（江蘇專版）2020版高考英語大二輪復習 專題4 任務型閱讀 第三節(jié) 概括詞匯類學案 牛津譯林版

第三節(jié)概括詞匯類(2017·江蘇)PopulationChangeWhyistheworldspopulationgrowing？Theanswerisnotwhatyoumightthink.Thereasonfortheexplosionisnotthatpeoplehavebeenreproducinglikerabbits，butthatpeoplehavestoppeddroppingdeadlikeflies.In1900，peoplediedattheaverageageof30.By2000theaverageagewas65.Butwhileincreasinghealthwasatypicalfeatureofthe20thcentury，decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.Statisticsshowthattheaveragenumberofbirthsperwomanhasfallenfrom4.9intheearly1960sto2.5nowadays.Furthermore，around50%oftheworldspopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel (i.e.2.1birthsperwoman) andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.Youmightthinkthatdevelopingnationswouldmakeuptheloss(especiallysince80%oftheworldspeoplenowliveinsuchnations)，butyoudbewrong.Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo，whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina，forinstance.Whatdoesitimply？First，Chinaneedstoundergorapideconomicdevelopmentbeforeapopulationdeclinehitsthecountry.Second，ifotherfactorssuchastechnologyremainconstant，economicgrowthandmaterialexpectationswillfallwellbelowrecentstandardsandthiscouldinvitetrouble.Russiaisanothercountrywithpopulationproblemsthatcouldbreakitseconomicpromise.Since1992thenumberofpeopledyinghasbeenbiggerthanthatofthosebeingbornbyamassive50%.Indeedofficialfiguressuggestthecountryhasshrunkby5%since1993andpeopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.Whyisthisoccurring？Nobodyisquitesure，butpoordietandabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.Ifcurrenttrendsdontbend，RussiaspopulationwillbeaboutthesizeofYemensbytheyear2050.InthenorthofIndia，thepopulationisboomingduetohighbirthrates，butinthesouth，wheremosteconomicdevelopmentistakingplace，birthrateisfallingrapidly.Inafurthertwist，birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal，25%ofIndiasworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030，asixthofthecountryspotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration.AsfortheUSA，itisalmostuniqueamongdevelopednationsinhavingapopulationthatisexpectedtogrowby20%from20102030.Moreover，theUSAhasatrackrecordofsuccessfullyacceptingimmigrants.Asaresultitslikelytoseeariseinthesizeofitsworking-agepopulationandtowitnessstrongeconomicgrowthoverthelongerterm.考場思維模式第一步：讀表格，知文章大意通過略讀樹狀圖可知，本文話題是“人口下降”，并且分析了幾個國家存在的人口問題。第二步：定位、定詞、定性、定形任務型閱讀樹狀圖高度概括了原文信息，為了節(jié)約時間并且提高解題的針對性，先讀圖中的內(nèi)容，然后在原文中進行定位，定位后進行定詞，定詞后定性(如名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞等)，最后定形(如單復數(shù)、非謂語形式、大小寫等)。1.原文詞匯類74.答案economic解析文章第三、四、五段分別分析了中國、俄羅斯、印度存在的人口問題以及對本國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的影響，結合第三、五段中出現(xiàn)的economicdevelopment以及第四段中出現(xiàn)的economicpromise可判斷填economic。79.答案immigration解析最后一段介紹了美國解決人口問題的辦法，即通過移民入境增加外國勞動力。根據(jù)“Onesolutionisobviouslytoimportforeignworkersviaimmigration.”可判斷填immigration。2.轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類73.答案immediate解析根據(jù)第二段中的“.whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.”