全新版大學(xué)進(jìn)階英語綜合教程 第4冊 教學(xué)PPT課件
全新版大學(xué)進(jìn)階英語綜合教程 第4冊 教學(xué)PPT課件,全新版大學(xué)進(jìn)階英語綜合教程,第4冊,教學(xué)PPT課件,新版,大學(xué),進(jìn)階,英語,綜合,教程,教學(xué),PPT,課件
全新版大學(xué)進(jìn)階英語:綜合教程N(yùn)EW PROGRESSIVE COLLEGE ENGLISHHuman-RobotRelations6 6Unit GoalsPart One OpenerPair WorkPart Two Reading&InteractingGetting PreparedText StudyFocusing on Language in ContextPart Three Integrated Skills PracticingViewing&ListeningSpeakingWritingContentsPair WorkYou are going to watch a video clip about what is artificial intelligence.Watch it twice.Then work with your partner and complete the following sentences.Before you start,getting to know the following new words might be helpful.Pair WorkHelpful Words&Expressionsdraughts/drAfts/n.(BrE)國際跳棋literally/5lItrlI/ad.的確,確實(shí)superhuman/5sjup7hjumn/a.超人的,非凡的Pair Work1 Changing that is the ultimate goal of artificial intelligence(AI).2 Artificial intelligence is not about building a robot but creating a computer mind that can think like a human.3 Some say AI will save humanity.Others say it could destroy us.Either way,if and when it happens,the world will be changed forever.Getting PreparedNotesWarm-up Video1.As a robot,why is it important for Sophia to have an expressive face?2.What is Sophias response to the question that if robots can be self-aware and conscious and know they are robots?How do you understand it?Getting PreparedNotesWarm-up VideoStephen Hawking Stephen Hawking was a world-renowned English theoretical physicist,cosmologist.Hawking was the first to set forth a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.His book A Brief History of Time(1988)appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.Hawking suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)that had gradually paralysed him over the decades.He communicated using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device.In January 2015,Stephen Hawking,Elon Musk,and dozens of artificial intelligence experts signed an open letter on artificial intelligence calling for research on the societal impacts of AI.Getting PreparedNotesWarm-up Video 史蒂芬霍金是著名理論物理學(xué)家和宇宙學(xué)家。他是將20世紀(jì)物理學(xué)的兩大基礎(chǔ)理論相對論和量子力學(xué)統(tǒng)一起來闡述宇宙學(xué)理論的第一人。1988年,霍金的科普著作時(shí)間簡史問世后廣受歡迎,影響深遠(yuǎn)。他患有肌肉萎縮性側(cè)索硬化癥,全身癱瘓,不能言語,只能借助人工智能技術(shù)與人交流。2015年1月,他和伊隆馬斯克以及其他十多位人工智能專家簽署了關(guān)于人工智能的公開信,號召人們就人工智能對社會的影響進(jìn)行研究。Getting PreparedNotesWarm-up VideoElon Musk Elon Musk is the South African-born Canadian-American business magnate,investor,founder of SpaceX,cofounder of Tesla Motors,SolarCity and PayPal.Together with Stephen Hawking,he also signed an open letter on artificial intelligence.He takes a pessimistic view on AI.伊隆馬斯克,出生于南非的大企業(yè)家、發(fā)明家,SpaceX太空探索科技公司創(chuàng)辦人以及特斯拉電動(dòng)汽車、太陽城光伏發(fā)電公司和在線支付系統(tǒng)“貝寶”的共同創(chuàng)辦人。和史蒂芬霍金一起,他也在關(guān)于人工智能的公開信上簽名。他對人工智能抱有悲觀的態(tài)度。Getting PreparedNotesWarm-up Video Steven Pinker Steven Pinker is a Canadian-born American cognitive scientist,psychologist,linguist,and popular science author.His sixth book,The Better Angels of Our Nature(2011),makes the case that violence in human societies has,in general,steadily declined with time.史蒂文平克,加拿大裔美國人,認(rèn)知科學(xué)家、心理學(xué)家、語言學(xué)家和科普作家。他于2011年出版了他的第六本書人性中的天使,認(rèn)為隨著時(shí)間的推移,人類社會中的暴力正逐漸減少。Getting PreparedNotesWarm-up VideoIsaac Asimov Isaac Asimov was an American author,one of the finest writers of science fiction in the twentieth century.In his 1942 short story“Runaround,”he introduced a set of rules known as the Three Laws of Robotics which are a guide to the behavior of a robot and other smart machines.The Three Laws of Robotics are:1)A robot may not injure a human being or,through inaction,allow a human being to come to harm;2)A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings,except where such orders would conflict with the First Law;3)A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.Getting PreparedNotesWarm-up Video 艾薩克阿西莫夫是美國著名作家,20世紀(jì)最優(yōu)秀的科幻作家之一。在其1942年出版的短篇故事環(huán)舞中,他提出了“機(jī)器人學(xué)三定律”,用以指導(dǎo)機(jī)器人和其他智能機(jī)器的行為。機(jī)器人三定律為:1)機(jī)器人不得傷害人類個(gè)體,或者目睹人類個(gè)體將遭受危險(xiǎn)而袖手旁觀;2)機(jī)器人必須服從人給予它的命令,當(dāng)該命令與第一定律沖突時(shí)例外;3)機(jī)器人在不違反第一、第二定律的情況下必須保護(hù)自己。Getting PreparedNotesWarm-up VideoAlan Turing Alan Turing is a British computer scientist,mathematician,logician,widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.阿蘭圖靈,英國數(shù)學(xué)家、邏輯學(xué)家,被稱為理論計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)之父以及人工智能之父。Getting PreparedNotesWarm-up VideoCivil-Defense Drills of the 1950s In 1949 when the Soviet Union tested its first nuclear explosive,the United States monopoly on nuclear weapons was broken.With this,the US government perceived that the United States was more vulnerable than before.The first nationwide civil-defense drill was organized to educate Americans on nuclear preparedness.20世紀(jì)50年代,隨著蘇聯(lián)熱核武器實(shí)驗(yàn)的成功,美國政府認(rèn)為國家安全面臨嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。隨著冷戰(zhàn)對抗加劇,第一次大規(guī)模民防演習(xí)在美國全國范圍內(nèi)展開,旨在向社會大眾宣傳核防范常識。