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河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計
中文翻譯
分布式搜救機器人的控制和仿真
1機器人簡介
幾千年前人類就渴望制造一種像人一樣的機器，以便將人類從繁重的勞動中解脫出來。 如古希臘詩Homeros的長篇敘事詩 《伊利亞特》中的冶煉之神瘸腿海倍斯特司 ，就用黃金鑄造出一個美麗聰穎的侍女；希臘神話《阿魯哥探險船》中的青銅巨人泰洛斯；猶太傳說中的泥土巨人等等，這些美麗的神話時刻激勵著人們一定要把美麗的神話變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實，早在兩千年前就開始出現(xiàn)了自動木人和一些簡單的機械偶人。
到了近代，機器人一詞的出現(xiàn)和世界上第一臺工業(yè)機器人問世之后，不同功能的機器人也相繼出現(xiàn)并且活躍在不同的領(lǐng)域，從天上到地下，從工業(yè)拓廣到 農(nóng)業(yè)、林、牧、漁，甚至進入尋常百姓家。機器人的種類之多，應用之廣，影響之深，是我們始料未及的。從機器人的用途來分，可以分為：
◆ 地面軍用機器人
地面機器人主要是指智能或遙控的輪式和履帶式車輛.地面軍用機器人又可分為自主車輛和半自主車輛。自主車輛依靠自身的智能自主導航,躲避障礙物,獨立完成各種戰(zhàn)斗任務(wù);半自主車輛可在人的監(jiān)視下自主行使,在遇到困難時操作人員可以進行遙控干預。
◆無人機
被稱為空中機器人的無人機是軍用機器人中發(fā)展最快的家族，從1913年第一臺自動駕駛儀問世以來，無人機的基本類型已達到300多種，目前在世界市場上銷售的無人機有40多種。美國幾乎參加了世界上
所有重要的戰(zhàn)爭。由于它的科學技術(shù)先進，國力較強，因而80多年來，
世界無人機的發(fā)展基本上是以美國為主線向前推進的。美國是研究無人機最早的國家之一，今天無論從技術(shù)水平還是無人機的種類和數(shù)量來
看，美國均居世界首位。
綜觀無人機發(fā)展的歷史，可以說現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭是無人機發(fā)展的動力，高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展是它不斷進步的基礎(chǔ)。
◆水下機器人
水下機器人分為有人機器人和無人機器人兩大類：
有人潛水器機動靈活，便于處理復雜的問題，擔任的生命可能會有危險，而且價格昂貴。
無人潛水器就是人們所說的水下機器人，“科夫”就是其中的一種。它適于長時間、大范圍的考察任務(wù)，近20年來，水下機器人有了很大的發(fā)展，它們既可軍用又可民用。隨著人對海洋進一步地開發(fā)，21世紀它們必將會有更廣泛的應用。按照無人潛水器與水面支持設(shè)備（母船或平臺）間聯(lián)系方式的不同，水下機器人可以分為兩大類：一種是有纜水下機器人，習慣上把它稱做遙控潛水器，簡稱ROV；另一種是無纜水下機器人，潛水器習慣上把它稱做自治潛水器，簡稱AUV。有纜機器人都是遙控式的，按其運動方式分為拖曳式、（海底）移動式和浮游（自航）式三種。無纜水下機器人只能是自治式的，目前還只有觀測型浮游式一種運動方式，但它的前景是光明的。
◆空間機器人
空間機器人是一種低價位的輕型遙控機器人，可在行星的大氣環(huán)境中導航及飛行。為此，它必須克服許多困難，例如它要能在一個不斷變化的三維環(huán)境中運動并自主導航；幾乎不能夠停留；必須能實時確定它在空間的位置及狀態(tài)；要能對它的垂直運動進行控制；要為它的星際飛行預測及規(guī)劃路徑。
◆工業(yè)機器人
工業(yè)機器人是指在工業(yè)中應用的一種能進行自動控制的、可重復編程的、多功能的、多自由度的、多用途的操作機，能搬運材料、工件或操持工具，用以完成各種作業(yè)。且這種操作機可以固定在一個地方，也可以在往復運動的小車上。
◆服務(wù)機器人
服務(wù)機器人是機器人家族中的一個年輕成員，到目前為止尚沒有一個嚴格的定義，不同國家對服務(wù)機器人的認識也有一定差異。服務(wù)機器人的應用范圍很廣，主要從事維護、保養(yǎng)、修理、運輸、清洗、保安、救援、監(jiān)護等工作。德國生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與自動化研究所所長施拉夫特博士給服務(wù)機器人下了這樣一個定義：服務(wù)機器人是一種可自由編程的移動裝置，它至少應有三個運動軸，可以部分地或全自動地完成服務(wù)工作。這里的服務(wù)工作指的不是為工業(yè)生產(chǎn)物品而從事的服務(wù)活動，而是指為人和單位完成的服務(wù)工作。
◆娛樂機器人
娛樂機器人以供人觀賞、娛樂為目的，具有機器人的外部特征，可以像人，像某種動物，像童話或科幻小說中的人物等。同時具有機器人的功能，可以行走或完成動作，可以有語言能力，會唱歌，有一定的感知能力。
