電視廣播大學開放教育國際貿易原理期末考試小抄.docx
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最新電大國際貿易原理期末考試小抄判斷題:1.世界貿易組織是一個非正式的國際組織 (錯)2.按國際貿易內容為依據,可劃分為出口貿易和進口貿易(錯)3.當出口總值大于進口總值時,成為貿易逆差 (錯)4.國際貿易是人類發(fā)展到一定歷史階段的產物 (對)5.對外貿易值是以貨幣表示的對外貿易額 (對)1.貿易條件又稱貿易比價 (對)2.世界最早的商品交易所施在比利時的安特衛(wèi)普建立的 (對)3.國富論的作者是李嘉圖 (錯)4.世界市場價格是商品國際價值的貨幣表現,即以貨幣表現的商品的國際價值(對)5.亞當斯密的國際貿易理論被稱為絕對利益理論 (對)6.商業(yè)機構對商業(yè)機構的電子商務為B2C (錯)3.對一個國家來說,如果價格一直很高,進口價格一直很低,則貿易條件會一直不利(錯)3.國際分工是國際貿易的基礎(對)6.中國進出口商品交易會又稱廣交會(對)1.凡期限在三年以上的投資成為長期投資 (錯)2.按資本特性,國際投資可分為對外直接投資和對外間接投資(對)3.瑞士的雀巢公司是跨國公司 (對)4.內部化理論是有英國學者巴克利和卡森提出的 (對)5.建設-經營-移交簡稱B-O-T (對)6.教育服務屬于服務貿易 (對)7.壟斷優(yōu)勢理論是金德爾伯創(chuàng)建的 (錯)8.服務貿易組織總協定中的國民待遇適用于所有部門 (錯)9.按資本來源,國際投資可分為公共投資和私人投資 (對)10.國際服務貿易中大多數服務具有無形性 (對)1.全球配額屬于世界范圍的絕對配額 (對)2.進口配額又稱出口限制額 (錯)3.非關稅壁壘比關稅壁壘更具有隱蔽性和歧視性 (對)4.關稅是進出口商品經過已過一國關境時,由政府所設置的海關向其進出口所征收的一種稅(對)5.普惠制的主要原則是普遍的、歧視的、非互惠的 (錯)6.非關稅是指關稅以外限制進口的各種措施 (對)7.名義關稅稅率越高,對本國同類產品的保護程度也越高 (對)8.對外貿易政策包括總政策和出口總政策 (對)9.雙邊貿易政策是由各國政府完全自主制定的外貿政策 (錯)10.按照征稅待遇,關稅可分為普通關稅、優(yōu)惠關稅和進口附加稅 (對)1.關稅與貿易總協定的原文分為序言和四大部分,共計36條(錯)2.系統(tǒng)提出關稅同盟理論的是薩繆爾森 (錯)3.自由貿易區(qū)不能免征關稅 (錯)4.關稅同盟成立后可減少行政支出 (對)5.GATT的全稱是關稅與貿易總協定 (對)6.歐洲聯盟是當今世界一體化程度最高的區(qū)域政治、經濟集團 (對)7.保稅倉庫是經海關批準專門用于存放保稅貨物的倉庫 (對)8.ITC的全稱是國際貿易委員會 (對)6.外匯傾銷是出口企業(yè)利用本國貨幣對外貶值的機會,爭奪國外市場的特殊手段(對)2.關稅是一種直接稅(錯)單選題:1.世界上主要的貿易大國不包括 (泰國)2.2010年中國貨物出口排名第幾 (1)3.一定時期內的一國進出口服務貿易中以百分比表示的各類項目的構成稱為(對外服務貿易結構)4.以下不屬于對外貿易依存度的形式是 (貿易條件)5.國際貿易按交易對象劃分不包括 (出口貿易)6.北美自由貿易區(qū)的成立時間 (1994)6.2010年5月24日,第二輪中美戰(zhàn)略與經濟對話在(北京)舉行1.中國進出口商品交易會于哪年創(chuàng)建 (1957)2.商業(yè)機構對消費者的電子商務為 (B2C)3.當商品生產過剩時,商品價格 (趨跌)4.以下不屬于對銷貿易的是 (補償貿易)5.國富論的作者是 (亞當斯密)6.以下不屬于固定組織形式的國際市場的是(加工貿易) 7.當世界市場需求擴大時,商品價格 (趨漲)1.以下不屬于借貸資本輸出的是 (證券投資)2.2010年,服務出口世界排名第一的是 (中國)3.世界上最大的直接投資東道國是 (美國)4.壟斷優(yōu)勢理論是誰創(chuàng)建的 (海默)5.()年4月15日,由111個國家和地區(qū)的代表正式簽署服務貿易總協定(1994) 6.獨資企業(yè)是指投入的資本完全由一國提供,外資股份占(95)以上的企業(yè) 7.國際生產折中理論 (鄧寧)1.以下不屬于非關稅壁壘的特點 (公開性)2.以下不屬于技術貿易壁壘的特點是 (穩(wěn)定性)3.以進口商品的價格為標準計征的關稅是 (從價稅)4.在總配額內按國別或地區(qū)分配批給固定的配額,超過規(guī)定的配額便不準進口,這種配額方式是(國別配額) 5.反補貼稅又稱 (抵消稅)6.財政關稅又稱 (收入關稅)7.晚期重商主義學說的最重要代表人物是 (托馬斯.孟)7.以下不屬于按照征稅的商品流向分類的稅種是(優(yōu)惠關稅) 8.凱恩斯把反映投資增長和國民收入擴大之間的依存關系稱為 (投資乘數理論)1.共同市場理論的代表人物是 (西托夫斯基)2.以下哪個不屬于按時限長短劃分的出口信貸種類 (買方信貸)3.我國在20世紀()年代開始在沿海地區(qū)設立保稅區(qū) (90)4.WTO建立的時間是 (1995)5.2007年歐盟成員國的個數 (27)6.()年12月11日,中國正式成為世貿組織成員 (2001)多選題:1.