Text StudyTextTextText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionUnderstanding the TextTEXTTwo great thinkers see danger in AI.Heres how to make it safe.Ray KurzweilDont Fear Artificial IntelligenceText StudyTextTextText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionUnderstanding the Text1 Stephen Hawking,the pre-eminent physicist,recently warned that artificial intelligence(AI),once it surpasses human intelligence,could pose a threat to the existence of human civilization.Elon Musk,the pioneer of digital money,private spaceflight and electric cars,has voiced similar concerns.2 If AI becomes an existential threat,it wont be the first one.Humanity was introduced to existential risk when I was a child sitting under my desk during the civil-defense drills of the 1950s.Since then we have encountered comparable specters,like the possibility of a bioterrorist creating a new virus for which humankind has no defense.Technology has always been a double-edged sword,since fire kept us warm but also burned down our villages.Text StudyTextTextText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionUnderstanding the Text3 The typical dystopian futurist movie has one or two individuals or groups fighting for control of“the AI.”O(jiān)r we see the AI battling the humans for world domination.But this is not how AI is being integrated into the world today.AI is not in one or two hands;its in 1 billion or 2 billion hands.A kid in Africa with a smartphone has more intelligent access to knowledge than the President of the United States had 20 years ago.As AI continues to get smarter,its use will only grow.Virtually everyones mental capabilities will be enhanced by it within a decade.4 We will still have conflicts among groups of people,each enhanced by AI.That is already the case.But we can take some comfort from a profound,exponential decrease in violence,Text StudyTextTextText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionUnderstanding the Textas documented in Steven Pinkers 2011 book,The Better Angels of Our Nature:Why Violence Has Declined.According to Pinker,although the statistics vary somewhat from location to location,the rate of death in war is down hundredfold compared with six centuries ago.Since that time,murders have declined tenfold.People are surprised by this.The impression that violence is on the rise results from another trend:exponentially better information about what is wrong with the world another development aided by AI.5 There are strategies we can deploy to keep emerging technologies like AI safe.Consider biotechnology,which is perhaps a couple of decades ahead of AI.A meeting called the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA was organizedText StudyTextTextText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionUnderstanding the Textin 1975 to assess its potential dangers and devise a strategy to keep the field safe.The resulting guidelines,which have been revised by the industry since then,have worked very well:there have been no significant problems,accidental or intentional,for the past 39 years.We are now seeing major advances in medical treatments reaching clinical practice and thus far none of the anticipated problems.6 Consideration of ethical guidelines for AI goes back to Isaac Asimovs three laws of robotics,which appeared in his short story“Runaround”in 1942,eight years before Alan Turing introduced the field of AI in his 1950 paper“Computing Machinery and Intelligence.”The median view of AI practitioners today is that we are still several decades from achieving human-level AI.I am more optimistic and put the date at 2029,but either way we do have time to devise ethical standards.Text StudyTextTextText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionUnderstanding the Text7 There are efforts at universities and companies to develop AI safety strategies and guidelines,some of which are already in place.Similar to the Asilomar guidelines,one idea is to clearly define the mission of each AI program and to build in encrypted safeguards to prevent unauthorized uses.8 Ultimately,the most important approach we can take to keep AI safe is to work on our human governance and social institutions.We are already a human-machine civilization.The best way to avoid destructive conflict in the future is to continue the advance of our social ideals,which has already greatly reduced violence.Text StudyTextTextText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionUnderstanding the Text9 AI today is advancing the diagnosis of disease,finding cures,developing renewable clean energy,helping to clean upthe environment,providing high-quality education to people all over the world,helping the disabled(including providing Hawkings voice)and contributing in a myriad of other ways.We have the opportunity in the decades ahead to make major strides in addressing the grand challenges of humanity.AI will be the pivotal technology in achieving this progress.We have a moral imperative to realize this promise while controlling the peril.It wont be the first time weve succeeded in doing this.716 wordsText StudyText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionTextUnderstanding the TextPair work:This text can be divided into four parts.The paragraph numbers of each part have been given to you in the following table.Now write