◆類人機器人
從其他類別的機器人可以看出，大多數(shù)的機器人并不像人，有的甚至沒有一點人的模樣，這一點使很多機器人愛好者大失所望。也許你會問，為什么科學家不研制類人機器人？這樣的機器人會更容易讓人接受。其實，研制出外觀和功能與人一樣的機器人是科學家們夢寐以求的愿望，也是他們不懈追求的目標。然而，研制出性能優(yōu)異的類人機器人，其最大的難關(guān)就是雙足直立行走。因為 機器人與人的學習方式不一樣。一個嬰兒要先學走，再學跑；而機器人則要先學跑，再學走。也就是說機器人學跑更容易些。
◆農(nóng)業(yè)機器人
由于機械化、自動化程度比較落后，“面朝黃土背朝天，一年四季不得閑”成了我國農(nóng)民的象征。但近年農(nóng)業(yè)機器人的問世，有望改變傳統(tǒng)的勞動方式。在農(nóng)業(yè)機器人的方面，目前日本居于世界各國之首。
2 現(xiàn)狀及國際發(fā)展趨勢
國際機器人領(lǐng)域發(fā)展近幾年有如下幾個趨勢：
（1）工業(yè)機器人性能不斷提高（高速度、高精度、高可靠性、便于操作和維修），而單機價格不斷下降，平均單機價格從91年的10．3萬美元降至97年的6．5萬美元。
（2）機械結(jié)構(gòu)向模塊化、可重構(gòu)化發(fā)展。例如關(guān)節(jié)模塊中的伺服電機、減速機、檢測系統(tǒng)三位一體化；由關(guān)節(jié)模塊、連桿模塊用重組方式構(gòu)造機器人整機；國外已有模塊化裝配機器人產(chǎn)品問市。
（3）工業(yè)機器人控制系統(tǒng)向基于PC機的開放型控制器方向發(fā)展，便于標準化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化；器件集成度提高，控制柜日見小巧，且采用模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)；大大提高了系統(tǒng)的可靠性、易操作性和可維修性。
（4）機器人中的傳感器作用日益重要，除采用傳統(tǒng)的位置、速度、加速度等傳感器外，裝配、焊接機器人還應用了視覺、力覺等傳感器，而遙控機器人則采用視覺、聲覺、力覺、觸覺等多傳感器的融合技術(shù)來進行環(huán)境建模及決策控制；多傳感器融合配置技術(shù)在產(chǎn)品化系統(tǒng)中已有成
熟應用。
（5）虛擬現(xiàn)實技術(shù)在機器人中的作用已從仿真、預演發(fā)展到用于過程控制，如使遙控機器人操作者產(chǎn)生置身于遠端作業(yè)環(huán)境中的感覺來操縱機器人。
（6） 當代遙控機器人系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展特點不是追求全自治系統(tǒng)，而是致力于操作者與機器人的人機交互控制，即遙控加局部自主系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成完整的監(jiān)控遙控操作系統(tǒng)，使智能機器人走出實驗室進入實用化階段。美國發(fā)射到火星上的“索杰納”機器人就是這種系統(tǒng)成功應用的最著名實例。
（7）機器人化機械開始興起。從94年美國開發(fā)出“虛擬軸機床”以來，這種新型裝置已成為國際研究的熱點之一，紛紛探索開拓其實際應用的領(lǐng)域。
3仿真和控制式機器人介紹
機器人的圖像和公眾感知能力受到科幻小說家和娛樂產(chǎn)業(yè)極端視角的的限制并不是很久以前的事兒。然而，如今閱讀一本有意思的有關(guān)近代機器人學的文章，晚間新聞時觀看火星表面探索，或者甚至在工作場所遇到一個機器人仍然是不普遍的。隨著機器人逐漸進入我們的日常生活中，它們在有益于社會的作用中越來越明顯。尤為明顯的是在一些危險環(huán)境中一個或多個機器人能夠代替人類進行工作。已經(jīng)引起了機器人社團的興趣的研究領(lǐng)域是在機器人的搜救過程中的操作。在一個危險的環(huán)境中搜救機器人的操作需要搜救人員的巨大努力才能完成。建筑物的倒塌和不穩(wěn)定，煤氣的泄漏和火災對人類搜救隊僅僅是一小部分的威脅。相對于人類發(fā)展自主式機器人的能力對于搜救存活者提供會很大的便利。
用機器人取代人類所需要解決的潛在問題有：
哪種機器人能夠在一種未知的和變化著的環(huán)境中高速移動？
在一次搜救操作過程中要想大面積的覆蓋搜救區(qū)域大概需要多少機器人？
這些機器人怎樣控制？
機器人是一個極其寬廣的領(lǐng)域它包括各種各樣的應用及研究興趣。從過去的工廠裝配線上的機器人到火星探索和國家宇航局，機器人的視覺和用途看起來無窮無盡。機器人這個詞的定義本身就是依賴于誰給它下的定義和他所預期達到的結(jié)果。為達到我們的目的，一個智能機器人就被定義為：一個機器能夠以一種有意義有目的的方式進行安全的移動并從它所在的環(huán)境中提取正確的信息。大部分的研究者把控制自動化機器人的方法分為三大類：協(xié)商，反應以及混合系統(tǒng)。協(xié)商方法是智能任務(wù)能夠在一個內(nèi)部模擬世界中通過推理的方法得以完成。這種控制人工智能社群多年的方法導致了由美國政府在1980年代開發(fā)的一種標準建筑學的發(fā)展，它體現(xiàn)了一種協(xié)商的模型。美國麻省理工學院實驗室的主任羅德尼布魯克斯指出協(xié)商模型可以作為一個感官-模型-計劃-指令的框架。
