibres dependent upon surface structure,crimp,lubrication,compression of the strand;fibre length;evenness of distribution of fibre lengths(staple form);twist in the fibre strand1.4 Factors dependent upon the drafting arrangement:diameter of the rollers;hardness of the top rollers;pressure exerted by the top rollers;surface characteristics of the top rollers;fluting of the bottom rollers;type and form of fibre guiding devices,such as pressure rods,pin bars,aprons,condenser etc;clamping distances(roller settings);level of draft;distribution of draft between the various drafting stages1.5 Bottom rollerBottom rollers are made of steel and are mounted in roller stands or in the frame by means of needle, roller or ball bearingsThey are positively transmissionIn order to improve their ability to carry the fibres along,they are formed with flutes of one of the following types(see Fig.5-5):axial flutes(a),inclined flutes(spiral flutes)(b),knurled fluting(c)knurled fluting is used on rollers receiving aprons,to improve transfer of drive to the apronsOther rollers have axial or,increasingly,spiral flutingThe latter gives quieter running and more even clamping of the fibres compared with axial flutingRolling of the top rollers on spiral flutes takes place in a more even manner and with less jerkingThe diameter of the bottom rollers can lie in the range 20 - 90,but normally diameters between 25 and 50 are usedA drafting arrangement includes three to six such rollersIn long machines(i.g. ring spinning machines )the bottom rollers are made up by screwing together short lengthsDistances between the rollers of the drafting arrangement are usually adjustable and can then be adapted to the fibre lengths1.6 Top rollersThe top rollers are not positively drivenThey can be either one-piece rollers(spinning preparation machines)or twin rollers(roving frames,ring spinning machines)(see Fig.5-6)Ball bearings are used almost exclusively in the roller mountingsThe thick coating forming the roller surface is made of synthetic rubberAn important characteristic of this coating is its hardnessSoft coats surround the fibre strand to a greater extent than harder ones and thus guide the fibres betterIn the other hand,they wear out more quicklyA soft coating is therefore used where good guidance is necessary,i.e. where few fibres have to be moved with high draft levels(e.g. at the front rollers of the ring spinning machine)Where this is not required,harder coatings are mostly usedHardness is specified in terms of degrees ShoreThe following ranges are distinguished: soft 60- 70Shore medium 70- 90Shore hard above 90Shore1.7 Maintenance of the top rollersSince the coatings wear out during spinning,they must be reground from time to time,This is done periodically in accordance with a predetermined schedule,using grinding discs or rollers that remove material from the coatingIf the thickness of the coat has been reduced to a defined minimum,i.e. if it has become toothin to provide adequate elasticity under presure,then the old coat must be removed and a replacement must be glued onto the coreThe grinding operation has a roughening effect on the roller surface,even if this is not apparent without optical enlargement,in processing of seseitive fibres,rough roller surfaces can lead to formation of lapsIn such cases,roller coatings can be treated after grinding to smooth the surface by:applying a chemical film such as lacquer or another smoothing medium;acid treatment;irradiation by UV-light(Berkolising,by the Berchtold company,Switzerland)1.8 Top roller pressureTo clamp the fibers,the top rollers must be forced at high pressure towards the bottom rollersThis pressure can be generated by:loading by means of dead weights(now obsolete)spring weighting(the most usual form)hydraulic systems(hardly used)pneumatic weighting(the Rieter company)magnetic weighting(the Saco Lowell company)2. BasicsEarly drawframes had almost exclusively 4-over-4 roller drafting systemsThe 3-over-4 roller system was developed out of this earlier version,and thereafter a multitude of new forms emergedNo other machine in the spinning mill exhibits the same variety of drafting arrange -ments as does thisProcessing is carried out almost exclusively in two drafting zonesIn extreme cases the break drafts lie between 1.05 and 2.5,but usually they are between 1.25 and 1.8. Extreme total drafts lie between 3.5 and 12,but the normal total draft lies between 4 and 8In many modern drawframes the draft is no longer adjusted by exchanging gear wheels but by simple setting of variator or stepping drivesThe adjustment may be continuous or discrete stepsModern drawframes are more flexible in terms of the raw material they can process,and setting operations have been simplified3. 