2019中央電大知識產權法形成性考核冊答案必考重點【完整版.doc

電大知識產權法考試資料形成性考核冊作業(yè)1一、名詞解釋（每小題2分，共20分）1、知識產權法：知識產權法是調整因創(chuàng)造、使用智力成果而產生的，以及早確認、保護和形式治理成果所有人的知識產權的過程中所發(fā)生的各種社會關系的法律規(guī)范的總稱2、商品裝潢：是指在商品或其包裝、容器以及其他附著物上所進行的裝飾。3、商品商標：指使用于商品之上的商標，根據使用者的不同，分為制造商標和銷售商標。4、證明商標：也稱保證商標，是指由對某種商品或服務具有檢測和監(jiān)督能力組織所控制，而由其以外的人使用在商品或服務上，用以證明該商品或服務的原產地、原料、制造方法、質量、精確度或其他特定品質的商品商標或服務商標。5、注冊商標：經國家商標主管機關核準注冊的商標。二、簡答題（每小題10分，共40分1、請按你的理解給知識產權概念下個定義。答：知識產權是治理成果所有人和使用人給予自己所擁有的智力成果而依法享有的各項民事權利的總和，包括著作權、商標權、專利權、閥線圈、發(fā)明權以及其他科技成果權。知識產權是一個隨著科學技術、文學藝術的發(fā)展而不斷拓展和深化的概念2、請試述知識產權的法律性質。知識產權是一種無形財產權，是一種特殊的民事權利，這就是知識產權的法律性質。3、請試述知識產權的范圍。知識產權的范圍，有廣義和狹義兩種。廣義的知識產權范圍，為兩個主要的保護知識產權的國際公約所界定。第一：1967年簽訂的世界知識產權組織公約指出，知識產權應包括下列權利：1關于文學、藝術和科學作品的權利；2關于表演藝術家的表演、錄音和廣播的權利；3關于人類在一切領域內的發(fā)明的權利；4關于科學發(fā)現享有的權利；5關于工業(yè)品外觀設計的權利；6 關于商品商標、服務商標、商號及其他商業(yè)標記的權利；7關于制止不正當競爭的權利；8其他一切來自工業(yè)、科學及文學、藝術領域的智力創(chuàng)作活動所產生的權利。第二：1995年1月1日成立的世界貿易組織（WTO）的與貿易有關的知識產權協議規(guī)定的范圍，包括：1版權與鄰接權2商標權3地理標志權4工業(yè)品外觀設計觀5專利權6集成電路布圖設計權7未公開的信息專有權，主要是商業(yè)秘密權.目前基本上國際上都是以這兩個協議所界定的范圍為知識產權的范圍。 狹義的知識產權，指傳統(tǒng)意義上的知識產權，即專利權、商標權、著作權。卓越人社區(qū) o4你認為知識產權法有哪些作用（最少四條）。 答：（1）為智力成果完成人的權益提供了法律保障，調動了人們從事科學技術研究和文學藝術作品創(chuàng)作的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。（2）為智力成果的推廣應用和傳播提供了法律機制，為智力成果轉化為生產力，運用到生產建設上去，產生了巨大的經濟效益和社會效益。（3）為國際經濟技術貿易和文化藝術的交流提供了法律準則，促進人類文明進步和經濟發(fā)展。（4）知識產權法律制度作為現代民商法的重要組成部分，隊對完善我國法律體系，建設法治國家具有重大意義。三、案例（40分）某公司新生產一種環(huán)保型純天然礦泉水。經試銷顧客反響很好，銷售業(yè)績不斷上升，為防止他人假冒并樹立市場形象，取得信譽，公司決定申請商標注冊。公司想起名注冊商標為“神怡”，但又怕別人利用法律侵害其商標權益，如何注冊也不清楚。如果你作為商標代理人將提出哪些建議，并提供注冊咨詢服務。要求：寫一篇咨詢意見書（包括怎樣注冊、程序是什么、如何防止權益被侵害、可采取哪些方案。）根據我國商標法及相關法規(guī)，我作為商標代理人，謹對貴公司申請“神怡”牌礦泉水注冊商標一事，出具咨詢意見如下： 一、 怎樣申請注冊商標及申請程序。我國商標法規(guī)定，我國國內申請人可以通過兩種渠道辦理商標注冊，一是由申請人委托商標代理機構代為辦理注冊商標申請事宜，二是由申請人直接辦理。貴公司可以選擇其中之一進行辦理。若選擇委托辦理，貴公司首先應當注意選擇具有商標代理資質的商標代理機構就代理事項與之協商一致，簽訂委托代理合同，出具授權委托書，并向該機構交納代理費以及貴公司企業(yè)法人營業(yè)執(zhí)照等有效證件的復印件。若選擇直接辦理，則應持企業(yè)介紹信、企業(yè)法人營業(yè)執(zhí)照及有關申請文件，直接到商標局辦理注冊商標申請手續(xù)。無論采用哪種渠道，都必須填寫統(tǒng)一的商標注冊申請書報商標局，并提交商標圖樣及申請人身份證講的復印件。商標局在收到商標注冊申請之后，將依法對該申請進行形式審查和實質審查，經審查，對符合規(guī)定的，予以初步審定并予以公告。自公告之日起三個月內無異議者，予以核準注冊。對不符合規(guī)定的，予以駁回。申請人不服的，可以自收到駁回通知之日起15日內向商標復審委員會申請復審。對復審結果不服的，可以自收到復審結果通知書之日起30日內向人民法院起訴。二、 關于防止貴公司合法權益受損害的措施這個問題的實質是貴公司一旦獲得“神怡”牌礦泉水注冊商標后，應采取哪些措施予以保護的問題。關于商標保護，我國法律規(guī)定主要有行政保護和司法保護兩種方式。行政保護是指商標管理機關通過行政程序依法查處商標侵權行為來保護商標專用權。