機器人社區(qū)開始對反應系統(tǒng)感興趣的時候是在1980年代的中期，出現(xiàn)最多的問題是移動機器人的協(xié)商控制變得更加明顯了。具體地說，協(xié)商控制系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)許多明顯的不足之處，比如脆性，屈服性以及在操作復雜不斷變化的環(huán)境中響應慢。響應速度在協(xié)商系統(tǒng)中是一個極為關(guān)鍵的一點。南加州大學的馬瑞克指出主要劃分為反應和協(xié)商系統(tǒng)之間能夠在計算量和類型的基礎(chǔ)上進行描繪。
反應體系結(jié)構(gòu)和行為建筑經(jīng)常被認為是一樣的。然而，極端存在被認為是基本后者是多么復雜的一種系統(tǒng)雖然仍舊被認為是無用的，瑪瑞克認為反應體系結(jié)構(gòu)和行為建筑有著根本的區(qū)別。她提出說雖然行為基礎(chǔ)系統(tǒng)包含一種特征甚至是一種純粹的反應系統(tǒng)的元素，但它們的計算并不需要限制。通過這種方式，行為系統(tǒng)可以儲存不同的形態(tài)以及實現(xiàn)不同的表述。此外，她指出行為系統(tǒng)要比一個反應系統(tǒng)更加需要時間的延長。
隨著對反應系統(tǒng)興趣的增長，研究人員試圖通過使用機械和計算系統(tǒng)來模仿生物系統(tǒng)以達到完成預期任務(wù)的目的。艾瑞克描述了神經(jīng)學是“為理解和建模生物行為潛在的電路提供一個基礎(chǔ)?！彼赋鲆恍┬睦韺W派已經(jīng)影響機器人的研究好多年了。實際上這些行為的研究對機器人
學的研究打下了一個堅實的基礎(chǔ)。這個研究的方法是在觀察的基礎(chǔ)上考慮任何的刺激以及作出的反應。
最近，生物行為的研究已經(jīng)擴大到世界的多智能體系結(jié)構(gòu)，社會生物學的研究專家已經(jīng)使用了幾組移動式機器人進行研究和模擬?？八_斯大學的艾瑞克研在機器人代理好惡的程度下使用ＴＳＣＡ研究個人和集體機器人的學習能力。在這方面領(lǐng)域的一些工作還依賴墜螞蟻和蜜蜂繁殖地的觀察，以及僅有限的個人代理體系信息中完成完成全球任務(wù)。
最近十年，研究人員開始關(guān)注由多個不同性質(zhì)機器人組成的多機器人系統(tǒng)來完成一個或多個任務(wù)。使用這些分布式機器人的好處是，高強度，高韌性，分布自然而且更加精簡。
4 模擬器的執(zhí)行
4.1 世界情況
在每一次仿真的開始，規(guī)定的戶外運動是“畫”３００×３００的矩陣。所有的墻和跳線都是放在陣列的開始位置，接下來將機器人放在現(xiàn)有的數(shù)組陣列中。在大多數(shù)情況下，機器人是放置在含有零值數(shù)值中運行的。然而，如果一個跳線首先占據(jù)了這個位置，在第六個和第八個值之間插入機器人值就表明這個位置包含了一根跳線。
4.2 機器人傳感
用于機器人傳感的方法類似于碰撞檢測的應用。感應的是通過檢測機器人周圍八個方向的數(shù)值來完成的。隨著每個單位時間的流逝，模擬器從機器人中心開始向前的方向每４５o角來檢查數(shù)組元素。例如，感應范圍是５０個單元，模擬器檢查每一數(shù)組單位都是沿著機器人中心０
o.４５o,９０o,１３５o,１８０o,２２５o,２７０o以及３１５o線（如果延伸方向恰好是０o線）。
感應從機器人中心開始每單位＋1，并沿著感應線繼續(xù)下去直到觸碰到墻壁或達到機器人的感應范圍極限。如果一個單位被檢測到，距離單位和相關(guān)的實體價值被放置在一個數(shù)組中的數(shù)據(jù)中，直到檢測到一個試題或達到了機器人感應的范圍。機器人感官沿著傳輸線傳到下一個感應器。這樣一直繼續(xù)下去直到所有的感應線都被檢測完成，一旦完成，接收到的數(shù)組數(shù)據(jù)就表明了機器人的感官世界，然后就形成一個確定的規(guī)則來指導機器人的行為。
4.3 匹配規(guī)則
一個機器人的行為是在他的規(guī)律集中完成感官數(shù)組數(shù)據(jù)和其中的一個特定規(guī)律的匹配之后進行選擇的。這種變化類似于經(jīng)典的兒童游戲。機器人接收到的數(shù)據(jù)可以被認為是一個操作者對運動軌跡最初的猜測。這些猜測被放置在對手的場地中進行試驗一來獲得得分。這么做是為了規(guī)則集中的每一點都能涉及到。這個規(guī)則用的最多的地方就是決定一個比賽的規(guī)則。規(guī)則分數(shù)是保存在一個單獨得分陣列中。
對于每一個單位和得到的感官數(shù)組數(shù)據(jù)的完整實體，確定匹配功能是當：
距離屬于在規(guī)則中指定的相關(guān)的傳感器的距離范圍。