down the main idea of each part and compare notes with your partner.1 Text OrganizationText StudyText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionTextUnderstanding the TextPartsParagraphsMain ideasPart OnePara.1Two great thinkers believe that AI could pose a threat to the existence of human civilization.Part TwoParas.2-4The author holds a different view and lists several reasons for his optimistic stand.First,mankind has been confronted with existential threats before.Technology has always been a double-edged sword.Second,in the digital age,AI is not in one or two hands but in one or two billion hands.Third,statistics show violence has declined in the past few centuries.Text StudyText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionTextUnderstanding the TextPartsParagraphsMain ideasPart ThreeParas.5-8The author puts forward the strategies which can be deployed to keep emerging technologies like AI safe.The most important approach we can take to keep AI safe,he thinks,is to work on our human governance and social institutions.Part FourPara.9The author concludes that AI will be the pivotal technology in addressing the grand challenges of humanity and humans will be able to make it safe.Text StudyText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionTextUnderstanding the Text(Para.2)1 Why does the author say AI wont be the first existential threat to humankind?Because we have already encountered a lot of threats,such as the possibility of a bioterrorist creating a new virus for which humankind has no defense.2 Comprehension Check(Para.2)2 Why has technology always been a double-edged sword?Because technology can affect our life both positively and negatively.Pair work:With the teacher as guide,you and your partner work on the following comprehension check exercises.2.1 Digging into detailAnswer the following questions to better understand the text.You may want to write down some key words in the space provided before you do so.Text StudyText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionTextUnderstanding the Text(Para.4)3 What does the author want to tell us by mentioning Steven Pinkers 2011 book?He wants to tell us that violence is declining and we can take comfort from it.(Para.5)4 What is the purpose of the meeting called the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA?To assess the potential dangers of recombinant DNA and devise a strategy to keep the field safe.(Para.6)5 Who first considered ethical guidelines for AI?Isaac Asimov.(Para.6)6 What is the authors attitude toward achieving human-level AI?He is more optimistic than other scientists and predicts that we will achieve human-level AI by 2029.Text StudyText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionTextUnderstanding the Text(Para.8)7 According to the author,what is the most important approach we can take to keep AI safe?The most important approach is to work on our human governance and social institutions.(Para.9)8 What does the author conclude in the last paragraph?He concludes that we should not fear AI and we will be able to use it in a safe way.Text StudyText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionTextUnderstanding the Text2.2 Understanding difficult sentencesChoose the answer that correctly interprets the sentence from the text.1 AI is not in one or two hands;its in 1 billion or 2 billion hands.(Para.3)A)B)AI is not made by one or two people but by lots of people.Not one or two people use AI,but 1 billion or 2 billion people use it.2 That is already the case.(Para.4)A)B)AI already assists groups that are in conflict.This is true that AI leads to conflicts among groups of people.Text StudyText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionTextUnderstanding the TextA)B)3 The impression that violence is on the rise results from another trend:exponentially better information about what is wrong with the world.(Para.4)We are better-informed about violent acts being committed around the world nowadays,which makes us feel that violence is increasing.The fact that better information about what is wrong with the world results in another trend of violence increasing is impressive.A)B)4,but either way we do have time to devise ethical standards.(Para.6),but we still have enough time to come up with ethical standards in more than one way.,but we certainly have time to work out ethical standards whether we achieve human-level AI in several decades or in 2029.Text StudyText AnalysisQuestions for DiscussionTextUnderstanding the TextA)B)5 There are efforts at universities and companies to develop AI safety strategies and guidelines,some of which are already in place.