渦北煤礦1.2Mta新井設(shè)計(jì)含5張CAD圖-采礦工程.zip
渦北煤礦1.2Mta新井設(shè)計(jì)含5張CAD圖-采礦工程.zip,煤礦,1.2,Mta,設(shè)計(jì),CAD,采礦工程
英文原文
The application of modern surveying technology in mining
Zai mei Zhang1, Fang Zhou2, Jian heng Ji2
1School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong Province,China
2Departments of Information Engineering, Shandong Water Vocational College, Ri zhao 276826,Shandong Province, China
Abstract With the unceasing appearance and widespread application of new surveying technology, the present age mining survey has meet huge change. However, lots of problems occurred while using the new techniques since the number of mine is large in China and condition of the mine district in complex, it in some sense influenced the mine exploitation and management of China. Summarized the present situation of new technical application in mining survey, including the advanced instrumentation equipment,the”3S”technology,the information and the network technology and the information fusion technology and so on, and analyzed the problems which exists in the current mining survey, it also provided new ways to present age mining survey from the sustainable development angle.
Keywords modern surveying technology, mining survey, information fusion, sustainable development
Introduction
As the important material elements for the development of society and economy, mineral resources have made outstanding to the economic development and social progress, and bring many problems as well. Especially in developing countries, the mine enterprise management is extensive, the technical equipment is backward and the labor productivity is low, major and extraordinarily serious accidents happen sometimes, resource and environment safety state deteriorated in mining district. Science and technology advancement is the key to resolve this phenomenon. At present, with the continuous appearance of modern surveying and mapping technology, particularly the widespread application of “3S” technology, the present age mining survey has changed essentially. The rapid development of information and network offers the wide space for the application of these new technologies. This article summarized the present situation of new technical application in mining survey, discussed the problem that exists in it and provides new ways to present age mining survey.
1 The application of modern surveying instrument
Nowadays, the development of mine surveying instrument and its application mainly displays in the following aspects: the wide use of geodimeter and electronic tacheometer (e.g. total station) .
As the most widely used surveying instrument at present, total station is a kind of photoelectric measuring instrument, which is integrated with the advantage of range finder and electronic theodolite. Intelligentized total station is the maximum selling surveying instrument at the present time, and is the future development trend as well. It incorporates the latest scientific achievements of optics, electrics, magnetics and mechanics, and can measure distance and angle at the same time. Total station has been used widely in mining survey because of its obvious advantages just as follows: simultaneously have the function of theodolite and range finder; provides digital form surveying production; simple operation; with electronic book.
Besides of many common surveying instruments, a certain of special instrument must be used in mining survey because of the particularity of mine surveying environment, such as explosion-proof instrument (geodimeter, electronic theodolite, total station etc.), spatially in connection survey and underground mining survey.
The appearance of new surveying instrument which fit to mine surveying (e.g. automatic observation gyro theodolite, single degree of freedom gyroscope) makes mining survey steps into a new period, that makes mining survey work toward to efficient, intellinent and automatic development direction.
2 The application of spatial information technology in mining survey
With the development of the modern surveying technology, remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) which is abbreviated as “3S” technology, plays an important role in resource and environment information acquisition, management and analysis evaluation in industrial and mining area.
The RS technology application in mining survey has last very long period and have accumulated rich experiences. The main usage is to recognize ground feature and environment status of mining area, select suited remote sensing data source and process data fusion, false color composite, geometric correction and so on to establish interpretation key and recognition model of remote sensing target. Compared with traditional mapping method, remote sensing technique shows its excellent efficiency, low cost and high precision, it has been proved to be a good method. The key theoretics and technologies of space remote sensing used in mining survey are in researching. By using remote sensing data, we can obtain real-time, dynamic and compositive information of mining district, monitor its environment and provide decision support of mining area environmental protection. At the same time, remote sensing data can also used for prospecting, the geological condition research of mining area and the coal seam roof and floor research and so on. RS technology provides a very important guarantee to the successful accomplishment of modern mining survey tasks.
