湖北省高三英語二輪復習 第3模塊 閱讀理解 專題8 科普知識型閱讀理解課件

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1、2012屆高三英語二輪復習精品屆高三英語二輪復習精品課件（湖北專用）：第課件（湖北專用）：第3模塊模塊 閱讀理解閱讀理解 專題專題8 科普知識型閱科普知識型閱讀理解讀理解專題導讀專題導讀專題八專題八 專題導讀專題導讀 科普類文章主要包括自然科學類、前沿科技發(fā)明類和醫(yī)科普類文章主要包括自然科學類、前沿科技發(fā)明類和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生類，療衛(wèi)生類， 其取材密切聯(lián)系當前經(jīng)濟和科技等方面的變化，其取材密切聯(lián)系當前經(jīng)濟和科技等方面的變化， 以介紹某一科學現(xiàn)象居多?？破疹愇恼戮哂薪Y構嚴謹，以介紹某一科學現(xiàn)象居多。科普類文章具有結構嚴謹， 邏邏輯性強等特點。其主要命題形式有事實細節(jié)題、詞義猜測題、輯性強等特點。其主要命

2、題形式有事實細節(jié)題、詞義猜測題、推理判斷題以及主旨概括題等，推理判斷題以及主旨概括題等， 其中推理判斷題居多。其中推理判斷題居多。 從從詞匯角度來看，在科普類文章中，詞匯角度來看，在科普類文章中， 詞匯的意義比較專一、詞匯的意義比較專一、穩(wěn)定、簡明、不帶感情色彩，穩(wěn)定、簡明、不帶感情色彩， 具有單一性和準確性的特點。具有單一性和準確性的特點。從語法和句子結構方面看，從語法和句子結構方面看， 句子結構較復雜，句子結構較復雜， 長難句較多，長難句較多， 語法分析較困難。文章中常用被動語態(tài)、定語從句等。語法分析較困難。文章中常用被動語態(tài)、定語從句等。專題八專題八 專題導讀專題導讀 科普文常用的修辭手

3、段有：科普文常用的修辭手段有： 1. 下定義：有時為了突出事物的主要內(nèi)容或主要問題，下定義：有時為了突出事物的主要內(nèi)容或主要問題，往往用簡明扼要的語言給對象一個說法，使讀者對被說明的往往用簡明扼要的語言給對象一個說法，使讀者對被說明的對象有明確的概念。對象有明確的概念。2. 舉事例：舉出有代表性的恰當?shù)睦?，能夠反映一般舉事例：舉出有代表性的恰當?shù)睦?，能夠反映一般的情況，真切地說明事物特征。的情況，真切地說明事物特征。3. 做比較：選擇有外部或內(nèi)部聯(lián)系的事物進行比較，往做比較：選擇有外部或內(nèi)部聯(lián)系的事物進行比較，往往能增強說明事物的效果。往能增強說明事物的效果。4. 打比方：適當運用比喻，能

4、夠增強說明的形象性和生打比方：適當運用比喻，能夠增強說明的形象性和生動性。動性。專題八專題八 專題導讀專題導讀 科普說明文在結構上常采用的寫作方法有：科普說明文在結構上常采用的寫作方法有：1. 總分式。在說明事物或事理時，段落總分式。在說明事物或事理時，段落(層次層次)之間有一之間有一個總分關系，表現(xiàn)為由總到分、由分到總。個總分關系，表現(xiàn)為由總到分、由分到總。2. 承接式。各層之間按照事物的發(fā)展過程，或者按時間、承接式。各層之間按照事物的發(fā)展過程，或者按時間、因果、條件等關系安排，前后相互承接。因果、條件等關系安排，前后相互承接。3. 遞進式。后邊在前邊的基礎上進一步說明，各層之間遞進式。后邊

5、在前邊的基礎上進一步說明，各層之間的關系是由淺入深。文章的命題除了遵循科普閱讀的命題方的關系是由淺入深。文章的命題除了遵循科普閱讀的命題方式外，式外， 還經(jīng)?？疾槲恼碌钠陆Y構和修辭手法。還經(jīng)?？疾槲恼碌钠陆Y構和修辭手法。真題典例真題典例專題八專題八 真題典例真題典例2011湖南卷湖南卷 A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct(不同的不同的)sp

6、ecies.The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephantsthe Asian elephant，African forest elephant，and African savanna elephant.專題八專題八 真題典例真題典例Once they obtained

7、DNA sequences(序列序列) from two fossils(化石化石)，mammoths and mastodons，the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.The scientists used detailed genetic analysis

8、 to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths.This result amazed all the scientists.專題八專題八 真題典例真題典例

9、There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species，but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.Previously，many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two po

