（江蘇專版）2020版高考英語大二輪復習 專題4 任務型閱讀 第一節(jié) 原文詞匯類學案 牛津譯林版

專題4 任務型閱讀1.考綱要求任務型閱讀是江蘇自2008年開始將閱讀理解與語言表達有機地結合在一起的新題型。要求考生首先閱讀一篇300600詞左右的文章，然后根據文章提供的信息，用恰當?shù)脑~語完成與文章相關的圖表，并限填一個最恰當?shù)脑~?？疾榈男问接袃煞N：表格式和樹狀式。2.命題規(guī)律任務型閱讀就是對文中的有效信息進行篩選、整合和綜合概括，然后準確、有序地完成表格的空缺(根據說明，一空只填一詞)。主要要求考生對原文充分理解和歸納，對原文進行不同層次的信息轉換和提煉。今后任務型閱讀還會繼續(xù)考查考生單詞拼寫的能力、解剖文章的脈絡和理解文章結構或框架的能力、科學表達信息的能力、靈活運用語言的能力及歸納總結的能力。3.解題步驟(1)考生應快速瀏覽全文，尤其是每段的第一句話，即Topicsentence和首尾段落，理清文章的寫作思路和基本結構，以便加深對文章內容的了解。(2)掃讀表格，分析表格結構，理清其顯示的層次關系，準確定位其考查要求。要特別注意表格前的小標題，它通常就是段落和表格的主題句。(3)深入理解文章內容，精讀與空格中要填的信息相關的文段，尋找確定答案的關鍵詞語，或者從文章中進行概括，同時仔細斟酌用詞，確保填的是最恰當?shù)脑~的恰當形式。4.解題技巧(1)文章中標題和小標題的作用：標題的作用是突出文章的主題或主線；小標題提示了段落主題，是文章的行文脈絡。讀懂各種標題有助于把握文章大意和表格結構。(2)圖文結合的作用：在前面已經提到了圖表結構和文章脈絡的關系，在做題時可以通過圖表中給出的文章結構，定位各題在文中出現(xiàn)的大概段落，再根據所在句子中的關鍵詞定位答案所在位置，這樣可以保證做題的速度和準確度。(3)聯(lián)系所要求的答案與文中詞匯的關系：最后所填的正確答案必須符合表格中所在句子的語法需要，一般在文章中知道答案或答案提示后，要核實表格中所填入單詞的具體語法需要，如人稱、主謂一致、時態(tài)與語態(tài)、詞性、非謂語動詞、固定搭配等，同時還可以對比表格中上下結構的對應關系、所給句子中的平行關系來確定最終的答案形式。(4)掌握一些常見的概括性詞匯的正確拼寫，考試說明中詞匯的詞性變化和一些常見詞組或者句型轉換形式。(5)多訓練，平時訓練要由淺入深，提高訓練的針對性。因為高考的任務型閱讀有較大的難度，所以平時要多做各市模擬題。做過之后，要多總結反思。同時，多做一些句意轉換方面的題，提高自己的信息轉換能力。溫馨提示在解答轉換詞匯題和概括詞匯題時要注意以下幾點：1.字母大小寫。2.名詞的數(shù)和所有格。3.動詞的形式。4.形容詞、副詞的比較級、最高級。5.動詞或名詞與介詞的習慣搭配。6.時態(tài)、語態(tài)、主謂一致、第三人稱等。7.格式一致。表格內容的同一級要用相同的形式。第一節(jié)原文詞匯類(2019·江蘇)TheCostofThinkingDespitetheirmanydifferences，allhumanbeingsshareseveraldefiningcharacteristics，suchaslargebrainsandtheabilitytowalkuprightontwolegs.Thefirstuniquehumancharacteristicisthathumanshaveextraordinarilylargebrainscomparedwithotheranimals.Itseemsobviousthatevolutionshouldselectforlargerbrains.Mammals(哺乳動物) weighingsixtykilogramshaveanaveragebrainsizeof200cm3.Modernmanhasabrainaveraging12001400cm3.Wearesofondofourhighintelligencethatweassumethatwhenitcomestobrainpower，moremustbebetter.Unfortunately，thatisnotthecase.Thefactisthatahugebrainisahugedrainconsumptionofenergyonthebody.Itsnoteasytocarryaround，especiallywhenboxedinsideamassiveskull(顱骨).Itsevenhardertoprovideenergy.Inmodernman，thebrainaccountsforabout23%oftotalbodyweight，butitconsumes25%ofthebodysenergywhenthebodyisatrest.Bycomparison，thebrainsofapes(類人猿) requireonly8%ofrest-timeenergy.Earlyhumanspaidfortheirlargebrainsintwoways.Firstly，theyspentmoretimeinsearchoffood.Secondly，theirmusclesgrewsmallerandweaker.Itshardlyanobviousconclusionthatthisisagoodwaytosurvive.Achimpanzee(黑猩猩) cantwinanargumentwithamodernman，butitcantearthemanapartlikearagdoll.Anotheruniquehumancharacteristicisthattheywalkupright.Standingup，itseasiertofindfoodorenemies.Inaddition，theirarmsthatareunnecessaryformovingaroundarefreedforotherpurposes，likethrowingstonesorsignaling.Asaresult，humanscanperformverycomplextaskswiththeirhands.Yetwalkinguprighthasitsdisadvantage.Thebonestructureoftheirancestorsdevelopedformillionsofyearstosupportacreaturethatwalkedonallfoursandhadarelativelysmallhead.Adjustingtoanuprightpositionwasquiteachallenge，especiallywhentheboneshadtosupportanextra-largeskull.Humankindpaidforitsbroadvisionandskillfulhandswithbackachesandpainfulnecks.Weassumethatalargebrainmakeshugeadvantages.Itseemsobviousthatthesehavemadehumankindthemostpowerfulanimalonearth.Buthumansenjoyedalloftheseadvantagesforafull2millionyearsduringwhichtheyremainedweakandmarginalcreatures.Thushumanswholivedamillionyearsago，despitetheirbigbrainsandsharpstonetools，livedinconstantfearofmeat-eatinganimals.TheCostofThinkingIntroduction·Largebrainsfortheirbodiesandtheabilitytowalkuprightaretwo71._ofhumanbeings.The72.oflargehumanbrains·Thelargerbrainsmaynotbebetterbecauseofthecost.·Thebigbrainsmakeitharderforthebodytomovearoundandconsumemoreenergy.·Theanimalbrainrequiresless73.whenthebodyisatrest.·Largehumanbrainsconsumemorefood，andweakenmuscles.The74.ofwalkingupright·Walkinguprightmakesiteasytofindfoodor75.againstenemies.·Freedhandscanservesome76.purposesandperformcomplextasks.·Walkinguprightchallengesthehumanbonestructure，and77.thesizeofbrains.·Walkinguprightresultsin78.sufferings.Conclusions·Withalargebrain，humanbeings79.otherbeingsintermsofintelligence.·Weakandmarginal，humanbeingsremained80.ofmeat-eatinganimals.考場思維模式第一步：讀表格，填出較簡單的概括詞匯題文章標題是“TheCostofThinking”，主要敘述人用大腦思考的代價。人類與動物相比有兩大特點：超大的腦容量和直立行走。超大的腦容量使人類擁有更高的智商，但卻要消耗巨大的能量。直立行走讓人類更容易尋找食物和發(fā)現(xiàn)敵人，解放了的雙手被用來做更復雜的事，但它卻讓人類遭受腰疼和頸部疼痛等。人類成為地球上最強大的動物，享受無與倫比的優(yōu)勢，卻對食肉動物懷有恐懼。試著先填概括性試題：72disadvantages和74impact(s)，從而為填好所有空打下基礎。第二步：定位、定詞、定性、定形任務型閱讀表格高度概括了原文信息，為了節(jié)約時間并且提高解題的針對性，先讀表格內容，然后在原文中進行定位。定位后進行定詞，定詞后要定性(如名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞等)，最后定形(如單復數(shù)、非謂語形式、大小寫等)。1.原文詞匯類71.答案characteristics解析根據第一段中的“allhumanbeingsshareseveraldefiningcharacteristics，suchaslargebrainsandtheabilitytowalkuprightontwolegs”可知，本題答案為characteristics。73.答案energy解析根據第三段中的“thebrainaccountsfor.thebrainsofapes(類人猿) requireonly8%ofrest-timeenergy”可知，和人類相比，類人猿的大腦休息時需要較少的能量，故本題答案為energy。76.答案other解析根據第四段中的“arefreedforotherpurposes，likethrowingstonesorsignaling”可知，解放的雙手可以有一些其他的用途。2.轉換詞匯類75.答案guard/defend解析根據第四段中的“itseasiertofindfoodorenemies”可知，直立行走更有利于尋找食物和防范敵人，故本題答案為guard/defend。78.答案physical解析根據第五段最后一句可知，直立行走會導致身體上的一些痛苦，故本題答案為physical。79.答案beat/defeat解析根據最后一段內容可知，腦容量大使我們在智力方面勝過其他動物，故本題答案為beat/defeat。80.