貴公司一旦發(fā)現自己擁有的注冊商標權益受到損害，如市場上出現假冒產品，就應當及時向商標管理機關報告，并積極搜集相關證據，配合商標管理機關打擊任何人對貴公司注冊商標合法權益的侵權行為。司法保護是指司法機關通過司法程序依法審理商標侵權案件，制裁商標侵權人，打擊假冒注冊商標犯罪來對商標專用權予以保護。如有必要，貴公司依法直接向人民法院起訴，請求司法保護。此外，貴公司也應加強注冊商標自我保護，包括通過學習增強商標保護意識，配備商標管理人員，采取各種預防措施，發(fā)生侵權事件后及時請求行政保護和司法保護等。商標事務所商標代理人：年 月 日知識產權法形成性考核冊作業(yè)2王某在黑龍江省齊齊哈爾市于1990年4月1日向中國專利局受理處有幾名為“保溫鞋”的實用新型申請文件，郵戳日為1990年4分月1日，中國專利局受理處收到該申請文件的日期為1990年4月6日。李某在北京于1990年4月2日向中國專利局額受理處直接遞交一份與王某同樣的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的專利申請文件，也名為“保溫鞋”的實新型專利申請。 問：如何處理？為什么？答：本題的考點是依法判斷王某與李某誰是該項專利的最先申請人，該項專利的申請權應當歸誰所有。我國專利法規(guī)定，兩個以上主題相同的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造分別向專利行政部門提出申請的，實行先申請原則。即誰是最先申請人，誰就是請求權人。確定的方法是，以申請日作為申請時間先后的判斷標準，以國務院專利行政部門受到專利申請文件之日為申請日，但是申請文件是郵寄的，以寄出的郵戳日為申請日。在本題中，王某是以郵寄方式申請的，郵戳日是1990年4月1日，因此他的申請日依法應確定為1990年4月1日。而李某是以直接遞交方式申請的，遞交時間是1990年4月2日，申請日為1990年4月2日。由此可見，王某是該項專利的最先申請人，因此國家專利局應確定該項專利的申請權歸王某所有。 知識產權法形成性考核冊作業(yè)3案例答案要點：關于故宮博物館國務院和某出版社糾紛的案例，考核的是分析問題、解決問題的能力。要求寫以原告的代理人身份寫一篇代理意見和以被告的律師身份寫一篇答辯意見。本題無標準答案，只要言之有理，能自圓其說，予以發(fā)揮即可 代理意見參考要點：我受某某律師事物所委托，擔任原告故宮博物館的代理人，現根據民法通則和著作權法等法律法規(guī)的規(guī)定，以事實為基礎，以法律為準繩，發(fā)表以下代理意見： 1、故宮博物館將900多套珍貴文物進行攝影、測量，編寫文字形成作品并經過“兩家出版社”出版，從而享有該作品的著作權。理由：（1）被告非法使用的原告790張圖片是經過原告故宮博物館對文物進行攝影、編寫文字而成，原告對每一張圖片享有攝影作品的著作權。（2）原告對900多張圖片配以文字，予以整理編輯，擁有對900套圖片文字匯編而成的匯編作品即出版物的著作權。 2、出版社侵犯了故宮博物館的著作權，構成了權利的侵犯，應當賠禮道歉，賠償損失。理由：（1）出版社未經原告許可，擅自使用其圖片，不僅是一種剽竊抄襲的侵權行為，而且是一種未經著作權人許可，以營利為目的，復制發(fā)行原告作品的侵權行為。結合教材283頁內容。被告的行為侵犯了原告的使用權，不屬于著作權法中合理使用的情形。結合教材314-316內容(2)被告未經原告同意，擅自匯編790張圖片，侵犯了原告的復制權和演繹權中的匯編權。結合教材288頁內容論述。（3）被告侵犯了原告的作品完整權，原告擅自使用790張圖片，編寫宋清瓷器圖錄一書，是對包含900張圖片的原告出版作品的篡改。結合教材281頁內容（4）被告侵犯了原告取得報酬權。原告向社會出租圖片資料版權費400遠，加工制作費400元，被告擅自使用圖片，造成原告經濟損失 3、根據著作權法等法規(guī)的規(guī)定，被告應當立即公開賠禮道歉，賠償損失等民事責任。原告的作品系珍貴文物，因此被告應按每張800遠乘2予以賠償，應賠償共計元。 答辯參考要點：我接受某某律師事務所，作為被告出版社的辯護人，就故宮博物館訴出版社侵犯著作權一案，答辯如下： 1、出版人未侵犯故宮的著作權，不付賠償責任，原告的理由有漏洞。(請對以上原告代理意見從四個方面進行反駁，闡述了個人理由，接合教材有關內容根據自己理解論述)。 2、該書有作者，出版社只是出版了他人的作品，出版社沒有侵權圖書的著作權。作者非法使用原告圖片790張，是作者天津某教授具有侵犯原告著作權行為，應為此承擔相應的民事責任，不應由出版社承擔。原告應起訴作者的侵權行為 3、故宮博物館享有該作品的著作權，但原告故宮博物館提出的按每張800元乘2方式予以賠償，沒有法律依據，賠償額顯然跟我國法律規(guī)定相違背。作為被告的辯護人認為這種賠償方式是不應該成立的。就賠償問題來說，這個價格不應該這樣計算，相關法律法規(guī)并沒有規(guī)定翻兩倍的算法，對于賠償損失范圍，著作權法規(guī)定，以被害人的實際損失為限。 知識產權法形成性考核冊作業(yè)4一、名詞解釋：1、知識產權：是治理成果所有人和使用人給予自己所擁有的智力成果而依法享有的各項民事權利的總和，包括著作權、商標權、專利權、閥線圈、發(fā)明權以及其他科技成果權。