可知，發(fā)展中國家出生率的下降可能會導致幾十年后災難性的勞動力短缺，由withinafewdecades可知出生率下降帶來的影響可能不會立即顯現(xiàn)出來，故填immediate。75.答案old/older解析根據(jù)第三段的第一句“AgreatdeclineinyoungworkforceislikelytooccurinChina，forinstance.”可知，中國很有可能出現(xiàn)年輕勞動力減少的問題，也就是說中國的勞動力群體正在變老，此處既可以用old的原級，也可以用其比較級。76.答案earlier解析根據(jù)第四段中的“.peopleinRussialiveashorterlifenowthanthosein1961.”可知，當前俄羅斯人的壽命比1961年時要短，liveashorterlife可以同義替換為earlierdeath(早逝)。3.概括詞匯類71.答案lower解析根據(jù)第一段的最后一句“.decliningbirthratecouldbeadefiningoneofthe21st.”可知，出生率的下降是21世紀的特征，也就是說，21世紀的出生率可能會比20世紀的更低，故填lower。72.答案size/scale解析根據(jù)第二段中的“.almostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.”可知，大部分發(fā)達國家正經(jīng)歷著人口負增長，也就是說發(fā)達國家難以保持人口的規(guī)模，“人口的規(guī)?！庇胻hesize/scaleofpopulation表達。77.答案living/life解析根據(jù)第四段中的“.butpoordietandabovealllong-timealcoholismhavemuchtodowithit.”可知，糟糕的飲食習慣尤其是長期酗酒與俄羅斯人壽命變短有很大的關系，所以需要改變?nèi)藗兊纳罘绞?，“生活方式”可以用wayofliving/life表達。78.答案equality解析根據(jù)第五段中的“Inafurthertwist，birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.”可知，在教育水平落后的農(nóng)村地區(qū)出生率最高，而在教育水平發(fā)達的城市地區(qū)出生率最低。由此可以推斷，暫時不考慮出生率問題，如果印度能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)教育機會均等的話，它的經(jīng)濟可能會騰飛，故填equality。80.答案compensate解析根據(jù)最后一段可知，移民入境將會彌補美國年輕勞動力不足的問題，“彌補”可用compensatefor表示。第三步：復查并且將答案填在答題卡上復查完確認不需要修改之后，將試卷上所寫答案填在答題卡指定區(qū)域，注意要認真書寫，不能潦草。典型的任務型閱讀題目通常設置分為兩欄，左邊是文章提綱(passageoutline)，右邊是支持性細節(jié)或者論據(jù)(supportingdetails)。概括詞匯類要求能夠最大限度地覆蓋右欄信息，同時具有簡潔性。這就要求考生對全文或段落進行總體把握，通過觀察表格的設置特點，從而歸納和概括出所考查的單詞。概括詞匯類要求考生能夠準確無誤地概括出文章的主題，能夠在概括的基礎上進行推斷、歸納、抽象并提煉出文章主旨或者重要信息，也就是要擁有在語篇結構解讀基礎上的信息轉(zhuǎn)換能力?？疾榭忌鷮π畔⒌木C合加工和處理能力，其信息既體現(xiàn)在短文閱讀中，也體現(xiàn)在表格信息的比較與理解中。此類題目主要分為兩種類型：(1)總結性詞匯。設題大多數(shù)情況下是概括文章的標題、段落大意、事件過程、文章的目的、意義以及得出的結論等。解題關鍵(2)歸納詞。有的題目在原文中可能找不到具體的信息句。這就要求我們首先要確定信息區(qū)域，然后對該區(qū)域認真進行分析歸納。解題關鍵具體的解題步驟如下：(1)一審表格結構。注意文章內(nèi)容脈絡、標題和所需的表達類型。(2)二審短文意義。注意文章的段落和表格的匹配性。(3)三審語法運用。注意涉及的構詞法和語法項目。A(2019·江蘇高三第二次百校聯(lián)考)WhyWeStruggletoSay“ILoveYou”FormanyAsian-Americans，thephrasebelongstothewonderfulworldofwhitepeopleweseeinthemoviesandontelevision.SomanyofourAsianparentshavestruggled，andsufferedinwaysthatarecompletelybeyondtheimaginationsoftheirchildrenbornorraisedinNorthAmericancomfort.ThisstruggleandsacrificewashowAsianparentssay“Iloveyou”withouthavingtosayit.Andsomanyofuschildrenarenotexpectedtosayiteither，butinsteadareexpectedtoexpresslovethroughgratitude，whichmeansobeyingourparentsandfollowingtheirwishesforhowweshouldliveourlives.Ourparents，forthemostpart，toldustogetagoodeducation，getagoodjobandnotspeakup，thingstheyhadtodotosurvive.Theyhaveencouraged，orforced，manyofustobecomedoctors，lawyersandengineers，andtofeelashamedifwedonot.Whattheseparentsdidnotdowastelluswecouldbecomeartists，actorsorstorytellers，peopleengagedinseeminglytrivial，unsafeandunstableprofessions.IhavemetsofewwhohaveproudlytoldmethattheirchildrenareEnglishmajorsorhavebecomewritersorartists.ButIbecameawriterdespite，andperhapsbecauseof，theirresistancetotheidea，myinarticulate(難以言喻的) desirespushingagainsttheirinarticulatesacrifice，allofittakingplacebeforeabackdropofrefugee(難民) lifeandracialreality.IgrewupintherelativelydiversecityofSanJose，Calif.