在感官數(shù)組數(shù)據(jù)中的實體價值與規(guī)則中的實體價值相匹配。
如果滿足上述條件，規(guī)則值就會增加一，否則規(guī)則值就會減少一。下面的例子就顯示了最初的得分:
.從前面的傳感器所得到的數(shù)據(jù)可以得到距離20和四個實體值。
.規(guī)則X前面的距離值是10到30以及規(guī)則值是4.
.規(guī)則X的評分規(guī)則是逐一增加，這是因為20位于10和30之間同時要求實體數(shù)據(jù)匹配。
4.4. 偏差和本能
如果一個規(guī)則收到相同的分數(shù)作為最后的贏家，一個行動的偏差就決定了機器人最后的行為功能。如果規(guī)則和當前的獲勝者具有相同的行為價值，那么就沒有必要利用偏差；然而，如果這兩個有把不同的動作值偏差，那么，這個偏差就用來確定最后的行為動作。偏差是機器人采取最終行動所需要的一個整數(shù)變量保存價值。如果一個規(guī)則與之有關(guān)的分數(shù)不同于當前的贏家，那么規(guī)則的行為就與偏差有所區(qū)別。如果兩值相等，那么這個規(guī)則就會被采用，否則就保持當前的贏家不變。
對待打成平局的方法是機器人重復當前的動作。這個現(xiàn)象的原因是在機器人行為的基礎(chǔ)上強加了一些限定的連續(xù)性。
貫穿仿真的整個過程中機器人可能報廢的一些原因有:
*無休止的來回切換兩個活動；
*多次阻礙前進；
*無期限的重復同樣的動作。
4.5 評價
一個機器人隊的性能評估是在一次仿真中用戶自定義時間限制中實現(xiàn)的。這個表現(xiàn)是在一定的平臺中按機器人進入房間百分比測量的。此外機器人完全進入這個平臺時就完成了總覆蓋率的考慮。這些值是用來確定機器人搜救隊的性能的，同時也被當做遺傳算法的最合適的規(guī)則集。
這個模擬器記住了機器人進入的每一個房間的列表，這些數(shù)據(jù)也只是用于團評價并不能協(xié)助機器人進行仿真實驗。一旦時間到了，得到的有關(guān)房間的數(shù)據(jù)就用來測量機器人所達到的覆蓋率。如果兩個或更多的機器人進入了同一個房間，模擬器中就會出現(xiàn)一系列的房間列表，然而重復的努力并不影響對機器人性能的評價。
5仿真實驗
在一系列的仿真實驗中，遺傳算法通常用于搜救機器人隊的規(guī)則設(shè)置。遺傳算法包括復制，交叉和變異這三個步驟。繁殖的過程中染色體的字符串代表個人復制并根據(jù)他們的健康水平創(chuàng)建一種新的生物字串。
擁有更好健康價值的人則更可能被用來創(chuàng)造下一代。交叉的過程包括兩個字符串的選擇，以及兩者之間字符串短的交換。遺傳算法的最后步驟是突變，提出了一種價值隨著字符串位置改變而隨機變化的理論。
在留有記錄的實驗中，規(guī)則集被轉(zhuǎn)換為二進制的字符串，以及在最短的時間里條件合適的機器人就被計算為規(guī)則集機器人以達到對周圍環(huán)境最大的報道覆蓋率。
6總結(jié)
本文所提出的仿真程序已經(jīng)被用于超過300次的仿真實驗中。該模擬器為測試不同機器人的行為和眾多機器人調(diào)查小組提供了充分的工具。最初的實驗結(jié)果表明機器人團隊的成績可以改變對機器人的規(guī)模。然而剛開始的時候團隊尺寸一度達到12-14.一些小的機器人團隊，在有限的時間里分配到的區(qū)域范圍對進入的團隊人數(shù)有一個明顯的限制。此外，團隊規(guī)模的擴大，團隊成員的增加互動增多所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果將會影響大中型團隊。從交叉測試的結(jié)果顯示使用不同規(guī)模大小的團隊進化為一個特定的團隊就顯示了所有的情況，在機器人規(guī)則下轉(zhuǎn)變來的不同大小的隊伍從來都不如團隊規(guī)模更適合進行演化。但這并不意味著使用規(guī)則集演化而來的團隊是完全無效的。規(guī)則集大小對機器人團隊成績的影響就目前而言還需要進行更深的調(diào)查。
有關(guān)模擬方案規(guī)劃的未來工作是提高機器人的數(shù)量從而來提高機器人演化和測試的工作環(huán)境，未來的研究應該包括不同環(huán)境平臺的尺寸和大小。此外，尚在研究過程的機器人團隊和他們的規(guī)則集可以從一個環(huán)境遷移到另一個環(huán)境中，甚至可以為新一代的機器人隨機選取一個環(huán)境平臺。仿真系統(tǒng)的最終目標是作為一個工具便于更好的設(shè)計，開發(fā)和部署搜救機器人以協(xié)助搜救任務(wù)的完成。
7.出處
這項工作是國家科學基金會的一部分。
8.參考文獻
[1]阿加貝克發(fā)表的人機交互機器人系統(tǒng)，出自《自動化機器人》
[2]美國機械工程師協(xié)會合作機器人
[3]阿金鮑爾的機器人合作系統(tǒng)
[4]《行為機器人》 麻薩諸塞州，麻省理工學院出版社1998年出版。
[5]布魯克斯，《非理性智能》，人工智能實驗室
[6]布魯克斯,移動式機器人一個強大的分層控制系統(tǒng)，人工智能實驗室。