The main use of GPS technology in mine surveying is to substitute the traditional ground surveying and mapping. For example, to establish, monitor and repair surveying control network of mining area, to monitor buildings and mining subsidence, to monitor the stability of open-pit slope etc. With the continuous increase of GPS receiver’s cost performance, the ground surface application of GPS in mining area has become a very important support technique during mine surveying. Coordinate with other conventional science and technology methods, GPS and RS technology used in the mining area geologic survey, the geological mapping and in the prospecting exploration shows better effect and high benefit.
The mining area application of GIS already became an important development direction in mining survey. By establishing the mining area resources and environment information system based on the GIS technology, we may process the mining area ground, the underground space and the resource & environment information’s input, storage, processing, display and output. Mining map drawing, mines development and design, the rational utilization of resources and the analysis appraisal of ecological environment, the regional planning and the sustainable development decision-making and so on.
3 The application of information fusion technology in mining survey
3.1 The integration of “3S” technology
In traditional mine management mode, the common way to monitor the mine development status and the mine environment due to mining is dynamic inspect method. The method needs long period and has poor timeliness and lower accuracy. At present, the integration of “3S” technology (RS, GPS and GIS) can realize the analysis of the implementation situation for mineral resources planning, and the effect evaluate of mineral environmental control projection. This technique can also provide evidence for administration management department and the corporation’s macroscopic decision department rapidly, effectively and economically.
3.2 The fusion of ISS and GPS technology
At present, the appearance of Inertial Surveying System (ISS) technique provide us a new means of geodetic surveying, engineering surveying and mine surveying. As a navigation positioning technique, ISS has many advantages such as all-weather, autonomous, fast, multifunctional and flexible etc. This make it preliminary used in mining survey. The integration of GPS and ISS could be a perspective development technology to mine surveying.
3.3 The fusion of GPS and INSAR technology
During mining survey, most common works are involved with monitoring the earth surface deformation, especially in monitoring the mining subsidence and coast. It plays a very important roles in mine safety production. For monitoring mining subsidence, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and GPS technology are very strong complementary. Firstly, GPS belongs to point positioning, and the length of base line is usually tens to hundreds of kilometers. Such lower point density cannot meet the demand for high spatial resolution monitoring of the surface deformation. InSAR data can apply continuous information off the entire region surface. The spatial resolution can reach to 20 m. Secondly, InSAR (spatially differential InSAR) is sensitive to elevation information of the earth surface owing to the radar incidence angle effect, while GPS is unsubstantial in elevation precision. Thirdly, GPS has high temporal resolution (highest can be up to 1 Hz), while InSAR data has a lower temporal resolution (more than 20 days generally, highest only can be 1 day) because of the loner revisiting period.
3.4 The integration of TPS total station and GPS
As a new instrument which integrate the GPS total station and GPS, Smart Station—a super total station theodolite is practicable. This instrument doesn’t need ground control points, long traverse and resection operation. We can use the total station theodolite to survey and layout only by setting up the Smart Station and use the GPS to locate the occupied station accurately. It can abtain the position information with centimeter level accuracy within very short time while the baseline is short than 50 km.
3.5 The fusion of GIS and computer network
In order to instruct the mine safety production efficiently, many countries are developing mine geographic information system (MGIS) and suing the advanced radio frequency identification device (RFID), computer network technology and Field Bus communication technology in this system, which solved the problem of underground operators accurate positioning and the miner work attendance check. The fusion of GIS and computer network technique provide a well guarantee to mine safety production.