答案fearful/afraid解析根據最后一段最后一句中的“l(fā)ivedinconstantfearofmeat-eatinganimals”可知，本題答案為fearful/afraid。3.概括詞匯類72.答案disadvantages解析根據表格右欄中的內容可知，該部分主要闡述了腦容量大的一些不利之處，故本題答案為disadvantages。74.答案impact(s)解析根據表格右欄中的內容可知，該部分從正反兩方面論述了直立行走的影響，故本題答案為impact(s)。77.答案limits解析根據第五段中的“hadarelativelysmallhead.especiallywhentheboneshadtosupportanextra-largeskull”可知，在進化過程中，直立行走對人的大腦的大小有限制。第三步：復查并將答案填在答題卡上復查完確認沒有修改之后，將試卷上所寫答案填在答題卡規(guī)定區(qū)域，注意要認真書寫，不能潦草。信息捕捉題就是常見的原文詞匯題，這屬于對學生英語中低層水平能力的考查。一般占50%左右，原文詞匯題是基礎題目，考查學生從文章中捕捉信息的能力。一般可以直接通過表格和原文進行對照，邊讀文章邊可以找出與試題相關的信息，獲取到相關單詞；有時候試題和原文句型的句式不同，需進行簡單的邏輯推理然后找到相應的單詞，不需變化，直接填入。解題關鍵是信息的定位和篩選。這類題目要求考生快速在文章中查找相關細節(jié)，鎖定信息來源，并用文章中的詞來填空。解題時可采用下列步驟：ADotheRightThing(2019·蘇州、無錫、常州、鎮(zhèn)江四市高三聯(lián)考)Inlife，peoplefeelmostsatisfiedwhentheychooseoptionsthatsidewiththeirmostdeeplyheldvalues.Hereshowtostaytruetoyours.Ifyouhopetohaveyourlifeshapedaccordingtoyourideals，youhavetoknowwhatthoseidealsare.Perhapsbeginsessionsbyidentifyingtheconceptsthataremostimportantfromalist：honesty，structure，familyandsoon.Thosequalitiesareinfluencedbyyourparents，yourcultureandsocietyasawhole，butyouhavetotakeownershipofyourowndecisions.Almostallofthesequalitiesarethingsmostofusdesiretoholddear.Todeterminewhichprinciplesaremorethanjustdesires，reflectonsituationsthatresonate(共鳴) withyourself.Identifyingyourvalueswillguideyouintherightdirection，butafewstrategiescanhelpyoufollowthrough.Beforeyoumakeabigdecision，dosomethingthatwillputyouinhighspirits：exercise，socializewithfriends，volunteer.Researcherstheorizethatsuchactivitiesimproveourmood，whichpromotesdopaminelevelsincertainareasofthebrain，improvingourcognitiveabilitiesandhelpingusweighdifferentoptions.Troubleis，thetoughestdecisionsoftenarriveatthemostinconvenienttimes.Whenyoureunderforce，askafamilymember，afriendorincertaincases，aprofessionalforadvice.Theycanprovideadvicethatsnotslightlyinfluencedbytheworkdeadline，orleakyroofgraduallyweakeningyourmentalenergy.Ofcourse，peoplemakedecisionsthatcontradicttheiridealsallthetime.Therearelotsofvaluesweholddearandtheyfrequentlycomeintoconflictwithoneanother.Itsnotsomuchthatpeopledontknowwhattheywant；itsthattherearemanythingswedesire，andwedontalwaysknowhowtocompromise.Whileasingledecisioncanseemlikeatug-of-warbetweencompetingdesires，broaderlifechoicesdontneedtobeadefinitiveeither/orquestion.Onewholikestravelingworldwidemighttemporarilyputoffagrandtriptoexplorelocationsclosertohomeorcommittosettingasidetimeforvacationwiththeirfamilyeverysummer，nomatterwhatelsecomesup.Surroundyourselfwithpeoplewho，besidessharingyourpassion，canalsopreventyoufromhesitating.Agroupcanremindyou，“Hey，wearedoingthisbecauseweloveit.