知識產權是一個隨著科學技術、文學藝術的發(fā)展而不斷拓展和深化的概念2、商標權:根據我國商標法的有關規(guī)定，商標權也可稱為商標專用權是指商標注冊人對其注冊商標所享有的權利。3、專利權：是發(fā)明基于發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，通過申請專利的方法，公開自己發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的技術內容，經審查程序而取得的專有有權，是發(fā)明人在一定期限內對其發(fā)明享有的獨占權。4、著作權：也稱版權，指作者對其創(chuàng)作的文學藝術和科學作品依法享有的權利。5、侵犯商業(yè)秘密行為：是指行為人采取不當手段獲取、披露、使用權利人的商業(yè)秘密或者違反合同約定擅自允許他人使 用別人的商業(yè)秘密的行為。二、填空：1、國家知識產權局 2、自愿注冊強制注冊 3、商標國際注冊逐一國家注冊 4、個案認定被動認定 5、新穎性創(chuàng)造性實用性 6、形狀圖案色彩 7、責任視為作者 8、同意報酬同意報酬 9、一種直接 三、選擇 1、AB 2、B 3、BCD 4、ABD 5、ABC 6、AD 7、D 8、ABCD 四、簡答 1、申請注冊的商標應當具備的條件（1）申請注冊的商標必須具備構成要素；（2）申請注冊的商標應具備顯著性；（3）申請注冊的商標不得使用法律所禁止使用的標志。（4）申請注冊的商標不得與他人在同一種或者類似商品或者服務上已經注冊或者初步審定商標相同或者近似。（5）申請注冊的商標不得與被撤銷或者注銷未滿一年的注冊商標相同或者近似。2、授予發(fā)明專利和實用新型專利權的實質條件我國專利法第22條也規(guī)定：“授予專利權的發(fā)明和實用新型，應當具備新穎性、創(chuàng)造性和實用性”。（1）新穎性，是指在申請日以前沒有同樣的的發(fā)明或實用新型的國內外出版物上公開發(fā)表過，在國內公開使用過或者以其他方式為公眾所知，也沒有同樣的發(fā)明或者實用新型由他人向專利局提出申請并且記載在申請日以后公布的專利申請文件中?！保?）中國專利法第22條第3款規(guī)定：“創(chuàng)造性，是指同申請日前已有的技術相比，該發(fā)明有突出的實質性特點和顯著的進步，該實用新型有實質性特點和進步?！保?）實用性包括實踐性、再現性和有益性.3、著作權人享有哪些著作人身權利 答：根據著作權法第10條規(guī)定，著作人身權主要包括發(fā)表權、署名權、修改權、保護作品完整權等四項人身權利。發(fā)表權：是作者決定是否將作品公之于眾的權利。署名權：是作者在自己創(chuàng)作的作品和復制件上標記姓名的權利。修改權：是指修改或授權他人修改作品的權利。保護作品完整權：是保護作品不受歪曲篡改的權利。五、論述無標準答案，結合自己學習體會作答，以下僅供參考。 1、原因：考慮：（1）經濟因素：如剽竊他人新技術能夠減少開發(fā)成本，不用支付他人新技術的許可使用費，從而降低產品的成本，獲得巨大的利益。如可以使自己的產品提高技術含量，使老產品更新換代，迅速占領國內國際市場，贏得巨大的商機與經濟利益。（2）精神因素：通過剽竊他人新技術，搶先進行專利申請，成為專利權人，獲得精神上的滿足。（只要大家從“追名逐利” 上分析原因即可） 2、重要性：（1）保護發(fā)明創(chuàng)造推動技術創(chuàng)新，調動人們從事專利開發(fā)研究的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。（2）促進新技術的推廣使用，促使智力成果轉化為生產力，產生巨大的經濟利益和社會效益；（3）促進新技術的公開和傳播，促進人類文明的進步。（4）為外國投資提供保障，促進國際交流；（5）為智力成果的完成人的權益提供保證 3、保護措施：（1）自我保護（2）司法保護：行政救濟和司法救濟（予以展開即可）請您刪除一下內容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復習考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such asCartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). In this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. Conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection. In plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. If the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. In general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b,andcare not all zero. In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. In