[7]如何使用《c++編程》 作者，帶特爾普。1998年新澤西出版社出版。
[8]碩士學位論文《機器人搜索隊的大腦行為進化》，作者 多拉希德，堪薩斯大學電氣工程與計算機科學系，2000年發(fā)表
[9]領(lǐng)土的多機器人劃分 1998年發(fā)表于機器人自動化雜志
[10]戈德伯格《搜索，優(yōu)化，機械學習方面的遺傳算法，1998年 高等教育出版社出版
[11]梅斯 《位置代理目標》 出自機器人技術(shù)系統(tǒng)
[12]馬塔里奇《行為控制，導航，學習和群體行為的實例》霍斯威爾，科爾堂岡，編輯 ，出自人工智能實驗室軟件架構(gòu)專題
[13]麥盧金·《利用合作機器人排爆》 人工智能實驗室。
14
河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計
英語文獻翻譯
Simulation and control of distributed robot search teams
1.Robot introduction
Several thousand years ago the humanity longed for that makes one kind of elephant person's same machine, in order to extricates the humanity from the arduous work. If the ancient Greece poet Homeros lengthy narrative poem "Yiliyate" god of lame sea time of Si Tesi smelting, uses the gold casting to have a beautiful intelligent maidservant; Greek mythology "Lu Elder brother Discovery ship" bronze giant Tailuosi (Taloas); Judea in fable's soil giant and so on, these beautiful myth times were driving the people must certainly become the beautiful myth the reality, as early as started before two millenniums to present the automatic wooden figurine and some simple mechanical figurines. to the modern times, in after a robot word's appearance and the world the first industry robot comes out, the different function's robot also one after another appears, and enlivened in the different domain, from the space to the underground, developed from the industry broadly to the agriculture, the forest, the herd, the fishing, even entered the common family. Robot's many type, broad application, affects the depth, is we are unexpected. Divides from robot's use, may divide into two broad headings:
? ground military robot
The ground robot is mainly refers to the intelligence or the remote control wheeled and the track-laying vehicle. The ground military robot may divide into the independent vehicles and half independent vehicles. The independent vehicles depend upon the own intelligent autonomous navigation, the avoidance obstacle, the independence complete each kind of combat mission; Half independent vehicles may exercise independently under person's surveillance, when encounters the difficulty the operators may carry on the remote control intervention.