10、pulations of the same species，despite the elephants significant size differences.The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres.The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons，roughly double the weight o

11、f the forest elephant.But the專題八專題八 真題典例真題典例fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species.However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.Alfred Roca，assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois，said，“We now have to t

12、reat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes.Since 1950，all African elephants have been conserved as one species.Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals，the forest elephant should become a bigger priority(優(yōu)先優(yōu)先)for c

13、onservation purposes.”專題八專題八 真題典例真題典例()1.One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of _.Athe Asian elephant Bthe forest elephant Cthe savanna elephant Dthe mastodon elephant ()2.The underlined word “divergence” in paragraph 4 means “_.”Aevolution Bexhibition Cseparation Dexamination 專題八專

14、題八 真題典例真題典例()3.The researchers conclusion was based on a study of the African elephants _.ADNA Bheight Cweight Dpopulation()4.What are Alfred Rocas words mainly about?AThe conservation of African elephants.BThe purpose of studying African elephants.CThe way to divide African elephants into two units

15、.DThe reason for the distinction of African elephants.()5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?ANaturalists Beliefs about ElephantsBAmazing Experiments about ElephantsCAn Unexpected Finding about ElephantsDA Long Scientific Debate about Elephants專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測 【要點綜述要點綜述】本文為科

16、普說明文。主要介紹關于大象的最新本文為科普說明文。主要介紹關于大象的最新研究成果：非洲大象被分成兩種完全不同的品種研究成果：非洲大象被分成兩種完全不同的品種非洲草原大非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象。象和非洲森林大象。1D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段 “Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列序列)from two fossils(化石化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants.”可判斷選可判斷選D。2C詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段詞義猜測題

17、。根據(jù)第四段“The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years.”可知，科學家已證實，非洲可知，科學家已證實，非洲的草原大象與非洲的森林大象幾百萬年來都不屬于同一品種，即的草原大象與非洲的森林大象幾百萬年來都不屬于同一品種，即可推斷下句為可推斷下句為“兩種大象的分離應發(fā)生在兩種大象的分離應發(fā)生在”。由

18、此可推斷劃。由此可推斷劃線詞應意為線詞應意為“分離分離”，故選，故選C。專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測 3A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列序列)from two fossils(化石化石)，mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as disti

19、nct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths”可判可判斷研究者的結論是建立在對非洲大象的斷研究者的結論是建立在對非洲大象的DNA的研究結果的基的研究結果的基礎上的，故選礎上的，故選A。專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測 4A邏輯推理題。根據(jù)最后一段中的邏輯推理題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger prior

20、ity (優(yōu)先優(yōu)先)for conservation purposes.”可推斷他可推斷他的講話是圍繞對非洲大象的保護的，故選的講話是圍繞對非洲大象的保護的，故選A。5C主旨大意題。根據(jù)主題段第一段可知，本文主要主旨大意題。根據(jù)主題段第一段可知，本文主要介紹關于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林介紹關于非洲大象的最新研究成果：非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象實為兩種完全不同的品種。由此判斷選大象實為兩種完全不同的品種。由此判斷選C。專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測 (一一)Motorists who used to listen to the radio or their favorite

21、 tunes on CDs may have a new way to entertain themselves, after engineers in Japan developed a musical road surface.A team from the Hokkaido Industrial Research Institute has built a number of “melody roads”， which use cars as tuning forks to play music as they travel.The concept works by using groo

22、ves(凹槽凹槽)They are cut at very specific intervals in the road surface. The melody road uses the spaces between to create different notes.新題預測新題預測專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測Depending on how far apart the grooves are, a car moving over them will produce a series of high or low notes, and designers are able to crea

23、te a distinct tune.Paten documents for the design describe it as notches “formed in a road surface so as to play a melody without producing simple sound or rhythm and reproduce melodylike tones”There are three musical strips in central and northern Japanone of which plays the tune of a Japanese pop

24、song. Reports say the system was invented by Shizuo Shinoda. He scraped some markings into a road with a bulldozer before driving over them and found that they helped to produce all kinds of tones.專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測 The optimal speed for melody road is 44kph，but people say it is not always easy to get

25、the intended sound.“You need to keep the car windows closed to hear well，”wrote one Japanese blogger.“Driving too fast will sound like playing fast forward, while driving around 12mph20km/hhas a slowmotion effect, making you almost carsick.”()1.According to the passage, melody roads use _ to create

26、different notes.Acars Bgrooves Cspaces between intervals Dbulldozers專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測()2.We can learn from the passage that the highness of notes depends on _.Ahow far the grooves are Bhow big the grooves areCthe number of the grooves Dthe speed of the car()3.The underlined word “optimal” in the passa