4 New ideas to modern mining survey
4.1 Setting up and making perfect of Web Mine GIS
At present, the foremost task is to sep up the MGIS with integral and powerful functions in the mine construction. It is a management information system. We can exploit systematically, synthetically, dynamicly and roundly ground and underground natural resources by regular and high and new technology, instruments and methods. Based on it, we can set up a mine resource and environmental information system. The system applied spatial information technology is an all-around achievement by integration of 3Stechnology, Total Station and other surveying instruments and technology in the mine surveying. MGIS has been the main aspect and inevitable tendency of the development of mine surveying. It mainly studys on the collection, save, process, analysis, simulation and reappearance of mine time and space data, which has a better editing map ability and connects automatically the spatial data with the attribute data, exploits mine excellently, uses resources reasonably, analyzes and appraises environment and decides regional plan and sustainable development and so on.
According to the characteristics of mine plan and construction, MGIS should mainly include many subsystems as follows: mine geology and surveying information system, mine dispatching management information system, mine production management information system, mine destructions and accidents forecast system, mining district plan and mine shaft design information system, mine district land reclaimation management information system and mine subsidence forecast system etc.
After setting up MGIS, we should build Web MGIS ulteriorly in order to make higher efficiency and convenient management. MGIS based on web will play more important effect in mining production and researches at home abroad.
4.2 The application of Personal Digital Assistant technology
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) is a kind of portable computer technology, which is developed rapidly during recent years. It integrates the function of calculator, phone, fax and the Internet. By using PDA, we could mange individual information, browse web sites and receive or send E-mail, send fax, even it can be used as a mobile phone. These functions could be carried out through wireless mode. Meanwhile, PDA embeds a windows CE operation system, which can be use to communicate the outer computer and its correlative devices (such as GPS, total station etc.). PDA also embeds development environment and can process spatial data form surveying instrument and used in civil engineering. At the same time, it can connect to Internet through wired of people to acquire real-time information. Thus PDA is a ideal platform of removal GIS.
To integrate 3S, wireless network (such as GPRS, GSM) and PDA technology, we could carry out remote sensing field investigation, environmental disaster investigation and the fast, real-time geological investigation, which including each geological, environment phenomenon spatial scope as well as the corresponding attribute information prompt input. If it combines with the vector topographic diagram, the remote sensing imagery as well as the DEM these-dimensional surface diagram, it is advantageous to each kind of environment phenomenon recognition.
The obvious advantages of PDA used in mining survey are as follows.
(1) Its volume is so small and the weight is so light, that it is very easy to be carried about, and the low power dissipation characteristic makes it has better adaptability while operating in mining field with adverse natural conditions.
(2) It integrates the mobile communication technique, which makes the information exchange between the operators more conveniently.
(3) Since PDA integrates GPS and remote sensing techniques, it can provide schedule exploration path to the operators, thus, the positional data acquisition speed is increased.
5 Conclusions
By using modern surveying and mapping equipment (e.g. super total station theodolite), the information fusion technology, the PDA technology and the MGIS system, to investigate the mine geology environment present situation, can provide basic data and criterion for the reasonable development of mineral resource, the protection and surveillance management of mine geological environment, the control of mine environment and the mine ecology restores with the reconstruction. It is a modern mining survey new method and is worth wide application.
In order to protect the mining area ecological environment and optimize mine resources mine resources mining, realize the historical mission of mine sustainable development, the modern mining survey new technology, specially the 3S integration technology application are facing with great new challenges. Meanwhile, it also provides more opportunities for the application of modern surveying technology will certainly be an important force to promote mine sustainable development, and provides the foundational technical support for the mine safety in production.