，inthe1980s.Myneighborswereolderwhiteworking-classpeople，MexicanimmigrantsandVietnameserefugees.ThenIwenttoamostlywhitehighschool，withonlyahandfulofstudentsofAsiandescent.Weknewweweredifferent，butwefoundourdifferencealittledifficulttoputintowords.Wecalledourselves“theAsianinvasion.”TheironywasthatwehadnotinvadedAmerica.Americahadinvadedus，orattheveryleasthadoccupiedorfoughtinourcountriesoforiginorheritage.WewereherebecauseAmericawasthere.Lookingback，whatIonlybelatedlyrealizedwasthatIneededweallneededmorestoriesfeaturingus.Morevoicesbelongingtous.Moreadvocatestellingourstoriesinourwaywithourfaces，ourinflections，ourconcerns，ourintuitions.Wejustneededtobeatthecenterofastory，whichwouldincludealltheaspectsofhumansubjectivity，notjustthegoodbutthebad，thethree-dimensionalfullnessthatwhitepeopletookforgrantedwiththeprivilegeofbeingindividuals.Whenitcametomassmediasrepresentationsofusfilmandtelevision，morningradiodiscjockeyjokeswegotonlythebad.Weweretheservants，theenemies，thehouseboys，theinvaders.Asaresult，somanyofuswhowatchedthesedistorted(扭曲的) imagesandheardthestupidjokeslearnedtobeashamedofourselves.Welearnedtobeashamedofourparents.Andtheshamecompoundedtheinabilitytosay“Iloveyou”，aphrasethatbelongedtothewonderfulworldofwhitepeoplewesawinthemoviesandtelevision.Wehadtolearnbetter，butthetruthisthatAsianparentshavetolearnbetter，too.YoucannotbeproudofyourartistandstorytellerchildrenonlywhentheywinGoldenGlobes.Wehonoryoursacrificeforus，butyouhavetoencourageyourchildrentospeakupaswell，toclaimtheirvoices，toriskfailure，totelltheirstoriesandyourstories.Attheveryleast，youcannotstandintheirway.WearestilltheAsianinvasionintheeyesofmany.WecannotacceptthisasourpriceofentryintoAmericansociety.Ifwemustassertourselvesandspeakoutagainstracismwhenitisdirectedagainstus，wemustalsodosowhenitbenefitsus.AndwedothatbychallengingandchangingtheAmericanstory.Wedoitbytakingthestageandbytellingourownstories，whichisreally，intheend，ourwayofsaying“Iloveyou”toourparents，ourfamilies，ourcommunitiesandourcountry.OutlineDetailedinformationFactsaboutAsian-AmericansfamilyChildrencannot1.theirparentssufferings.The2.resultingfromthedistortedimagesmakesAsianstooashamedtoexpresslove.Asianparents3._Theirchildrenshouldobeythemanddosomethingfor4.Getagoodeducation，getagoodjobKeepsilentBecomedoctors，lawyersandengineersratherthanartists，actorsandstorytellersMyexperienceItakeupwritingbecausemyparentsare5.tomychoiceandmydesires6.withtheirsacrifice.Ournationality7.usfromothersandlabelsourselvesas“theAsianinvasion.”MysuggestionsWeneedtogetacrossourinnervoicetootherswithmorestoriesfeaturingus.Weshouldberegardedasanindividual，not8.butwiththethree-dimensionalfullness.Asianparentsshouldencouragetheirchildrentopursuetheirinterestsevenwhenthey9.ConclusionItisourwayofsaying“Iloveyou”toourparentstotrytohavea10.intheAmericanstory.語篇解讀本文是一篇議論文?！拔覑勰恪睂τ谠S多亞裔美國人來說，這個短語屬于我們在電影和電視上看到的白人的美好世界。為什么我們要掙扎著說“我愛你”？作者對此進行了論述。1.答案imagine/understand解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第二段的第一句可知，孩子們無法理解或想象父母的痛苦。故答案為imagine/understand。2.答案prejudice解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的第一句“Asaresult，somanyofuswhowatchedthesedistorted(扭曲的) imagesandheardthestupidjokeslearnedtobeashamedofourselves.”