當代國際貿易包括 (ABCD 國際貨物貿易;國際服務貿易;國際技術貿易;國際投資)2.國際貿易按貨物移動方向劃分為 (ABCDE 出口貿易;進口貿易;過境貿易;復出口與復進口;凈出口與凈進口)3.國際貿易按交易內容可劃分為 (ABC 國際貨物貿易;國際服務貿易;國際技術貿易)4.國際服務貿易的提供方式 (ABD 跨境提供;境外消費;自然人流動)1.貿易條件變化的影響因素有 (ABCD 選擇的年份不同;出口價格;進口價格;出口數量指數)2.招標投標業(yè)務包括的步驟 (ABCD 招標;投標;開標;簽約 )3.對里昂惕夫反論的解釋及有關學說有 (ABCD勞動熟練說;人力資本本說;技術差距說;產品周期說)4.貿易條件的種類有 (ABCD 凈貿易條件按;收入貿易條件;單項因素貿易條件;雙項因素條件)5.當代國際分工的特點是 (ABCD發(fā)達國家居國際分工的主導地位;國際分工類型多樣化;發(fā)達國家與發(fā)展中國家間工業(yè)分工的形式發(fā)生變化;區(qū)域性經貿集團內部分工加強)6.代理可分為 (BCD 包銷;獨家代理;一般代理)7.拍賣的出價方法 (BCD 增價拍賣;減價拍賣;密封遞價拍賣)1.中國服務貿易發(fā)展特點 (ABCD服務貿易增速高于全球水平;服務貿易長期逆差;服務外包產業(yè)迅速發(fā)展;服務貿易區(qū)域發(fā)展極不平衡)2.國際技術貿易的方法有 (ABCD 直接投資;許可貿易;咨詢服務和技術服務;合作生產)3.以下屬于服務貿易的是 (ABCD 通信服務;金融服務;銷售服務;教育服務)4.以下屬于跨國公司的是 (ABCD愛迪生電氣公司;龍尼萊佛公司;瑞士的雀巢公司;帝國化學公司)5.第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后國際投資的特點是 (ABCD國際直接投資占主導地位 ;國際投資中的主體仍是西方發(fā)達國家;國際資本移動的流向發(fā)生了重大變化;對外直接投資的部門結構發(fā)生了顯著變化)6.跨國公司運用轉移價格的主要目的有 (ABCD 減少稅負;轉移資金;調節(jié)利潤水平;增強子公司在國際市場的上競爭能力)7.借貸資本輸出的方式有 (ABCD 政府援助貸款;借貸資本輸出的方式;國際金融市場貸款;出口信貸)1.技術性貿易壁壘的主要內容有 (ABCD 技術標準;技術法規(guī);合格評定程序;綠色貿易壁壘)2.外匯管制一般包括 (BCD數量性外匯管制;成本性外匯管制;混合型外匯管制)3.海關稅則的主要種類有 (ABCD 單式稅則;復式稅則;自主稅則;協定稅則)4.晚期重商主義學說的政策與措施 (ABCD禁止若干國外商品;課征保護關稅;出口退稅;保護農業(yè))5.關稅稅率表主要包括三個部分,分別是 (BCD 稅則號列;貨物分類目錄;稅率)6.按照商品流向分類,可分為 (ACD 進口稅;出口稅;過境稅)7.綠色貿易壁壘主要有以下幾種形式 (BCD環(huán)境技術法規(guī)與標準;產品檢疫制度;綠色標志)8.對外貿易政策的層次 (ABCD單邊貿易政策;雙邊貿易政策;諸邊貿易政策;多變貿易政策)1.世貿組織的基本原則 (ABCD非歧視原則;市場開放原則;公平競爭原則;透明度原則)2.區(qū)域經濟一體化按貿易壁壘取消的程度可劃分為 (ABCDE優(yōu)惠貿易安排;自由貿易區(qū);關稅同盟;共同市場;經濟聯盟)3.出口信貸按時間可分為 (ABC短期信貸;中期信貸,長期信貸)4.以下屬于世貿組織機構的是 (ABCDE部長會議;總理事會;理事會;委員會;秘書處)5.商品傾銷的種類可分為 (ABC偶然性傾銷;間歇性傾銷;長期性傾銷)6.關稅同盟的動態(tài)效果有 (ABCD 資源合理配置;獲取規(guī)模經濟利益;刺激投資;加速經濟發(fā)展)3.世貿組織協議的主要內容 (ABCDE世貿組織的宗旨;世貿組織的范圍、職能;世貿組織的機構與法律地位;世貿組織的成員;世貿組織的決策方式)請您刪除一下內容,O(_)O謝謝!2016年中央電大期末復習考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄,電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such asCartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). In this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. Conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection. In plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. If the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. In general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b,andcare not all