中文譯文
現(xiàn)代測(cè)量技術(shù)在采礦中的應(yīng)用
張?jiān)诿?，周芳2，紀(jì)健恒2
1．濟(jì)南大學(xué) 中國(guó) 山東 濟(jì)南 250022
2. 山東水利職業(yè)學(xué)院 信息工程系 中國(guó) 山東 日照 276826
摘要 隨著新測(cè)量技術(shù)的不斷出現(xiàn)和廣泛應(yīng)用，當(dāng)代礦山測(cè)量已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。但是，在中國(guó)還有很多煤礦的條件是極其復(fù)雜的，所以在應(yīng)用新的測(cè)量技術(shù)進(jìn)也出現(xiàn)了很多的問(wèn)題。這在一定程度上影響了我國(guó)煤礦的開(kāi)采和管理?，F(xiàn)總結(jié)測(cè)量新技術(shù)在采礦中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀，包括現(xiàn)進(jìn)的挖掘設(shè)備，“3S”技術(shù)，信息、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)和息融合技術(shù)等等，并分析了目前所存在的問(wèn)題，也從可持續(xù)發(fā)展的角度提供了采礦測(cè)量的新方法。
關(guān)鍵詞 現(xiàn)代測(cè)量技術(shù)，礦山測(cè)量，信息融合，可持續(xù)發(fā)展
導(dǎo)言
作為社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，礦產(chǎn)資源為經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和社會(huì)的進(jìn)步作出了突出的貢獻(xiàn)，但是也帶來(lái)諸多的問(wèn)題。尤其在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，煤礦企業(yè)的管理較為粗放，技術(shù)裝備落后，勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率低，主要和特大事故時(shí)有發(fā)生，礦區(qū)的資源和環(huán)境安全狀況惡化?？茖W(xué)和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步是解決這一問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵所在。目前，隨著現(xiàn)代測(cè)量技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，特別是“3S”技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，當(dāng)代的礦山測(cè)量基本已經(jīng)改變。信息技術(shù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的飛速發(fā)展為這些新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用提供了廣闊的突間。本文總結(jié)了新技術(shù)在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用，討論了礦山測(cè)量中存在的問(wèn)題，并為現(xiàn)代的礦山測(cè)量提供新的方法。
1 現(xiàn)代測(cè)量?jī)x器的應(yīng)用
當(dāng)今世界，礦山測(cè)量設(shè)備及其應(yīng)用的發(fā)展主要表現(xiàn)在以下方面：光電測(cè)速儀和準(zhǔn)距儀（如全站儀）的廣泛使用。
作為目前使用最為廣泛的測(cè)量?jī)x器，全站儀是一種光電測(cè)量?jī)x器，它集合了測(cè)距儀和電子經(jīng)緯儀的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。在現(xiàn)階段智能化全站儀是銷售量最大的測(cè)量?jī)x器，而且也是未來(lái)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。它融入了光學(xué)、電學(xué)、磁學(xué)和力學(xué)的最新科技成果，能同時(shí)測(cè)量距離和角度。全站儀已經(jīng)廣泛的應(yīng)用于礦山的測(cè)量，它明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于同時(shí)擁有如下的功能：經(jīng)緯儀和測(cè)距儀;提供數(shù)字化的測(cè)量結(jié)果;操作簡(jiǎn)單并攜有電子的記錄。
除了這些常用的測(cè)量?jī)x器外，由于礦山測(cè)量環(huán)境的特殊性，一定的特殊設(shè)備也將用于礦山的測(cè)量中，比如一些防爆的設(shè)備，尤其在空間方面的測(cè)量和地下礦山測(cè)量中。