及第三句“AndtheshamecompoundedtheinabilitytosayIloveyou.”可知，扭曲的形象造成的偏見讓亞裔美國人羞于表達自己的愛。故答案為prejudice。3.答案expectations/wishes解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段首句“Ourparents，forthemostpart，toldustogetagoodeducation，getagoodjobandnotspeakup，thingstheyhadtodotosurvive.”可知，這里在說亞洲父母的期盼和希望。故答案為expectations/wishes。4.答案survival解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段中的“.thingstheyhadtodotosurvive.”可知，他們的孩子應該為生存做些什么。故答案為survival。5.答案resistant/opposed解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段的最后一句可知，我的父母反對我從事寫作，但是他們越是反對，我越是堅持。故答案為resistant/opposed。6.答案conflict解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段的最后一句可知，我從事寫作是因為我的父母反對我的選擇，我的愿望與他們的犧牲相沖突。故答案為conflict。7.答案distinguishes/tells解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第五段的最后兩句“Weknewweweredifferent，butwefoundourdifferencealittledifficulttoputintowords.WecalledourselvestheAsianinvasion.”可知，我們的國籍讓我們區(qū)別于其他人，并給自己貼上了“亞洲入侵”的標簽。故答案為distinguishes/tells。8.答案perfect解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第七段的最后一句可知，我們應該被視為一個個體，這個個體不是完美的，而是立體、豐滿。故答案為perfect。9.答案fail解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的倒數(shù)第二句可知，亞洲父母應該鼓勵他們的孩子追求他們的興趣，即使他們失敗了。故答案為fail。10.答案place/voice解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)最后一段的最后兩句可知，在美國歷史中占有一席之地，是我們對父母、家人、社會和國家說“我愛你”的方式。故答案為place/voice。B(2019·南通、泰州七市高三聯(lián)考)Lifecanbeoverwhelming(令人不知所措的).Wewanttodoasmuchaswecan，seetheworld，learnnewthingsanditcanallgetabittoomuch.Sometimeswereachapointwherewefeelthatwecannolongerbeinterestedineverything.Wehavetoshutsomeoflifeout，andwedontlikethat.Wearelivingunderthefalseassumptionthattoknowanythingworthwhiletakesyearsofstudy，sowemightaswellforgetit.Butsomethinginsideusrebels.Westillwanttolearnnewthingsandmakenewthings.Theydonthavetobebigthings.Copingwithtoobigachallengecanbedaunting (令人卻步的).Thesecretistobea“micromaster”byperfectinglotsandlotsofsmallthingsforabigpayoff.Amicromasteryisaself-containedunitofdoing，completeinitself，butconnectedtoagreaterfield.Youcanperfectthatsinglethingandmoveontobiggerthings.Amicromasteryisthewaywelearnaskids.Youneverabsorballthefundamentalsstraightawayyoulearnonecoolthing，thenanother.PsychologistMihalyCsikszentmihalyihaswrittenabout“flow”astateinwhichtimeseemstobesuspendedbecauseourinvolvementinwhatweredoingissogreat.Amicromastery，becauseitisrepeatablewithoutbeingrepetitious，hasalltheelementsthatallowustoenteraflowstate，whichproducesgreatcontentment.Aswegetolderourdefaultsetting(默認設置) becomes“off”not“on”.Westopgettinginterestedinnewthingsbecausewehaventgotenoughtimeorenergy.Thisisanexcusebutwhocanblameuswhenwehearweneed10,000hoursto“master”something.Micromasteryslicesthroughalltheexcuses.Youstartwithsomethingsosmallandeasythatitdoesntimpactonyourlifeexceptpositively.WeenvythepersonwhohasaperfectFrenchaccent，whocanrollakayak，orcomposeapoemthatisntlaughable，whocanlayabrickwallthatdoesntfalldown.Theseareregardedashardthingstolearnwhichmeanagreatermasteryofthefieldconcerned.Butwithmicromasteryyoucanstartwiththetestpieceandthenandonlythendoyougobackupstreamtolearnanythingmoreaboutthenewworld.Seeingtheworldintermsofmicromasteriesmakesanythingseempossible.Fancybookbinding？