27、ge might mean _.Afastest Bpossible Cbest Dsuitable專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測()4.In order to hear the music well, you have to _.Adrive very fast Bdrive slowlyCopen the windows wide Dkeep the windows closed()5.Whats the best title of the passage?AA New Type of Music BMelody Roads in JapanCA Musical Road Surface

28、DA New Invention in Japan專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測 1C細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句話細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句話The melody road uses the spaces between to create different notes.可以得出答案為可以得出答案為C。 2A細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段第一句話可知，聲細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段第一句話可知，聲音的高低取決于凹槽的間距，因此正確答案為音的高低取決于凹槽的間距，因此正確答案為A。 3C詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段，并聯(lián)系上下詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段，并聯(lián)系上下文可以推斷，文

29、可以推斷，optimal在這里是在這里是“最佳的，最理想的最佳的，最理想的”，因此，因此正確答案為正確答案為C 。 4D細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句話可以得細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句話可以得出選項出選項D正確。其余三項都與原文說法不符。正確。其余三項都與原文說法不符。 5B主旨大意題。文章講述的是日本發(fā)明音樂路面的主旨大意題。文章講述的是日本發(fā)明音樂路面的事情，故選事情，故選B。專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測(二二) Following some of the tips for green living helps save our planet. All of these in

30、volve just a few changes to our daily habits. Just walk and limit the use of your car. One of the poster images of pollution is our vehicles. It burns fuel. It is not as efficient as we hope it could be, and we use it every single day. To lessen the effects of the air pollution caused by our vehicle

31、s, we should limit their use. If we can walk to our destination then just let us go. Not only do we lessen our carbon dioxide emissions, but we also get a good exercise out of it.專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測 Use a laptop instead of a computer desktop. Laptops are more energy efficient compared to their bigger co

32、unterparts. A laptop is generally 50 percent more efficient in using electricity. Aside from that there are other benefits of a laptop. It is portable so you can work anywhere you like and that you get powerful features without the large size of desktop units. Turn off the faucet while you are brush

33、ing your teeth. It is always a better idea to use a glass when we are brushing our teeth and not to just let the faucet keep on running. Therefore, there is less water to waste while we are cleaning our pearly whites. Simply turn off the faucet when you are not using it.專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測 Make good use

34、 of natural light. We have a great and natural lampthe sun, and we should learn how to take full advantage of it during daytime. So instead of turning on our lights or lamps even if it is still not evening, we should pull up the drapes and let the natural light come in from the windows. These are ju

35、st some of the best tips for green living, but of course there are still many of these tips if you just search for them. But you can do your own variation any time just always prioritize how you can use less energy and produce even less trash and pollution.專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測()1.Whats the best title for

36、 the passage?AHow to Save Our Planet BHow to Change Our Daily HabitsCTips for Green Living Today DGreen Living and Serious Pollution ()2.Compared with a computer desktop, a laptop is _.Aless energy efficient Bfaster at work Ceasy to repair Deasy to carry 專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測()3.How many tips does the pas

37、sage mention for green living today?AThree. BFour. CFive. DSix. ()4.The underlined word “prioritize” in the last paragraph can be replaced by the word _.Adecrease BconsiderCimagine Dguess ()5.Which of the following is NOT true?AA few changes to daily habits can help a lot.BWhile washing teeth we sho

38、uld turn off the faucet.CVehicles bring pollution and we should try to avoid.DIn the daytime we should not pull up the drapes.專題八專題八 新題預測新題預測 1C主旨大意題。本文前后呼應，主要向讀者介紹了主旨大意題。本文前后呼應，主要向讀者介紹了當今日常生活中簡單易行的四種綠色生活方式。當今日常生活中簡單易行的四種綠色生活方式。 2D細節(jié)理解題。從第三段中的細節(jié)理解題。從第三段中的 It is portable可知可知D項正確。項正確。 3B細節(jié)理解題。短文從第二段至第

39、五段各提出了一細節(jié)理解題。短文從第二段至第五段各提出了一種綠色生活方式，一共四種。種綠色生活方式，一共四種。 4B詞義猜測題。根據(jù)前面的意思詞義猜測題。根據(jù)前面的意思“你可以用自己的你可以用自己的多種方法多種方法”以及后面的以及后面的 how you can use less energy and produce even less trash and pollution可以排除可以排除decrease(減少減少)，推斷出，推斷出prioritize應為應為“認真考慮；優(yōu)先考認真考慮；優(yōu)先考慮慮”的意思，所以使用的意思，所以使用consider最符合語境。最符合語境。 5D細節(jié)理解題。由第五段可知，白天應充分利用自細節(jié)理解題。由第五段可知，白天應充分利用自然光，應該拉開窗簾，故選然光，應該拉開窗簾，故選D。