這些比較適合礦山測(cè)量的新設(shè)備（如自動(dòng)觀測(cè)陀螺經(jīng)緯議、單自由度陀螺儀）的出現(xiàn)，把礦山測(cè)量推向一個(gè)新的階段，使礦山測(cè)量朝效率化、自動(dòng)化的方向發(fā)展。
2 空間信息技術(shù)在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用
隨著現(xiàn)代測(cè)量技術(shù)的發(fā)展，被稱為“3S”技術(shù)的遙感，全球定位系統(tǒng)和地理信息系統(tǒng)在工業(yè)和采礦領(lǐng)域的資源與環(huán)境信息獲取、管理和分析評(píng)價(jià)中發(fā)揮著極為重要的作用。
在過(guò)去很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)遙感技術(shù)在礦山測(cè)量中已經(jīng)應(yīng)用，并且積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。其主要用途是認(rèn)識(shí)礦區(qū)的地貌和周圍自然環(huán)境狀況，通過(guò)選擇適合的遙感數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源和處理并融合數(shù)據(jù)，組合虛假的色彩，幾何校正等來(lái)建立模型認(rèn)識(shí)遙感目標(biāo)。相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)繪制地圖的方法，遙感技術(shù)顯示出出色的效率、較低的成本和較高的精度，它已經(jīng)被證實(shí)是一種不錯(cuò)的方法。應(yīng)用于礦山測(cè)量的空間遙感關(guān)鍵理論和技術(shù)正在研究。利用遙感提供的數(shù)據(jù)，我們可以獲取一個(gè)實(shí)時(shí)、動(dòng)態(tài)和綜合的采區(qū)信息，監(jiān)測(cè)采區(qū)環(huán)境并為采區(qū)的環(huán)境保護(hù)提供果斷的支持。同時(shí)，遙感也可以用于勘探，地質(zhì)條件的研究和采區(qū)頂?shù)装宓难芯康鹊?。遙感技術(shù)為現(xiàn)代礦山測(cè)量任務(wù)的完成提供一個(gè)非常重要的保證。
在礦山測(cè)量中GPS的主要用途是替代傳統(tǒng)的實(shí)地勘察和測(cè)繪。例如，要建立、監(jiān)測(cè)和修復(fù)礦區(qū)的測(cè)量控制網(wǎng)，監(jiān)測(cè)建筑物和采空區(qū)的沉陷，監(jiān)測(cè)露天開(kāi)采邊坡的穩(wěn)定性等。隨著GPS性價(jià)比的持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)，地表GPS的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)成為礦山測(cè)量的一個(gè)非常重要的技術(shù)支持。與其他常規(guī)科學(xué)技術(shù)方法相配合，GPS和RS用于礦區(qū)的地質(zhì)測(cè)量、地質(zhì)測(cè)繪和勘探表現(xiàn)出較好的效果和較高的效益。
礦區(qū)地理信息系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)成為礦山測(cè)量的一個(gè)重要發(fā)展方向。通過(guò)建立基于GIS的礦區(qū)資源的環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)，我們可以處理礦區(qū)地面，地下的空間和資源與環(huán)境信息的輸入、存儲(chǔ)、處理、顯示和輸出，開(kāi)采地圖的繪制，礦山的開(kāi)采和設(shè)計(jì)，資源的合理利用和生態(tài)環(huán)境的分析評(píng)價(jià)，區(qū)域規(guī)劃和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的決策等等。
3 信息整合技術(shù)在采礦測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用
3.1 一體化的“3S”技術(shù)
在傳統(tǒng)的煤礦管理模式下，監(jiān)測(cè)煤礦的發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài)和開(kāi)采所帶來(lái)的煤礦環(huán)境問(wèn)題的方法就是不斷的檢查。這種方法需要較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，而且具有較差的及時(shí)性和準(zhǔn)確性。目前，一體化的“3S”技術(shù) (RS, GPS and GIS) 可以實(shí)現(xiàn)礦物資源規(guī)劃執(zhí)行情況的分析，礦務(wù)環(huán)境影響評(píng)價(jià)的管理方案，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)也可以為行政主管部門(mén)和公司的快速、有效和經(jīng)濟(jì)的宏觀決策提供依據(jù)。
3.2 ISS和GPS技術(shù)的融合