the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. The methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by RenDescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation ofalgebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed point, called the center. A circle is a conic section cut by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The term circle is also used to refer to the region enclosed by the curve, more properly called a circular region. The radius of a circle is any line segment connecting the center and a point on the curve; the term is also used for the length r of this segment, i.e., the common distance of all points on the curve from the center. Similarly, the circumference of a circle is either the curve itself or its length of arc. A line segment whose two ends lie on the circumference is a chord; a chord through the center is the diameter. A secant is a line of indefinite length intersecting the circle at two points, the segment of it within the circle being a chord. A tangent to a circle is a straight line touching the circle at only one point, the point of contact, or tangency, and is always perpendicular to the radius drawn to this point. A circle is inscribed in a polygon if each side of the polygon is tangent to the circle; a circle is circumscribed about a polygon if all the vertices of the polygon lie on the circumference. The length of the circumference C of a circle is equal to (see pi) times twice the radius distance r, or C=2r. The area A bounded by a circle is given by A=r2. Greek geometry left many unsolved problems about circles, including the problem of squaring the circle, i.e., constructing a square with an area equal to that of a given circle, using only a straight edge and compass; it was finally proved impossible in the late 19th cent. (see geometric problems of antiquity). In modern mathematics the circle is the basis for such theories as inversive geometry and certain non-Euclidean geometries. The circle figures significantly in many cultures. In religion and art it frequently symbolizes heaven, eternity, or the universe.整理范文，僅供參考歡迎您下載我們的文檔資料可以編輯修改使用致力于合同簡歷、論文寫作、PPT設計、計劃書、策劃案、學習課件、各類模板等方方面面，打造全網一站式需求覺得好可以點個贊哦如果沒有找到合適的文檔資料，可以留言告知我們哦10