zero. In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. In the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. The methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by RenDescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation ofalgebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed point, called the center. A circle is a conic section cut by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The term circle is also used to refer to the region enclosed by the curve, more properly called a circular region. The radius of a circle is any line segment connecting the center and a point on the curve; the term is also used for the length r of this segment, i.e., the common distance of all points on the curve from the center. Similarly, the circumference of a circle is either the curve itself or its length of arc. A line segment whose two ends lie on the circumference is a chord; a chord through the center is the diameter. A secant is a line of indefinite length intersecting the circle at two points, the segment of it within the circle being a chord. A tangent to a circle is a straight line touching the circle at only one point, the point of contact, or tangency, and is always perpendicular to the radius drawn to this point. A circle is inscribed in a polygon if each side of the polygon is tangent to the circle; a circle is circumscribed about a polygon if all the vertices of the polygon lie on the circumference. The length of the circumference C of a circle is equal to (see pi) times twice the radius distance r, or C=2r. The area A bounded by a circle is given by A=r2. Greek geometry left many unsolved problems about circles, including the problem of squaring the circle, i.e., constructing a square with an area equal to that of a given circle, using only a straight edge and compass; it was finally proved impossible in the late 19th cent. (see geometric problems of antiquity). In modern mathematics the circle is the basis for such theories as inversive geometry and certain non-Euclidean geometries. The circle figures significantly in many cultures. In religion and art it frequently symbolizes heaven, eternity, or the universe.- 配套講稿:
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