? unmanned aerial vehicle
Is called the airborne robot's unmanned aerial vehicle is in the military robot develops the quickest family, the first autopilot has been published since 1913, unmanned aerial vehicle's fundamental type has achieved 300 many kinds, at present the unmanned aerial vehicle which sells in the world market has 40 many kinds. The US participated in nearly the world all important wars. Is advanced as a result of its science and technology, the national strength is strong, thus 80 for many years, the world unmanned aerial vehicle's development basically has been prompts forward by the line. The US studies one of unmanned aerial vehicle earliest countries, regardless of today looking from technical level or unmanned aerial vehicle's type and quantity, the US occupies the world leader. the comprehensive survey unmanned aerial vehicle develops the history, may say that the modern warfare is the power which the unmanned aerial vehicle develops, the high technology and new technology development is the foundation which it progresses unceasingly.?
? underwater robot
The underwater robot divides into some person of robots and nobody robot two broad headings:
Some person of submersibles mobile nimble, is advantageous for the processing complex question, holds the post the life will possibly have the danger, moreover the price will be expensive. The unmanned submersible is the underwater robot which the people said that “Shinao” is one kind. It is suitable for the long time, the wide range inspection duty, in the recent 20 years, the underwater robot had the very big development, they both may military and be possible civil. Further develops along with the human to the sea, in the 21st century they will certainly to have a more widespread application. According to the unmanned submersible and the water surface support equipment (depot ship or platform) contact method's difference, the underwater robot may divide into two broad headings: One kind has the cable underwater robot, in the custom is called as it controls remotely the submersibles, is called ROV; Another kind does not have the cable underwater robot, in the submersibles custom is called as it the autonomous submersibles, is called AUV. Has the cable robot is the remote control type, divides into towed, (seabed) according to its mode of motion the mobile and the float (from navigation) the formula three kinds. Does not have the cable underwater robot only to be able to be autonomous -like, at present also only then the observation float type one mode of motion, but its prospect is bright.
? spatial robot
The spatial robot is one kind of low end light teleoperator, may in the planet atmospheric environment the guidance and the flight. Therefore, it must overcome many difficulties, for example it must be able, in changes unceasingly in three dimensional environment movement and autonomous navigation; Cannot pause nearly; Must be able real-time to determine it in the spatial position and the condition; Must be able to carry on the control primarily to the American its vertical movement; Must forecast and plan the way for its star border flight.?
? industry robot
The industry robot is refers to the industry the application one kind can carry on the automatic control, to be possible to duplicate programs, multi-purpose, the multi-degrees-of-freedom, the multipurpose operation machine, can transport the material, the work piece or manages the tool, with completes each kind of work. And this kind of operation machine may fix in a place, may also on the reciprocal motion car.
? service robot
The service robot is in a robot family's young member, so far still did not have a strict definition, the different country to serves robot's understanding also to have certain difference. Serves robot's application scope to be very broad, is mainly engaged in work and so on maintenance, maintenance, repair, transportation, clean, security, rescue, guardianship. The German production technology and Institute of Automation manager executed Dr. Lafute for to serve the robot to give this kind of definition: Serves the robot is the shifter which one kind may program freely, it should have three motive axles at least, may partially or the completely automatic completes the services. Here services refer to are not the servicing activities which is engaged in for the industrial production goods, but refers to the services which the manner and the unit complete.
? entertainment robot
The entertainment robot take watches, the entertainment for the human as a goal, has robot's exterior characteristic, may look like the human, some kind of animal, looks like in the fairy tale or the science fiction character likely and so on. Simultaneously has robot's function, may walk or complete the movement, may have the verbal skill, will sing, has certain sensation ability.
? kind of person robot
May see from other category's robot, the majority robots do not look like the human, some do not even have a person's appearance, this point to cause many robot amateurs to be greatly disappointed. Perhaps you will ask, for system class person robot? Such robot will be easier to let the human accept. Actually, develops the outward appearance and the function and person's same robot is the desire which the scientists long for even in dreams, is also the goal which they pursue unremittingly.