Yoga？Tapdancingortankdriving？Allhavetheirmicromasteries.Itsveryliberatingyounolongerhavetofeeltrappedinyourdayjob.Youwillstart，inasmallway，togetyourlifebackfromtheideathattheworldseemstopushonusthatweshoulddojustonethingallourlives.AnannoyingsituationWearetoo11.toaccomplisheverythingweareinterestedinandsometimeswehavetomakeatrade-off.Wetakeitforgrantedthatanythingworthwhiledoesnthavean12._payoff，sowemightaswellforgetit.ApracticalapproachInsteadofaccomplishingbigthings，thesecretistobeamicromasterbystarting13.things.FactsaboutamicromasteryItisconnectedtoagreaterfield.Wecan14.uponsmallsuccessestoachievegreatness.Itenablesustohaveagoodcommandofimportantthingsina15.way.Itcanhelpenteraflowstatewhenweare16.inwhatwearedoing.Fortheadultswholacktimeandenergytotrynewthings，itcanhavea17._impactontheirlives.Insteadofenvyingtheachievers，wecan18.theunknownworldbystartingwiththetestpiece.ConclusionAmicromasterycanhelpustoliberateourmindsand19.ourboundaries.Forasatisfiedlife，bea20.ofsmallthings.11.答案ambitious/greedy解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第一段的前兩句“Lifecanbeoverwhelming (令人不知所措的).Wewanttodoasmuchaswecan，seetheworld，learnnewthingsanditcanallgetabittoomuch.”可知，我們過于雄心勃勃，無法完成我們感興趣的每一件事，有時我們不得不做出取舍。所以填ambitious/greedy。12.答案immediate/instant解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第一段的最后一句可知，我們想當然地認為任何有價值的事情都不會有立竿見影的效果，所以我們不妨把它忘掉。所以填immediate/instant。13.答案small/humble解析原文詞匯題。根據(jù)第二段的最后一句“Thesecretistobeamicromasterbyperfectinglotsandlotsofsmallthingsforabigpayoff.”可知，與其畏懼大事，還不如從完善許多小事做起來獲得大回報。所以填small/humble。14.答案build/depend/rely/count/rest/base解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段的第一、二句可知，我們可以在小成功的基礎上取得偉大的成就。所以填build/depend/rely/count/rest/base。15.答案gradual/steady/slow解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段的“.youlearnonecoolthing，thenanother.”可知，它使我們能夠以一種漸進的方式掌握重要的事情。所以填gradual/steady/slow。16.答案involved/absorbed/buried/occupied/engaged解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段的倒數(shù)第二句可知，心理學家米哈里·契克森米哈提出過“涌流”一詞，指一種當我們沉浸于所做的太好的事情時，時間就好像是停止了的狀態(tài)。involvement可同義替換為involved/absorbed/buried/occupied/engaged。17.答案positive解析轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段可知對于缺乏時間和精力去嘗試新事物的成年人，它可以對他們的生活產(chǎn)生積極的影響。所以填positive。18.答案explore解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句“Butwithmicromasteryyoucanstartwiththetestpieceandthenandonlythendoyougobackupstreamtolearnanythingmoreaboutthenewworld.”可知，與其羨慕成功者，不如從小事情開始去探索未知的世界，所以填explore。19.答案extend/stretch/cross/break/push解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句“Itsveryliberatingyounolongerhavetofeeltrappedinyourdayjob.”可知，這里意思是它可以幫助我們解放思想，擴展我們生活的邊界。所以填extend/stretch/cross/break/push。20.答案master/god/controller/commander解析概括詞匯題。根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Youwillstart，inasmallway，togetyourlifebackfromtheideathattheworldseemstopushonusthatweshoulddojustonethingallourlives.”可知，要得到滿意的生活，須做小事情的主人。所以填master/god/controller/commander。11