(Para.7)Many universities and companies are working at developing AI safety strategies and guidelines;some strategies and guidelines have already been made and used.Many universities and companies are working at developing AI safety strategies and guidelines but some strategies and guidelines remain the same as before.Text StudyQuestions for DiscussionText AnalysisTextUnderstanding the Text The writer of this article sets out to persuade us that we should welcome artificial intelligence and not fear it as a threat.His opening paragraph concedes that leading scientists have voiced such fears,but he offers a far more optimistic outlook in reply.A series of parallel statements about what AI has to offer is set out in glowing language in Paragraph Nine.We hear it praised for what it has done in terms of“advancing findingdevelopinghelpingprovidingcontributing.”The writer admits that there are dangers,but sees it as well within our ability to cope with them.He defends this position partly by means of comparison.Making use of a familiar metaphor,he points out that technology has always been“a double-edgedText StudyQuestions for DiscussionText AnalysisTextUnderstanding the Textsword,since fire kept us warm,but also burned down our villages.”The implication is clear.We didnt abandon the huge benefits of fire,but learned to take precautions:AI is no different.Drawing a parallel with the experience of biotechnology in developing effective ethical guidelines,the author goes on to argue that artificial intelligence has enough time to follow the same path.Text StudyQuestions for DiscussionText AnalysisTextUnderstanding the TextModern artificial intelligence techniques are pervasive and numerous.How much do you know about the application of AI?Please list some applications(e.g.self-driving cars,Siri,etc.).1.Text StudyQuestions for DiscussionText AnalysisTextUnderstanding the TextAre intelligent machines dangerous?How can we ensure that machines behave ethically and that they are used ethically?2.Focusing on Language in ContextKey Words&ExpressionsUsageComprehensive PracticeSentence Patternssurpassposethreatexistencevoiceencountercomparableenhancedecreaseviolencestatisticsvarysomewhattrendaidguidelinereviseaccidentalclinicalconsiderationinstitutionavoiddestructiveidealrenewabledisabledopportunitymoralburn downbe integrated intohave access toon the riseresult froma couple ofgo back toin placesimilar tobuild inmake strides in sth./doing sth.take/draw comfort from/in(doing)sth.Focusing on Language in ContextKey Words&ExpressionsUsageComprehensive PracticeSentence Patterns1.1 Fill in the blanks with words or phrases from the box below.Change the form where necessary.Some people give a regular monthly donation while others vary the amount they give.Legislators are building in additional measures to protect business interests abroad.My Irish heritage goes back to the day when my great-great-great grandfather married the daughter of a wealthy Irish landowner.123revisedestructiveclinicalidealexistenceguidelinego back tobe integrated intoburn downbuild inconsiderationaccidentalresult fromhave access totrendviolencevarytake comfort fromFocusing on Language in ContextKey Words&ExpressionsUsageComprehensive PracticeSentence PatternsIt was reported that heavy rain led to destructive flash floods throughout the Phoenix,Arizona area yesterday.The foundations of modern medicine were being laid during the 16th century namely,by the introduction of clinical instruction in hospitals.Safety features are fully integrated into the design of the new vehicles.The man was accused of trying to burn down the school by setting fire to a pile of papers.4567revisedestructiveclinicalidealexistenceguidelinego back tobe integrated intoburn downbuild inconsiderationaccidentalresult fromhave access totrendviolencevarytake comfort fromFocusing on Language in ContextKey Words&ExpressionsUsageComprehensive PracticeSentence PatternsFashion trends are difficult to predict these days and its widely believed that they primarily exist just to sell clothes.Change in ecosystem structure may result from reduction of sea ice and related temperature changes.When my condition improved after taking the herbal medicine,the doctor said it was purely accidental.We follow very strict guidelines on the use and storage of personal details on computers.891011revisedestructiveclinicalidealexistenceguidelinego back tobe integrated intoburn downbuild inconsiderationaccidentalresult fromhave access totrendviolencevarytake comfort fromFocusing on Language in ContextKey Words&ExpressionsUsageComprehensive PracticeSentence PatternsI know my daughter goes out a lot at night,but I take comfort from the fact that shes always with friends.The study shows that the ideal of equality has certainly influenced the course of American history.Aside from the threat of physical violence,the mass deployment of AI robots would have huge socio-economic impacts.While no one could reasonably suggest that AI is a threat to human existence currently,it is the technologys unknown future that is causing concerns.12131415revisedestructiveclinicalidealexistenceguidelinego back tobe integrated intoburn downbuild inconsiderationaccidentalresult fromhave access totrendviolencevarytake comfort fromFocusing on Language in ContextKey Words&ExpressionsUsageComprehensive PracticeSentence Patterns1.2 Replace the underlined part in each of the following sentences with a word or phrase from the box below.Write your answer in the brackets.Change the form where necessary.With a tight work schedule,Card never had the chance to travel to Japan and complete his photo series.(opportunity)The official statistics show that housing pr
收藏