”Ifyourestillstruggling，evenafterseekingoutcommunitysupport，theresnoshameinrevisingyourcorevalues.Ifyouredeterminedtotakepartinacharityprogrambutspendtheeveningwithfriendsinstead，itmaybetimetoacceptthatfriendshipismoreimportanttoyouthanvolunteerism.Betteryet，findopportunitiestocontinuethecharityprogramwithyourfriends.Youmaylearnthatwhatyoubelievedwasacorepriorityactuallyhasmuchmoretodowith：livinguptowhatyourparents，co-workersorothersexpect.Ifyourvaluesagreewithwhoyoureallyare，noonewillhavetoaskyoutomakethosechoices.Title：DotheRightThingPassageoutlineDetailedinformationProblemItsmostsatisfyingtomakechoiceswhich1.yourvalues.Buthowcanyoustaytruetoyours？SolutionstotheproblemKnowyourvaluesIdentifyyourvalues.Itcanhelp2.yourlifeaccordingtoyourideals.Many3.asawholeinfluencelifeconcepts，butyouhavetotakeownershipofyourowndecisions.Considersituationsresonatingwithyourselfwhen4.whichprinciplesaremorethanjustdesires.FindthebesttimeDosomethingputtingyouinagood5.beforemakingbigdecisions.6.otherpeopleattheinconvenienttimes.BalancealloptionsLearntomake7.amongdesires.Avoidlimitingchoicestoadefinitiveeither/orquestion.StaythecourseStaywithpeoplewhoencourageyoutostaytruewithoutaslight8.Itisnot9.toreviseyourcorevaluessometimes，butbetterfindopportunitiestomakesomecompensation.ConclusionYourvaluesmayagreewiththe10.ofyourparents，co-workersorothers.Ifyourvaluesagreewithwhoyoureallyare，noonewillhavetoaskyoutomakethosechoices.語篇解讀本文是一篇議論文。在生活中做出符合自己價值觀的選擇是最令人滿意的事，但是怎么做到呢？文章介紹了幾種方法。1.答案match解析轉換詞匯題。根據第一段的首句“Inlife，peoplefeelmostsatisfiedwhentheychooseoptionsthatsidewiththeirmostdeeplyheldvalues.”可知，做出符合自己價值觀的選擇是最令人滿意的。故答案為match。2.答案shape解析原文詞匯題。根據第二段的第一句“Ifyouhopetohaveyourlifeshapedaccordingtoyourideals，youhavetoknowwhatthoseidealsare.”可知，你的理想可以幫你塑造你的人生。被動改為主動，故答案為shape。3.答案factors解析概括詞匯題。根據第二段可知，許多因素作為一個整體影響著生活理念，但你必須對自己的決定負責。故答案為factors。4.答案determining/deciding解析轉換詞匯題。根據第三段的最后一句可知，當你決定哪些原則不僅僅是欲望時，要考慮與自己產生共鳴的情況。注意when后跟動名詞，故答案為determining/deciding。5.答案mood解析轉換詞匯題。根據第四段的第二句可知，在做重大決定之前，做一些讓你心情愉快的事情。inhighspirits與inagoodmood同義，故答案為mood。6.答案Consult解析概括詞匯題。根據第五段的第二句“Whenyoureunderforce，askafamilymember，afriendorincertaincases，aprofessionalforadvice.”可知，當麻煩來臨卻又在不方便的時候，咨詢一下別人。故答案為Consult。7.答案compromises/choices解析原文詞匯題。根據第六段的最后一句“.itsthattherearemanythingswedesire，andwedontalwaysknowhowtocompromise.”可知，我們渴望很多東西，但是不知道如何在它們之中做出讓步或妥協(xié)。故答案為compromises/choices。8.答案hesitation解析轉換詞匯題。根據第八段的第一句“Surroundyourselfwithpeoplewho，besidessharingyourpassion，canalsopreventyoufromhesitating.”可知，要和那些鼓勵你毫不猶豫地保持真實的人在一起。故答案為hesitation。9.答案shameful/disgraceful解析轉換詞匯題。