3-over-4 roller drafting arrangementsThe characteristic feature of this arrangement is engagement of the middle pressure roller with two bottom rollersThe two bottom rollers are carried in a common cradle and are not adjustable relative to each otherThe basic concept can be improved by the inclusion of a pressure bar in the main drafting fieldThis type of arrangement is now found mainly in the combing room,but also still to some extent on drawframesFor example in the Marzoli(Fig.5-7)and Vouk machines3.1 3-over-3 roller drafting arrangements with pressure barsThis form was first developed by Platt in the 1960s and is still in use today in fact,the pressure bar arrangement is probably the most widely used form of drafting arrangement for drawframesThe starting point in the development of this design is the realization that the drafting arrangement runs more smoothly the larger its rollersThis applies especially to the front rollersThe effect is due not simply to stability;for a given circumferential speed,larger rollers can be operated at lower speeds of revolutionHowever,enlarging the rollers simultaneously increases the nip spacingsAccordingly,in the main drafting zone,a special guide system is needed,at least for short fibres;this is the guide rail or pressure barIt can operate from below or from above(as illustrated in Fig.5-8 for the Platt design)In addition to the Platt arrangement,similar arrangements have been or are built by Rieter,Schubert & Salzer and ToyodaFig.5-10 5-over-4 roller drafting arrangement3.2 4-over-3 roller drafting arrangements with pressure bars(Zinser,see Fig.5-9)Strictly speaking,this is also a 3-roller,pressure bar drafting arrangement,but a fourth roller with somewhat lower loading is added to the delivery roller to act as a guideThis leads the web in a curve round the grooved roller directly into the delivery trumpet,thereby facilitating the formation of the sliverThe top rollers are uniform in diameter and are large in order to keep the strain imposed on them low3.3 5-over-4 roller drafting arrangements(Rieter,see Fig.5-10)In this arrangement five pneumatically loaded pressure rollers rest on two large(90)and two small(28),non-adjustable bottom rollersThe pressure rollers are suspended from two yokesThey have diameters of 39,although the three middle rollers may be replaced by rollers of 28 diameter depending upon the circumstancesFig.5-11 Suction clearer for drafting arrangementDrafting is carried out in Field B (break draft) and in Field A(main draft)The nip spacings can be read from a scale and can be adjusted to suit the fibre length by simple radial shifting of rollers 2 and 4In the main drafting field,a pressure bar ensures firm guidance,especially for short fibresThe drafting arrangement is aligned on a curve;this permits proper guidance of the web material flow from the vertical into the horizontalThe curved disposition makes the system easy to service4. Suction systems for the drafting arrangementOne of the tasks of the drawframe is dust removalRelease of dust occurs almost exclusively in the drafting arrangement and this should be totally enclosed so that dust does not pass into the surrounding atmosphereThe dust-laden air must be extracted by suction(as shown in Fig.5-11 for the Schubert & Salzer machine)Each roller of the arrangement has an associated cleaning device so that fly and fibres tending to adhere to the rollers can also be carried awayThe air drawn away is passed via tubes directly into the exhaust ducts of the air-condition system,or to filters within the machineThe filtered air should preferably be returned to the exhaust ducting,but can also be blown out into the atmosphere of the rooms5. CoilingLaying down of sliverCycloidal deposition of sliver has proved to be the most advantageous method of filling a canIn this process, two shifting movements of the deposition point are carried out simultaneouslyThe rotating plate R,with its guide passage L,draws the sliver away from the delivery cylinders D and continuously deposits it on a circleHowever,since the can is continually rotated by the turntable C,the deposition point of he circle is constantly shiftingA helical arrangement of the circles is produced within the canIn many coilers the cans are no longer rotatedIn this case,both movements must be induced from aboveThe plate rotates at high speed in a second larger plate,which is also rotating but at a lower speedThis also leads to shifting of the circles and hence to cycloidal depositionIn all cases,the sliver must be so deposited that a hollow space is created from top to bottom in the middle of the canThe space is required to ensure that the sliver layers do not overlap completely in the middle of the canThis avoids formation of a central pyramid-shaped column of material,leaving the side portions of the can half emptyThe diameter of the hollow space should be about 1/4 1/3 of the diameter of the can6.Large and small coilsThe hollow space can be obtained with small coils (Fig.5-15,under-centre -coiling) or with large coils(Fig5-14,over-centre-coiling)With small coils the diameter of the sliver coil(dB)is less than the radius of the can(dC)With large coils,the sliver coil diameter is greater than the can radiusLarge coils are generally used in small-to-medium-sized cans and small coils generally in large canThe diameter relations should be approximately dC/dB = 145 or dC/dB = 25 Large coils are better with small to medium-sized can diameters because lower plate speeds can be used for the same circumferential speed (reduction of force,noise and wear)Also,the can capacity is 5-10% higherWith large cans,however,it is more advantageous if the plate is kept as small as possible,since then less mass has to be rotated
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