However, develops the performance outstanding kind of person robot, its biggest difficulty is both feet erectness walks. Because the robot and person's study way is dissimilar. A baby wants to study first walks, then studies runs; But the robot must study first runs, then studies walks. That is the robot study runs easier.
? agricultural robot
Because the mechanization, the automaticity are quite backward, “the surface faces upwards toward the loess back, did not have time throughout the year” has become our country farmer's symbol. But recent years agricultural robot's being published, hopefully changed traditional the work way. In the agricultural robot's aspect, Japan resides in head at present the various countries.
2.present situation and domestic and foreign trend of development
The overseas robot domain development has the following several tendencies in recent years:
(1) the industry robot performance enhances (high velocity, high accuracy, redundant reliability, to be advantageous for operation and service) unceasingly, but the single plane price drops unceasingly, the average single plane price drops to 97 year 65,000 US dollar from 91 year 103,000 US dollar.
(2) the mechanism to the modulation, may the restructuring development. For example in joint module servo electrical machinery, speed reducer, examination system Trinity body; By the joint module, the connecting rod module use the reorganization way structure robot complete machine; Overseas had the modular assembly robot product to ask the city
(3) the industry robot control system to develops based on the PC machine open-type controller direction, is advantageous for the standardization, the network; The component integration rate enhances, the control cubicle date sees exquisitely, and uses the modular structure; Enhanced system's reliability greatly, easy operational and the maintainability.
(4) in robot's sensor function is day by day important, besides uses sensors and so on traditional position, speed, acceleration, the assembly, welded the robot also to apply the vision, the strength to think and so on sensors, but the teleoperator used the vision, the sound sensation, the strength sleep, the sense of touch and so on multi-sensor's fusion technologies to carry on the environment modelling and the policy-making control; The multi-sensor fusion disposition technology had the mature application in the production system.
(5) virtual reality technology in robot's function from the simulation, the preview has developed to uses in the process control, if causes the teleoperator operator to produce places oneself operates the robot in the far-end job environment feeling.
(6) present age teleoperator system's development characteristic pursues the entire autonomous system, but devotes to the operator and robot's man-machine interaction control, namely the remote control adds the partial independent system constitution complete monitoring remote control system, causes the intelligent robot to go out the laboratory to enter the practical stage. The US launches on Mars “Sojourner” the robot is this kind of system success application most famous example.
(7) machine hominization machinery starts to emerge. Has developed “the hypothesized axis engine bed” since 94 year US, this kind of new installment has become one of international research hot spots, explores in abundance develops its practical application the domain.
3.The Introduction of Simulation and control of distributed robot
It was not long ago when the images and public perception of robots were limited to the extreme visions created by science fiction writers and the entertainment industry. However, today it is not uncommon to read an interesting article about recent advances in robotics, watch a robot search the surface of Mars on the nightly news, or even possibly encounter one in the work place . As robots make such inroads into our daily lives, it becomes increasingly apparent how they can benefit society. Nowhere is this more evident than in situations where one or more robots could replace humans in a dangerous situation. One area of study, which has recently piqued the interest of the robotics community, is the use of robots in search and rescue operations. Search and rescue operations require a massive effort by rescuers in very dangerous environments. Collapsed and unstable buildings, leaking gas lines, and fire are only a few of the things that pose a threat to the lives of human rescue teams. The ability to deploy autonomous robots, as opposed to humans into this type of environment to search for survivors provides immeasurable benefits.
The potential for using robots in place of humans requires addressing questions such as:
(1) What type of robot can move effectively in an unknown and dynamic environment?
(2) How many robots should be used to emciently cover the most area in a search operation?
(3) How should the robot be controlled?
Robotics is an extremely broad field encompassing a variety of applications and research interests. From the robots used on factory assembly lines to those conducting Mars exploration or NASA , there are seemingly endless possibilities relating to the visions and uses of robotics. The definition of the word robot is itself dependent upon both who is defining it and its intended context. For our purposes ，an intelligent robot is defined as: "A machine able to extract information from its environment and use knowledge about its world to move safely in a meaningful and purposive manner" 。
Most researchers agree that the methods used for controlling autonomous robots can be divided into three general categories: deliberative, reactive, and hybrid systems. The deliberative approach is a strategy where intelligent tasks can be implemented by a reasoning process operating on an internal model of the world. This approach
dominated the artificial intelligence community for years resulting in the development of a standard architecture by the US Government in the 1980s, which reflected the deliberative model. Rodney Brooks. Director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, refers to deliberative architectures as a sense-model-plan-act (SMPA) framework .