根據倒數(shù)第二段的第三句“Ifyourestillstruggling，evenafterseekingoutcommunitysupport，theresnoshameinrevisingyourcorevalues.”可知，修改你的核心價值觀并不可恥。故答案為shameful/disgraceful。10.答案expectation(s)解析轉換詞匯題。根據最后一段的第一句“Youmaylearnthat.whatyourparents，co-workersorothersexpect.”可知，你的價值觀可能符合你父母、同事或其他人的期望。故答案為expectation(s)。B(2019·南京金陵中學、海安中學、外國語學校高三四模)Waitinginlineisapestofmodernsociety.AccordingtoDavidAndrewssbook，WhyDoestheOtherLineAlwaysMoveFaster？，itwasntcommonuntiltheIndustrialRevolutionsynchronized (同步) workersschedules，causinglinesthatrunoutoflunchhoursandevenings.GiventhatAmericansareestimatedtocollectivelywastetensofbillionsofhoursayearinlines，itsnowonderthatsomepeopletrytocut，andothersbitterlyresentthem.Yetjumpingthequeuewithoutinvitingviolenceispossible.Belowaresometips，courtesyofsocialscience.First，picktherightqueue.Itsvirtuallyimpossibletocutinlineforaonce-in-a-lifetimeeventtheCubsplayingtheWorldSeries，say.Butinarepeatingsituationlikeasecurityline，peoplearemorelikelytoletyouin，perhapsbecausetheyanticipateneedingasimilarfavorsomeday.Usinggametheorytodeterminewhatconditionswouldmakeline-cuttingsociallypermissible，researchersfoundthatpeoplequeuingjustoncedisplaylittletoleranceforline-cutting.Butwhenthequeuerepeats，peopleletinintruderswhoclaimanurgentneedorwhorequireminimalservicetime.Anexcuseforcuttinghelps，butitneedntbebulletproof.Inonemuch-citedstudy，experimenterstriedtojumpphotocopierqueuesusingoneofthreeexplanations.Asmall，politerequestwithoutjustification“Excuseme，Ihavefivepages.MayIusetheXeroxmachine？”enabledthemtocut60percentofthetime.Addingthattheywererushedallowedthemtocut94percentofthetime.And“MayIusetheXeroxmachine，becauseIneedtomakecopies？”wasalmostaseffective，despiteitslameoffer.Bribing(賄賂) canalsowork，anditmaynotevencostyou.Inonestudy，queuerswereofferedcashbyanundercoverresearcheriftheydlettheresearchercut.Amajorityagreed，butoddly，mostofthemthenrefusedthecash.Theyappreciatedtheoffernotoutofgreed，butbecauseitprovedtheintrudersdesperation.Keepinmindthattoleranceforline-cuttingvariesacrosscultures.OnesurveyofforeignerslivinginSpainrevealedmanydifferencesinqueuingrules.AnIrishrespondentsaidindignantly，“TheysayIjustwanttoaskaquickquestionandgorightuptothecounter.Imreadytoexplode.”AGermansubjectangrilydescribedafellowsupermarketshopper：“Awomanwalkedrightinfrontofmeandputherthingsonthecounter.ShesaysNo its okay，weretogether，pointingtotheotherwomanwhohadjustfinishedpaying.ItseemsthatinSpainthatsallowed.Incredible.”BackinAmerica，theworstsinofline-cuttingispretendingyourenotdoingit.Likemembersofanycommunity，queuerswanttheircustomsobserved.Wedallescapeline-waitingifwecould，butthatwaychaoslies.Soifyoumustcut，justasknicely.Doingsostrengthensthesocialcontract，anditworks.Briefintroductiontowaitinginline*WiththeriseoftheIndustrialRevolution，cuttinginlinegrewin11.