現(xiàn)在，ISS技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)為大地測(cè)量、工程測(cè)量和礦山測(cè)量提供了新的手段。作為一種導(dǎo)航定位技術(shù)，ISS有諸如全天侯、自治、快速、多功能、靈活等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這使它初步用于礦山的測(cè)量中。GPS和ISS的融合可能給礦山的測(cè)量帶來(lái)一個(gè)有長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展的技術(shù)。
3.3 GPS和InSAR技術(shù)的融合
在礦山的測(cè)量中，最常見(jiàn)的工作一般涉及到監(jiān)測(cè)地表的變形，特別是在監(jiān)測(cè)地表的沉陷和海岸。它在煤礦的安全生產(chǎn)中發(fā)揮著極其重要的作用。在監(jiān)測(cè)開(kāi)采沉陷方面，GPS和InSAR有著很強(qiáng)的互補(bǔ)性。首先，GPS是點(diǎn)定位，但基線長(zhǎng)度通常是幾十甚至幾百公里。這種較低的點(diǎn)密度不能滿足監(jiān)測(cè)地表變形的高空間分辨率的要求。InSAR可以適用于整個(gè)區(qū)域地表的連續(xù)信息，其空間分辨率可達(dá)20米。其次，由于雷達(dá)的影響范圍角度的影響，InSAR對(duì)于地球表面的高程資料是十分靈敏的。而GPS在空間精度上是薄弱的。第三，GPS具有很高的時(shí)間分辨率（最高可達(dá)到1赫茲） ，而InSAR數(shù)據(jù)因?yàn)槠漭^為封閉的循環(huán)周期而具有較低的時(shí)間分辨率（超過(guò)20天，一般情況下最高只能是1天）。
3.4 一體化的TPS全站儀和GPS
作為融合了TPS全站儀和GPS的全新工具，智能站-超級(jí)全站儀經(jīng)緯儀是可行的。該儀器并不需要地面控制點(diǎn)、長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的導(dǎo)線和切除活動(dòng)。我們只有建立智能站才能使用全站儀經(jīng)緯儀來(lái)測(cè)量和布置，使用GPS準(zhǔn)確找出事情發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)。在基線不超過(guò)50公里的情況下，它可以在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)把位置準(zhǔn)確到厘米級(jí)的精度上。
3.5 GIS和計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的融合
為了指導(dǎo)煤礦更安全高效的生產(chǎn)，許多國(guó)家正在發(fā)展煤礦地理信息系統(tǒng)，并且在該系統(tǒng)中正在使用先進(jìn)的射頻識(shí)別技術(shù)裝備，計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線通信技術(shù)，該系統(tǒng)解決了地下操作人員的準(zhǔn)確配置和礦工出席檢查的問(wèn)題。GIS和計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的融合為煤礦的安全生產(chǎn)提供了很好的保證。
4 現(xiàn)代采礦測(cè)量的新思想
4.1建立和完善網(wǎng)絡(luò)礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）
目前，最重要的任務(wù)就是在礦山的建設(shè)中建立必需的和功能強(qiáng)大的礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)（MGIS）。這是一個(gè)信息管理系統(tǒng)。我們可以利用高新技術(shù)、儀器和方法綜合地、系統(tǒng)地、全面地、動(dòng)態(tài)地開(kāi)采地表和地下的自然資源。在此基礎(chǔ)上，我們可以建立一個(gè)礦山資源和環(huán)境信息系統(tǒng)。這種適用于空間信息技術(shù)的系統(tǒng)是一種通過(guò)整合礦山測(cè)量中的“3S”技術(shù)、全站儀和其他測(cè)量設(shè)備和技術(shù)的全方位的成果。MGIS已經(jīng)成為礦山測(cè)量發(fā)展的主要方向和必然趨勢(shì)。 它主要研究礦井時(shí)間和空間信息的收集、保存、處理、分析、模擬和再現(xiàn)。而且它有更好的編輯地圖能力，自動(dòng)連接空間數(shù)據(jù)和屬性數(shù)據(jù)、突出的開(kāi)采礦山、合理利用資源、分析和評(píng)估環(huán)境、決定區(qū)域規(guī)劃和環(huán)境的可持續(xù)發(fā)展等等。