The robotics community began to take interest in reactive systems in the mid 1980s, as many of the shortcomings of deliberative control for mobile robots became apparent. Specifically, deliberative autonomous systems displayed a number of deficiencies such as brittleness, inflexibility, and slow response times when operating in complex and dynamic environments. Speed of response was a key weakness for deliberative systems. Maja Mataric of the University of Southern California suggests that the primary division "between reactive and deliberative strategies can be drawn based on the type and amount of computation performed at run-time."
Reactive architectures and behavior-based architectures are most often considered identical. However, extremes exist regarding how basic or how complex a system can become while still being classified as reactive or behavior-based. Mataric contends that there is a fundamental difference between reactive and behavior-based systems . She suggests that though behavior- based systems contain properties or even components of a purely reactive system, their computation need not be as limited. In this way, behavior-based systems can store various forms of state and can implement different representations. Furthermore, she suggests that behaviors are more time-extended than the reflexive actions of a reactive system.
As interest in reactive systems grew, researchers inevitably attempted to mimic biological systems using machinery and computational systems for the purposes of accomplishing a desired task. Arkin describes how neuroscience "provides a basis for understanding and modeling the underlying circuitry of biological behavior." He points out that a number of psychological schools of thought have inspired robotics researchers over the years. In particular, the study of behaviorism has secured a solid foundation within robotics. This method of study is based upon observation only in which everything is considered in terms of stimulus and response.
Recently, this study of biological behavior has extended into the world of multi-agent systems. Sociobiological behaviors have been studied and emulated using groups of mobile robots. Arvin Agah of the University of Kansas examined individual and collective robot learning using a Tropism System Cognitive Architecture based on the likes and dislikes of the robot agents.Some of the work in this area has relied upon observations of ant and bee colonies and their ability to carry out global tasks using the limited local information of individual agents within the system.
Within the last decade. researchers have begun to focus on robotic systems consisting of multiple robots, either homogeneous or heterogeneous, to accomplish one or more tasks. Some of the advantages of using distributed robotics consist of robustness, flexibility, distributed nature, and more simplified robots.
4. Simulator implementation
4. 1. The world
At the beginning of every simulation, the specified floorplan is 'drawn' into the 300 x 300 array. A1l walls and trip wires are first placed in the array. Next, the robots are positioned over the existing array. In most cases, robots are placed over array elements containing zero values. However, if a trip wire first occupies the position, the robot value inserted into the array element is between six and eight indicating that the space contained a trip wire .
4.2. Robot sensing
The method used for robot sensing is similar to that applied to collision detection.
Sensing is accomplished by checking the values of the environment array in eight directions around the center of a robot. With every unit of time that passes, the simulator checks array elements within a specified range for every 45o about the
robot's center starting at the angle of forward direction. For instance. if the sensing range is 50 units, the simulator checks every array element between radius + I and 50 units along the lines 0o, 45o, 90o, 135o, 180o, 225o， 270o. and 315o 0f the robot's center (if the forward direction happened to be 0o).
Sensing begins at the element radius+ 1 from the center of a robot and continues down the sensing line until a robot or wall is detected or the end of the sensing range is reached. If an entity is detected，the distance to the entity and the associated entity value are placed into an array for the sensed data .Once an entity is detected or the end of the sense range is reached. The robot senses along the line of the next sensor. This continues until all sensing lines have been checked. Once complete, the sensed data array represents the robot's sensed world, which can then be mapped to a specific rule to determine a robot's action.
4.3. Matching rules
A robot's action is selected after matching its sensed data array to a specific rule in its rule set. This mapping is analogous to playing the classic children's game. The sensed data can be thought of as a player's guess as to where their opponent's ships lie. These guesses are then placed over the opponent's playing field and hits are scored. This is done for every rule in the rule set. The rule that takes the most hits is determined to be a match. Rule scores are maintained in a separate scoring array.
For each distance and entity entry in the sensed data array , the matching function determines if:
The distance falls with the range specified by the distance values for the associated sensor inthe rule.
The entity value in the sensed data array matches the entity value in the rule.
If the above criteria are met, the rule score is increased by one; otherwise, the rule score decreases by one. The following example illustrates initial scoring:
. The Front sensor of the sensed data shows a distance of 20 and entity value of four。
. The Front distance values for Rule X are 10 and 30 and the entity value is four.
. The rule score for Rule X is increased by one because 20 is between 10 and 30 and the entity values match.
4. 4 Bias and instincts
In case a rule receives the same score as the current winner. an action bias has been imposed to determine the final action for the robot. If the rule and current winner contain the same action value. there is no need to utilize the bias; however, should the two have differe