*Itis12.thatAmericansattitudestowardsline-cuttingvaryfrompersontopersoninviewofwastingaconsiderableamountoftimeayearinlines.Tipsoncuttinginlinepolitely*Giventhattheyarelikelytobeinyour13.someday，queuersprobablyallowyoutojumpthequeueinrepeatingsituations.*Accordingtogametheory，theactionofline-cuttingcannotbe14.whenpeoplequeuejustonce.*Whenyouassumeanairof15.，youwillhaveagreaterpossibilityofbeingallowedtocutinline.*Actuallyqueuersallowyoutocutinlinenotduetoyourbribingbutyour16.17.distinctionsintoleranceforline-cutting*Line-cuttingmeetswitha(n) 18.responsefromtheIrishandtheGerman，whiletheSpanishseemtoreact19.*Americansstrongly20.toitwhenqueue-jumperspretendtheyarenotdoingit.11.答案popularity/currency解析概括詞匯題。由第一段可知，直到工業(yè)革命統(tǒng)一了工人的工作時間，排隊才變得常見。通過common，可以判斷出填popularity/currency。12.答案understandable/acceptable解析概括詞匯題。根據第一段的第三句可知，鑒于美國人每年要浪費大量的時間在排隊上，因此他們對待插隊的態(tài)度因人而異，這也是可以理解/接受的。故可以判斷出填understandable/acceptable。13.答案shoes/position/situation解析轉換詞匯題。由第二段中的“.peoplearemorelikelytoletyouin，perhapsbecausetheyanticipateneedingasimilarfavorsomeday.”可知，如果他們處在你的境地來思考，他們可能會讓你插隊。所以通過a similar favor可以判斷出填shoes/position/situation，表示“處于某人的境地或處境來設想”。14.答案tolerated解析轉換詞匯題。由第二段中的“.researchersfoundthatpeoplequeuingjustoncedisplaylittletoleranceforline-cutting.”可知，根據博弈論，僅僅排隊一次的人對插隊是不能容忍的。根據tolerance可以判斷出填tolerated。15.答案hurry/rush/emergency解析轉換詞匯題。由第二段的最后一句“Butwhenthequeuerepeats，peopleletinintruderswhoclaimanurgentneedorwhorequireminimalservicetime.”可知，當你裝出一副匆忙的樣子時，你被允許插隊的可能性會更大。通過“urgentneed，minimalservicetime”可以判斷出填hurry/rush/emergency。16.答案desperation/despair解析原文詞匯題。由第四段的最后一句“Theyappreciatedtheoffernotoutofgreed，butbecauseitprovedtheintrudersdesperation.”可知，排隊者允許你插隊不是因為你的賄賂，而是因為你的絕望。本句屬于desperation的再現(xiàn)。故填desperation/despair。17.答案Cultural解析轉換詞匯題。由第五段的首句“Keepinmindthattoleranceforline-cuttingvariesacrosscultures.”可知，不同文化對插隊的容忍度各不相同。通過culture可以判斷出填cultural。此處首字母應大寫，故填Cultural。18.答案angry解析轉換詞匯題。由第五段中的“AnIrishrespondentsaidindignantly.AGermansubjectangrilydescribedafellowsupermarketshopper.”可知，插隊遭到了愛爾蘭人和德國人的憤怒回應。通過indignantly，angrily可以判斷出填angry。19.答案differently解析概括詞匯題。由第五段的最后兩句“ItseemsthatinSpainthatsallowed.Incredible.”可知，在西班牙，似乎是允許插隊的。對比愛爾蘭人和德國人對于插隊的反應，西班牙人的反應截然不同。故填differently。20.答案object解析概括詞匯題。由最后一段的首句“BackinAmerica，theworstsinofline-cuttingispretendingyourenotdoingit.”可知，在美國，插隊最大的過失就是假裝你沒有插隊。通過“theworstsin”可以看出，美國人非常反對插隊。objectto反對，為固定短語。故填object。12