根據(jù)煤礦規(guī)劃和建設(shè)的特點(diǎn)，礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該主要包括如下幾個(gè)子系統(tǒng)：礦井地質(zhì)和勘測(cè)信息系統(tǒng)、礦山調(diào)度管理信息系統(tǒng)、礦山的生產(chǎn)管理信息系統(tǒng)、礦井災(zāi)害事故預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)系統(tǒng)、礦區(qū)規(guī)劃和礦井設(shè)計(jì)信息系統(tǒng)、礦區(qū)復(fù)墾管理信息系統(tǒng)和礦井塌陷預(yù)報(bào)系統(tǒng)等等。
建立礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)之后，為了更高的生產(chǎn)效率和更方便的管理我們可以修建網(wǎng)絡(luò)化礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)。建立在網(wǎng)絡(luò)化上的礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)將在國(guó)內(nèi)外的采礦生產(chǎn)和研究中發(fā)揮更重要的作用。
4.2 個(gè)人數(shù)字處理技術(shù)的應(yīng)用
個(gè)人數(shù)字處理是一種近幾年迅速發(fā)展的便攜式計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)。它集合了計(jì)算器、電話、傳真和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。利用PDA我們可以管理個(gè)人信息，瀏覽網(wǎng)頁(yè)，接收和發(fā)送電子郵件、傳真，甚至還可以把它當(dāng)作一部手機(jī)。這些功能可以通過(guò)無(wú)線模式實(shí)現(xiàn)。與次同時(shí)，PDA嵌入了 windows CE操作系統(tǒng)，它可以用來(lái)和外部計(jì)算機(jī)及相關(guān)設(shè)備（如GPS、全站儀等）進(jìn)行交流。PDA嵌入了開(kāi)發(fā)環(huán)境，而且能處理來(lái)自測(cè)量?jī)x器和土木工程中用過(guò)的空間數(shù)據(jù)。同時(shí)，它可以連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，通過(guò)有線的人獲得實(shí)時(shí)信息。因此，PDA是一種移動(dòng)GIS的理想平臺(tái)。
整合3S、無(wú)線網(wǎng)絡(luò)(如GPRS、GSM)及PDA技術(shù),我們可以進(jìn)行遙感實(shí)地考察、環(huán)境災(zāi)害研究和快速的、實(shí)時(shí)的地質(zhì)調(diào)查，其中包括每個(gè)地質(zhì)、環(huán)境現(xiàn)象的空間范圍以及相應(yīng)屬性的快速輸入。如果結(jié)合矢量地形圖、遙感圖像以及這些數(shù)字高程模型的三維表面圖，它將有利于各種環(huán)境現(xiàn)象識(shí)別。
在采礦測(cè)量中使用PDA最明顯的優(yōu)點(diǎn)為：
（1）它體積小，重量輕，特別易于攜帶。由于低功耗的特性使它在自然條件惡劣的礦業(yè)領(lǐng)域中有更好的適用性。
（2）集成了移動(dòng)通信技術(shù)，這使得它與操作員之間的信息交換更加方便。
（3）由于PDA集成了GPS和遙感技術(shù)，這使得它能夠?yàn)椴僮鲉T提供勘查時(shí)間安排的路線，因此用該方法獲取定位數(shù)據(jù)的速度加快。
5 結(jié)論
利用現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪設(shè)備、信息融合技術(shù)、PDA技術(shù)和礦山地理信息系統(tǒng)來(lái)調(diào)查礦山地質(zhì)環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀，可以為礦務(wù)資源的合理開(kāi)采、礦山環(huán)境的保護(hù)和監(jiān)督管理、礦山環(huán)境和生態(tài)恢復(fù)的控制管理提供基本的數(shù)據(jù)和準(zhǔn)則。這是一個(gè)現(xiàn)代采礦測(cè)量新方法，并且值得推廣應(yīng)用。
為了保護(hù)礦區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境和優(yōu)化礦產(chǎn)資源開(kāi)采，實(shí)現(xiàn)煤礦可持續(xù)發(fā)展的歷史使命，現(xiàn)代采礦測(cè)量技術(shù)，特別是3S集成技術(shù)的應(yīng)用面臨著巨大的新挑戰(zhàn)。同時(shí)，它也為運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代測(cè)量技術(shù)提供更多的機(jī)會(huì)，必將為推動(dòng)礦業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展發(fā)揮重要的作用，并且為煤礦的安全生產(chǎn)提供基本的技術(shù)支持。
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